Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact

Raducan, S. D.; Jutzi, M.; Cheng, A. F.; Zhang, Y.; Barnouin, O.; Collins, G. S.; Daly, R. T.; Davison, T. M.; Ernst, C. M.; Farnham, T. L.; Ferrari, F.; Hirabayashi, M.; Kumamoto, K. M.; Michel, P.; Murdoch, N.; Nakano, R.; Pajola, M.; Rossi, A.; Agrusa, H. F.; Barbee, B. W.; Syal, M. Bruck; Chabot, N. L.; Dotto, E.; Fahnestock, E. G.; Hasselmann, P. H.; Herreros, I.; Ivanovski, S.; Li, J. -Y.; Lucchetti, A.; Luther, R.; Ormö, J.; Owen, M.; Pravec, P.; Rivkin, A. S.; Robin, C. Q.; Sánchez, P.; Tusberti, F.; Wünnemann, K.; Zinzi, A.; Epifani, E. Mazzotta; Manzoni, C.; May, B. H.

doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02200-3

Title: Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact

Abstract

On 26 September 2022, NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission successfully impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of the binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. Numerical simulations of the impact provide a means to find the surface material properties and structures of the target that are consistent with the observed momentum deflection efficiency, ejecta cone geometry and ejected mass. Our simulation that best matches the observations indicates that Dimorphos is weak, with a cohesive strength of less than a few pascals, like asteroids (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. We find that the bulk density of Dimorphos ρ_B is lower than ~2,400 kg m^–³ and that it has a low volume fraction of boulders (≲40 vol%) on the surface and in the shallow subsurface, which are consistent with data measured by the DART experiment. These findings suggest that Dimorphos is a rubble pile that might have formed through rotational mass shedding and reaccumulation from Didymos. Our simulations indicate that the DART impact caused global deformation and resurfacing of Dimorphos. ESA’s upcoming Hera mission may find a reshaped asteroid rather than a well-defined crater.

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Univ. of Bern (Switzerland)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)
Politecnico di Milano (Italy)
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States); Auburn Univ., AL (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Universite Cote d'Azur, Nice (France); Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Univ. of Toulouse (France)
National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) (Italy). Astronomical Observatory of Padova (OAPD)
National Research Council (CNR) (Italy). Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); Universite Cote d'Azur, Nice (France)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma (Italy)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Spanish National Research Council and National Institute of Aerospace Technology (CSIC-INTA) (Spain). Centro de Astrobiología (CAB)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Trieste (Italy). Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste
Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ (United States)
Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin (Germany)
Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Czech Republic). Astronomical Institute
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Rome (Italy). Space Science Data Center
London Stereoscopic Company (United Kingdom)

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2024

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 2318792

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-846795
Journal ID: ISSN 2397-3366; 1071231

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Astronomy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Nature Astronomy; Journal ID: ISSN 2397-3366

Publisher:: Springer Nature

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; asteroids; comets; Kuiper belt

Citation Formats


                    Raducan, S. D., Jutzi, M., Cheng, A. F., Zhang, Y., Barnouin, O., Collins, G. S., Daly, R. T., Davison, T. M., Ernst, C. M., Farnham, T. L., Ferrari, F., Hirabayashi, M., Kumamoto, K. M., Michel, P., Murdoch, N., Nakano, R., Pajola, M., Rossi, A., Agrusa, H. F., Barbee, B. W., Syal, M. Bruck, Chabot, N. L., Dotto, E., Fahnestock, E. G., Hasselmann, P. H., Herreros, I., Ivanovski, S., Li, J. -Y., Lucchetti, A., Luther, R., Ormö, J., Owen, M., Pravec, P., Rivkin, A. S., Robin, C. Q., Sánchez, P., Tusberti, F., Wünnemann, K., Zinzi, A., Epifani, E. Mazzotta, Manzoni, C., and May, B. H. Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact.  United States: N. p., 2024. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02200-3.

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                    Raducan, S. D., Jutzi, M., Cheng, A. F., Zhang, Y., Barnouin, O., Collins, G. S., Daly, R. T., Davison, T. M., Ernst, C. M., Farnham, T. L., Ferrari, F., Hirabayashi, M., Kumamoto, K. M., Michel, P., Murdoch, N., Nakano, R., Pajola, M., Rossi, A., Agrusa, H. F., Barbee, B. W., Syal, M. Bruck, Chabot, N. L., Dotto, E., Fahnestock, E. G., Hasselmann, P. H., Herreros, I., Ivanovski, S., Li, J. -Y., Lucchetti, A., Luther, R., Ormö, J., Owen, M., Pravec, P., Rivkin, A. S., Robin, C. Q., Sánchez, P., Tusberti, F., Wünnemann, K., Zinzi, A., Epifani, E. Mazzotta, Manzoni, C., & May, B. H. Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02200-3

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                    Raducan, S. D., Jutzi, M., Cheng, A. F., Zhang, Y., Barnouin, O., Collins, G. S., Daly, R. T., Davison, T. M., Ernst, C. M., Farnham, T. L., Ferrari, F., Hirabayashi, M., Kumamoto, K. M., Michel, P., Murdoch, N., Nakano, R., Pajola, M., Rossi, A., Agrusa, H. F., Barbee, B. W., Syal, M. Bruck, Chabot, N. L., Dotto, E., Fahnestock, E. G., Hasselmann, P. H., Herreros, I., Ivanovski, S., Li, J. -Y., Lucchetti, A., Luther, R., Ormö, J., Owen, M., Pravec, P., Rivkin, A. S., Robin, C. Q., Sánchez, P., Tusberti, F., Wünnemann, K., Zinzi, A., Epifani, E. Mazzotta, Manzoni, C., and May, B. H. Mon .  
"Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02200-3.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2318792.

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@article{osti_2318792,

  title        = {Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact},

  author       = {Raducan, S. D. and Jutzi, M. and Cheng, A. F. and Zhang, Y. and Barnouin, O. and Collins, G. S. and Daly, R. T. and Davison, T. M. and Ernst, C. M. and Farnham, T. L. and Ferrari, F. and Hirabayashi, M. and Kumamoto, K. M. and Michel, P. and Murdoch, N. and Nakano, R. and Pajola, M. and Rossi, A. and Agrusa, H. F. and Barbee, B. W. and Syal, M. Bruck and Chabot, N. L. and Dotto, E. and Fahnestock, E. G. and Hasselmann, P. H. and Herreros, I. and Ivanovski, S. and Li, J. -Y. and Lucchetti, A. and Luther, R. and Ormö, J. and Owen, M. and Pravec, P. and Rivkin, A. S. and Robin, C. Q. and Sánchez, P. and Tusberti, F. and Wünnemann, K. and Zinzi, A. and Epifani, E. Mazzotta and Manzoni, C. and May, B. H.},

  abstractNote = {On 26 September 2022, NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission successfully impacted Dimorphos, the natural satellite of the binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. Numerical simulations of the impact provide a means to find the surface material properties and structures of the target that are consistent with the observed momentum deflection efficiency, ejecta cone geometry and ejected mass. Our simulation that best matches the observations indicates that Dimorphos is weak, with a cohesive strength of less than a few pascals, like asteroids (162173) Ryugu and (101955) Bennu. We find that the bulk density of Dimorphos ρB is lower than ~2,400 kg m–3 and that it has a low volume fraction of boulders (≲40 vol%) on the surface and in the shallow subsurface, which are consistent with data measured by the DART experiment. These findings suggest that Dimorphos is a rubble pile that might have formed through rotational mass shedding and reaccumulation from Didymos. Our simulations indicate that the DART impact caused global deformation and resurfacing of Dimorphos. ESA’s upcoming Hera mission may find a reshaped asteroid rather than a well-defined crater.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41550-024-02200-3},

  journal      = {Nature Astronomy},

  number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2024},

  month        = {Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2024}

}

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Hypervelocity impacts on asteroids and momentum transfer I. Numerical simulations using porous targets
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Jutzi, Martin; Michel, Patrick
Icarus, Vol. 229
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.020

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The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission performed a kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos, the satellite of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, at 23:14 UTC on 26 September 2022 as a planetary defence test. DART was the first hypervelocity impact experiment on an asteroid at size and velocity scales relevant to planetary defence, intended to validate kinetic impact as a means of asteroid deflection. Here we report a determination of the momentum transferred to an asteroid by kinetic impact. On the basis of the change in the binary orbit period, we find an instantaneous reduction in Dimorphos’s along-track orbital velocity component of 2.70 ± 0.10 mm s^-1, indicating enhanced momentum transfer due to recoil from ejecta streams produced by the impact. For a Dimorphos bulk density range of 1,500 to 3,300 kg m^-3, we find that the expected value of the momentum enhancement factor, β, ranges between 2.2 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos. If Dimorphos and Didymos are assumed to have equal densities of 2,400 kg m^-3, β=3.61more »« less
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Title: Physical properties of asteroid Dimorphos as derived from the DART impact

Abstract

Citation Formats

LICIACube - The Light Italian Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids In support of the NASA DART mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos journal, May 2021

Ejecta Formation, Early Collisional Processes, and Dynamical Evolution after the DART Impact on Dimorphos journal, July 2022

Constitutive Equation for the Dynamic Compaction of Ductile Porous Materials journal, May 1969

Mineralogies and source regions of near-Earth asteroids journal, January 2013

Orbital period change of Dimorphos due to the DART kinetic impact journal, March 2023

The ESA Hera Mission: Detailed Characterization of the DART Impact Outcome and of the Binary Asteroid (65803) Didymos journal, July 2022

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Planetary Defense Investigations and Requirements journal, August 2021

The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa journal, June 2006

Mid‐sized complex crater formation in mixed crystalline‐sedimentary targets: Insight from modeling and observation journal, December 2008

Modeling damage and deformation in impact simulations journal, February 2004

Momentum transfer in asteroid impacts. I. Theory and scaling journal, November 2012

Stony meteorite porosities and densities: A review of the data through 2001 journal, August 2003

NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Mutual Orbital Period Change Due to Reshaping in the Near-Earth Binary Asteroid System (65803) Didymos journal, July 2022

Near-zero cohesion and loose packing of Bennu’s near subsurface revealed by spacecraft contact journal, July 2022

Simulations of brittle solids using smooth particle hydrodynamics journal, May 1995

A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability journal, September 1951

Spacecraft Geometry Effects on Kinetic Impactor Missions journal, September 2022

Macroporosity and Grain Density of Rubble Pile Asteroid (162173) Ryugu journal, December 2020

Suggested Modification of the P ‐α Model for Porous Materials journal, February 1972

Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence journal, March 2023

Light curves and colours of the ejecta from Dimorphos after the DART impact journal, March 2023

Axisymmetric collapses of granular columns journal, January 1999

Influence of the projectile geometry on the momentum transfer from a kinetic impactor and implications for the DART mission journal, April 2022

The dynamic geophysical environment of (101955) Bennu based on OSIRIS-REx measurements journal, March 2019

Granular slumping on a horizontal surface journal, January 2005

Effects of Impact and Target Parameters on the Results of a Kinetic Impactor: Predictions for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission journal, November 2022

Global-scale Reshaping and Resurfacing of Asteroids by Small-scale Impacts, with Applications to the DART and Hera Missions journal, June 2022

SPH calculations of asteroid disruptions: The role of pressure dependent failure models journal, March 2015

Deflection by kinetic impact: Sensitivity to asteroid properties journal, May 2016

A crater and its ejecta: An interpretation of Deep Impact journal, January 2007

Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos journal, March 2023

Physical properties of the stone meteorites: Implications for the properties of their parent bodies journal, September 2018

Numerical simulations of impacts involving porous bodies journal, June 2009

One‐Dimensional High‐Pressure Compression of Granular Media journal, January 1993

The Formation of Terraces on Asteroid (101955) Bennu journal, April 2022

Boulder exhumation and segregation by impacts on rubble-pile asteroids journal, September 2022

The excited spin state of Dimorphos resulting from the DART impact journal, December 2021

Internal rubble properties of asteroid (101955) Bennu journal, December 2021

Catastrophic Disruptions Revisited journal, November 1999

Observations, compositional, and physical characterization of near-Earth and Mars-crosser asteroids from a spectroscopic survey journal, July 2010

The strength-size relation of granite journal, July 1967

Numerical simulations of impacts involving porous bodies journal, November 2008

Direct Large-Scale N-Body Simulations of Planetesimal Dynamics journal, January 2000

Creep stability of the DART/Hera mission target 65803 Didymos: II. The role of cohesion journal, July 2021

Rotational breakup as the origin of small binary asteroids journal, July 2008

Derivation of the Weibull distribution based on physical principles and its connection to the Rosin–Rammler and lognormal distributions journal, August 1995

Constraining surface properties of asteroid (162173) Ryugu from numerical simulations of Hayabusa2 mission impact experiment journal, November 2022

Ejecta distribution and momentum transfer from oblique impacts on asteroid surfaces journal, March 2022

Determining the momentum transfer in regolith-like targets using the TUM/LRT electro-thermal accelerator journal, December 2020

Creep stability of the proposed AIDA mission target 65803 Didymos: I. Discrete cohesionless granular physics model journal, September 2017

Reshaping and ejection processes on rubble-pile asteroids from impacts journal, September 2022

Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos journal, March 2023

Model of Double Asteroid Redirection Test Impact Ejecta Plume Observations journal, June 2022

Collisional disruption experiments of porous targets journal, February 2009

Cratering efficiency on coarse-grain targets: Implications for the dynamical evolution of asteroid 25143 Itokawa journal, January 2018

The role of asteroid strength, porosity and internal friction in impact momentum transfer journal, September 2019

Photometric Observations of the Binary Near-Earth Asteroid (65803) Didymos in 2015–2021 Prior to DART Impact journal, July 2022

Compressibilities of Lunar Crystalline Rock, Microbreccia, and Fines to 40 Kilobars journal, January 1970

Modeling Momentum Transfer from Kinetic Impacts: Implications for Redirecting Asteroids journal, January 2015

The strength of regolith and rubble pile asteroids journal, May 2014

Spectral Rotational Characterization of the Didymos System prior to the DART Impact* journal, August 2022

Interior of top-shaped asteroids with cohesionless surface journal, May 2022

Scaling forces to asteroid surfaces: The role of cohesion journal, December 2010

An artificial impact on the asteroid (162173) Ryugu formed a crater in the gravity-dominated regime journal, April 2020

Binary asteroid population. 3. Secondary rotations and elongations journal, March 2016

The role of fragment shapes in the simulations of asteroids as gravitational aggregates journal, November 2020

Spectral analysis and mineralogical characterization of 11 olivine–pyroxene rich NEAs journal, January 2006

The significance of meteorite density and porosity journal, April 2008

Impacts into porous asteroids journal, January 2018

Hypervelocity impacts on asteroids and momentum transfer I. Numerical simulations using porous targets journal, February 2014

LICIACube - The Light Italian Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids In support of the NASA DART mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos
journal, May 2021

Ejecta Formation, Early Collisional Processes, and Dynamical Evolution after the DART Impact on Dimorphos
journal, July 2022

Constitutive Equation for the Dynamic Compaction of Ductile Porous Materials
journal, May 1969

Mineralogies and source regions of near-Earth asteroids
journal, January 2013

Orbital period change of Dimorphos due to the DART kinetic impact
journal, March 2023

The ESA Hera Mission: Detailed Characterization of the DART Impact Outcome and of the Binary Asteroid (65803) Didymos
journal, July 2022

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Planetary Defense Investigations and Requirements
journal, August 2021

The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa
journal, June 2006

Mid‐sized complex crater formation in mixed crystalline‐sedimentary targets: Insight from modeling and observation
journal, December 2008

Modeling damage and deformation in impact simulations
journal, February 2004

Momentum transfer in asteroid impacts. I. Theory and scaling
journal, November 2012

Stony meteorite porosities and densities: A review of the data through 2001
journal, August 2003

NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Mutual Orbital Period Change Due to Reshaping in the Near-Earth Binary Asteroid System (65803) Didymos
journal, July 2022

Near-zero cohesion and loose packing of Bennu’s near subsurface revealed by spacecraft contact
journal, July 2022

Simulations of brittle solids using smooth particle hydrodynamics
journal, May 1995

A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability
journal, September 1951

Spacecraft Geometry Effects on Kinetic Impactor Missions
journal, September 2022

Macroporosity and Grain Density of Rubble Pile Asteroid (162173) Ryugu
journal, December 2020

Suggested Modification of the P ‐α Model for Porous Materials
journal, February 1972

Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence
journal, March 2023

Light curves and colours of the ejecta from Dimorphos after the DART impact
journal, March 2023

Axisymmetric collapses of granular columns
journal, January 1999

Influence of the projectile geometry on the momentum transfer from a kinetic impactor and implications for the DART mission
journal, April 2022

The dynamic geophysical environment of (101955) Bennu based on OSIRIS-REx measurements
journal, March 2019

Granular slumping on a horizontal surface
journal, January 2005

Effects of Impact and Target Parameters on the Results of a Kinetic Impactor: Predictions for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission
journal, November 2022

Global-scale Reshaping and Resurfacing of Asteroids by Small-scale Impacts, with Applications to the DART and Hera Missions
journal, June 2022

SPH calculations of asteroid disruptions: The role of pressure dependent failure models
journal, March 2015

Deflection by kinetic impact: Sensitivity to asteroid properties
journal, May 2016

A crater and its ejecta: An interpretation of Deep Impact
journal, January 2007

Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos
journal, March 2023

Physical properties of the stone meteorites: Implications for the properties of their parent bodies
journal, September 2018

Numerical simulations of impacts involving porous bodies
journal, June 2009

One‐Dimensional High‐Pressure Compression of Granular Media
journal, January 1993

The Formation of Terraces on Asteroid (101955) Bennu
journal, April 2022

Boulder exhumation and segregation by impacts on rubble-pile asteroids
journal, September 2022

The excited spin state of Dimorphos resulting from the DART impact
journal, December 2021

Internal rubble properties of asteroid (101955) Bennu
journal, December 2021

Catastrophic Disruptions Revisited
journal, November 1999

Observations, compositional, and physical characterization of near-Earth and Mars-crosser asteroids from a spectroscopic survey
journal, July 2010

The strength-size relation of granite
journal, July 1967

Numerical simulations of impacts involving porous bodies
journal, November 2008

Direct Large-Scale N-Body Simulations of Planetesimal Dynamics
journal, January 2000

Creep stability of the DART/Hera mission target 65803 Didymos: II. The role of cohesion
journal, July 2021

Rotational breakup as the origin of small binary asteroids
journal, July 2008

Derivation of the Weibull distribution based on physical principles and its connection to the Rosin–Rammler and lognormal distributions
journal, August 1995

Constraining surface properties of asteroid (162173) Ryugu from numerical simulations of Hayabusa2 mission impact experiment
journal, November 2022

Ejecta distribution and momentum transfer from oblique impacts on asteroid surfaces
journal, March 2022

Determining the momentum transfer in regolith-like targets using the TUM/LRT electro-thermal accelerator
journal, December 2020

Creep stability of the proposed AIDA mission target 65803 Didymos: I. Discrete cohesionless granular physics model
journal, September 2017

Reshaping and ejection processes on rubble-pile asteroids from impacts
journal, September 2022

Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos
journal, March 2023

Model of Double Asteroid Redirection Test Impact Ejecta Plume Observations
journal, June 2022

Collisional disruption experiments of porous targets
journal, February 2009

Cratering efficiency on coarse-grain targets: Implications for the dynamical evolution of asteroid 25143 Itokawa
journal, January 2018

The role of asteroid strength, porosity and internal friction in impact momentum transfer
journal, September 2019

Photometric Observations of the Binary Near-Earth Asteroid (65803) Didymos in 2015–2021 Prior to DART Impact
journal, July 2022

Compressibilities of Lunar Crystalline Rock, Microbreccia, and Fines to 40 Kilobars
journal, January 1970

Modeling Momentum Transfer from Kinetic Impacts: Implications for Redirecting Asteroids
journal, January 2015

The strength of regolith and rubble pile asteroids
journal, May 2014

Spectral Rotational Characterization of the Didymos System prior to the DART Impact*
journal, August 2022

Interior of top-shaped asteroids with cohesionless surface
journal, May 2022

Scaling forces to asteroid surfaces: The role of cohesion
journal, December 2010

An artificial impact on the asteroid (162173) Ryugu formed a crater in the gravity-dominated regime
journal, April 2020

Binary asteroid population. 3. Secondary rotations and elongations
journal, March 2016

The role of fragment shapes in the simulations of asteroids as gravitational aggregates
journal, November 2020

Spectral analysis and mineralogical characterization of 11 olivine–pyroxene rich NEAs
journal, January 2006

The significance of meteorite density and porosity
journal, April 2008

Impacts into porous asteroids
journal, January 2018

Hypervelocity impacts on asteroids and momentum transfer I. Numerical simulations using porous targets
journal, February 2014