Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star

Nielsen, Eric L.; Rosa, Robert J.  De; Rameau, Julien; Wang, Jason J.; Esposito, Thomas M.; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Marois, Christian; Vigan, Arthur; Ammons, S. Mark; Artigau, Etienne; Bailey, Vanessa P.; Blunt, Sarah; Bulger, Joanna; Chilcote, Jeffrey; Cotten, Tara; Doyon, René; Duchêne, Gaspard; Fabrycky, Daniel; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Follette, Katherine B.; Gerard, Benjamin L.; Goodsell, Stephen J.; Graham, James R.; Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.; Hibon, Pascale; Hinkley, Sasha; Hung, Li-Wei; Ingraham, Patrick; Jensen-Clem, Rebecca; Kalas, Paul; Konopacky, Quinn; Larkin, James E.; Macintosh, Bruce; Maire, Jérôme; Marchis, Franck; Metchev, Stanimir; Morzinski, Katie M.; Murray-Clay, Ruth A.; Oppenheimer, Rebecca; Palmer, David; Patience, Jennifer; Perrin, Marshall; Poyneer, Lisa; Pueyo, Laurent; Rafikov, Roman R.; Rajan, Abhijith; Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.; Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste; Savransky, Dmitry; Schneider, Adam C.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Song, Inseok; Soummer, Remi; Thomas, Sandrine; Wallace, J. Kent; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Wiktorowicz, Sloane; Wolff, Schuyler

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69

Title: Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star

Abstract

Herein we present evidence that the recently discovered, directly imaged planet HD 131399 Ab is a background star with nonzero proper motion. From new JHK1L' photometry and spectroscopy obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager, VLT/SPHERE, and Keck/NIRC2, and a reanalysis of the discovery data obtained with VLT/SPHERE, we derive colors, spectra, and astrometry for HD 131399 Ab. The broader wavelength coverage and higher data quality allow us to reinvestigate its status. Its near-infrared spectral energy distribution excludes spectral types later than L0 and is consistent with a K or M dwarf, which are the most likely candidates for a background object in this direction at the apparent magnitude observed. If it were a physically associated object, the projected velocity of HD 131399 Ab would exceed escape velocity given the mass and distance to HD 131399 A. We show that HD 131399 Ab is also not following the expected track for a stationary background star at infinite distance. Solving for the proper motion and parallax required to explain the relative motion of HD 131399 Ab, we find a proper motion of 12.3 mas yr^–1. When compared to predicted background objects drawn from a galactic model, we find this proper motion tomore »« less

Authors:

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^[5]; Vigan, Arthur ^[6];

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^[3]; Bailey, Vanessa P. ^[8];

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Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.; Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of Montreal, QC (Canada)
California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Jet Propulsion Lab. (JPL)
National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC (Canada); Univ. of Victoria, BC (Canada)
Aix Marseille Univ. (France). Lab. d’Astrophysique de Marseille
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.; Stanford Univ., CA (United States); Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Hilo, HI (United States). Subaru Telescope
Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada)
Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble (France)
Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Merrill Science Center, Amherst, MA (United States)
Gemini Observatory, Hilo, HI (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Gemini Observatory, La Serena (Chile)
Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom)
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Tucson, AZ (United States)
California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
Carl Sagan Center, Mountain View, CA (United States). SETI Inst.
Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON (Canada); Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (United States)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom); Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ (United States)
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Nov 08 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Contributing Org.:: The GPIES Team

OSTI Identifier:: 1597225

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-804134
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881; 1007285; TRN: US2103054

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; 51378.01-A; NAS5-26555; AST-1411868; AST-141378; AST-1518332; NNX14AJ80G; NNX15AC89G; NNX15AD95G; NNX16AD44G

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astronomical Journal (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astronomical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 154; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881

Publisher:: IOP Publishing - AAAS

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; astrometry; instrumentation: adaptive optics; planets and satellites: detection; stars: individual (HD 131399); techniques: image processing; techniques: spectroscopic

Citation Formats


                    Nielsen, Eric L., Rosa, Robert J.  De, Rameau, Julien, Wang, Jason J., Esposito, Thomas M., Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Marois, Christian, Vigan, Arthur, Ammons, S. Mark, Artigau, Etienne, Bailey, Vanessa P., Blunt, Sarah, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Jensen-Clem, Rebecca, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Metchev, Stanimir, Morzinski, Katie M., Murray-Clay, Ruth A., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, and Wolff, Schuyler. Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69.

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                    Nielsen, Eric L., Rosa, Robert J.  De, Rameau, Julien, Wang, Jason J., Esposito, Thomas M., Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Marois, Christian, Vigan, Arthur, Ammons, S. Mark, Artigau, Etienne, Bailey, Vanessa P., Blunt, Sarah, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Jensen-Clem, Rebecca, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Metchev, Stanimir, Morzinski, Katie M., Murray-Clay, Ruth A., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, & Wolff, Schuyler. Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69

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                    Nielsen, Eric L., Rosa, Robert J.  De, Rameau, Julien, Wang, Jason J., Esposito, Thomas M., Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A., Marois, Christian, Vigan, Arthur, Ammons, S. Mark, Artigau, Etienne, Bailey, Vanessa P., Blunt, Sarah, Bulger, Joanna, Chilcote, Jeffrey, Cotten, Tara, Doyon, René, Duchêne, Gaspard, Fabrycky, Daniel, Fitzgerald, Michael P., Follette, Katherine B., Gerard, Benjamin L., Goodsell, Stephen J., Graham, James R., Greenbaum, Alexandra Z., Hibon, Pascale, Hinkley, Sasha, Hung, Li-Wei, Ingraham, Patrick, Jensen-Clem, Rebecca, Kalas, Paul, Konopacky, Quinn, Larkin, James E., Macintosh, Bruce, Maire, Jérôme, Marchis, Franck, Metchev, Stanimir, Morzinski, Katie M., Murray-Clay, Ruth A., Oppenheimer, Rebecca, Palmer, David, Patience, Jennifer, Perrin, Marshall, Poyneer, Lisa, Pueyo, Laurent, Rafikov, Roman R., Rajan, Abhijith, Rantakyrö, Fredrik T., Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste, Savransky, Dmitry, Schneider, Adam C., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Song, Inseok, Soummer, Remi, Thomas, Sandrine, Wallace, J. Kent, Ward-Duong, Kimberly, Wiktorowicz, Sloane, and Wolff, Schuyler. Wed .  
"Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1597225.

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@article{osti_1597225,

  title        = {Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star},

  author       = {Nielsen, Eric L. and Rosa, Robert J.  De and Rameau, Julien and Wang, Jason J. and Esposito, Thomas M. and Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A. and Marois, Christian and Vigan, Arthur and Ammons, S. Mark and Artigau, Etienne and Bailey, Vanessa P. and Blunt, Sarah and Bulger, Joanna and Chilcote, Jeffrey and Cotten, Tara and Doyon, René and Duchêne, Gaspard and Fabrycky, Daniel and Fitzgerald, Michael P. and Follette, Katherine B. and Gerard, Benjamin L. and Goodsell, Stephen J. and Graham, James R. and Greenbaum, Alexandra Z. and Hibon, Pascale and Hinkley, Sasha and Hung, Li-Wei and Ingraham, Patrick and Jensen-Clem, Rebecca and Kalas, Paul and Konopacky, Quinn and Larkin, James E. and Macintosh, Bruce and Maire, Jérôme and Marchis, Franck and Metchev, Stanimir and Morzinski, Katie M. and Murray-Clay, Ruth A. and Oppenheimer, Rebecca and Palmer, David and Patience, Jennifer and Perrin, Marshall and Poyneer, Lisa and Pueyo, Laurent and Rafikov, Roman R. and Rajan, Abhijith and Rantakyrö, Fredrik T. and Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste and Savransky, Dmitry and Schneider, Adam C. and Sivaramakrishnan, Anand and Song, Inseok and Soummer, Remi and Thomas, Sandrine and Wallace, J. Kent and Ward-Duong, Kimberly and Wiktorowicz, Sloane and Wolff, Schuyler},

  abstractNote = {Herein we present evidence that the recently discovered, directly imaged planet HD 131399 Ab is a background star with nonzero proper motion. From new JHK1L' photometry and spectroscopy obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager, VLT/SPHERE, and Keck/NIRC2, and a reanalysis of the discovery data obtained with VLT/SPHERE, we derive colors, spectra, and astrometry for HD 131399 Ab. The broader wavelength coverage and higher data quality allow us to reinvestigate its status. Its near-infrared spectral energy distribution excludes spectral types later than L0 and is consistent with a K or M dwarf, which are the most likely candidates for a background object in this direction at the apparent magnitude observed. If it were a physically associated object, the projected velocity of HD 131399 Ab would exceed escape velocity given the mass and distance to HD 131399 A. We show that HD 131399 Ab is also not following the expected track for a stationary background star at infinite distance. Solving for the proper motion and parallax required to explain the relative motion of HD 131399 Ab, we find a proper motion of 12.3 mas yr–1. When compared to predicted background objects drawn from a galactic model, we find this proper motion to be high but consistent with the top 4% fastest-moving background stars. From our analysis, we conclude that HD 131399 Ab is a background K or M dwarf.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-3881/aa8a69},

  journal      = {The Astronomical Journal (Online)},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 154,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Nov 08 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Wed Nov 08 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet β Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
journal, January 2020

Nielsen, Eric L.; De Rosa, Robert J.; Wang, Jason J.
The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab5b92

A Bayesian Framework for Exoplanet Direct Detection and Non-detection
journal, October 2018

Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste; Mawet, Dimitri; Czekala, Ian
The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 5
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aade95

A HARPS RV search for planets around young nearby stars
journal, January 2020

Grandjean, A.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Keppler, M.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 633
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936038

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
text, January 2019

Nielsen, El; De Rosa, Rj; Macintosh, B.
Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
DOI: 10.17863/cam.39168

The Updated Multiple Star Catalog
journal, February 2018

Tokovinin, Andrei
The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 235, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa1a5

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics from 10 to 100 au
journal, June 2019

Nielsen, Eric L.; De Rosa, Robert J.; Macintosh, Bruce
The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 158, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab16e9

Discovery of a point-like source and a third spiral arm in the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star MWC 758
journal, March 2018

Reggiani, M.; Christiaens, V.; Absil, O.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 611
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732016

The exoplanet handbook: Book Review
journal, March 2012

Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M.
Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 47, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01343.x

The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet beta Pictoris b from Combined Direct Imaging and Astrometry
text, January 2019

Nielsen, Eric L.; De Rosa, Robert J.; Wang, Jason J.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1911.11273

A HARPS RV search for planets around young nearby stars
text, January 2019

Grandjean, A.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Keppler, M.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.02741

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Title: Evidence That the Directly Imaged Planet HD 131399 Ab Is a Background Star

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journal, May 2004

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conference, August 2016

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journal, August 2014

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journal, August 2012

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journal, November 2016

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journal, October 2011

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conference, August 2008

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journal, November 2008

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journal, June 2012

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journal, May 2007

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journal, July 2017

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journal, October 1989

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journal, June 2010

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journal, August 2015

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journal, January 2016

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journal, June 2003

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journal, February 2006

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journal, November 2008

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journal, October 2016

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journal, August 1997

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journal, September 2004

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journal, February 2016

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journal, October 2015

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journal, February 2005

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conference, July 2014

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conference, July 2014

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journal, May 2014

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journal, April 2001

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journal, July 2016

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journal, January 1965

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journal, May 2016

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journal, June 2017

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journal, September 2015

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journal, June 2012

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journal, August 2010

SPHERE IFS: the spectro differential imager of the VLT for exoplanets search
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journal, August 2011

The Infrared Telescope Facility (Irtf) Spectral Library: cool Stars
journal, November 2009

A New Distortion Solution for NIRC2 on the Keck II Telescope
journal, June 2016

`emcee` : The MCMC Hammer
journal, March 2013

A companion to AB Pic at the planet/brown dwarf boundary
journal, July 2005

The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
journal, May 2008

Direct-imaging discovery of a 12–14 Jupiter-mass object orbiting a young binary system of very low-mass stars
journal, May 2013

Intrinsic Colors, Temperatures, and Bolometric Corrections of Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
journal, September 2013

Long-Term Stability of Planets in Binary Systems
journal, January 1999

Adaptive optics developments at Keck Observatory
conference, July 2006

Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects
journal, September 2013

The star formation history and accretion-disc fraction among the K-type members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB association
journal, June 2016

SPHERE data reduction and handling system: overview, project status, and development
conference, August 2008

A synthetic view on structure and evolution of the Milky Way
journal, October 2003

Revised Filter Profiles and Zero Points for Broadband Photometry
journal, February 2015

Astropy: A community Python package for astronomy
journal, September 2013

Orbits for the Impatient: A Bayesian Rejection-sampling Method for Quickly Fitting the Orbits of Long-period Exoplanets
journal, April 2017

Physics, Formation and Evolution of Rotating Stars
book, December 2008

FIRST LIGHT LBT AO IMAGES OF HR 8799 bcde AT 1.6 AND 3.3 μm: NEW DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN YOUNG PLANETS AND OLD BROWN DWARFS
journal, June 2012

DEEP THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING OF HR 8799 bcde: NEW ATMOSPHERIC CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITS ON A FIFTH PLANET
journal, October 2014

An Infrared Spectroscopic Sequence of M, L, and T Dwarfs
journal, April 2005

Spectral Irradiance Calibration in the Infrared. XIV. The Absolute Calibration of 2MASS
journal, August 2003

SPHERE IRDIS and IFS astrometric strategy and calibration
conference, August 2016

The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
journal, February 2006

The Southern Proper Motion Program. II. A Catalog at the South Galactic Pole
journal, November 1998

Angular Differential Imaging: A Powerful High‐Contrast Imaging Technique
journal, April 2006

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE CALSPEC FLUX STANDARDS: SIRIUS (AND VEGA)
journal, April 2014

DIRECT IMAGING DISCOVERY OF A “SUPER-JUPITER” AROUND THE LATE B-TYPE STAR κ And
journal, January 2013

A Uniform Analysis of 118 Stars with High-Contrast Imaging: Long-Period Extrasolar Giant Planets are rare Around Sun-Like Stars
journal, June 2010

Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
journal, August 2007

Gemini planet imager observational calibrations VIII: characterization and role of satellite spots
conference, July 2014

The Solar Neighborhood. xxx. Fomalhaut c
journal, November 2013

Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458
journal, April 2003

Spectrophotometric Libraries, Revised Photonic Passbands, and Zero Points for UBVRI , Hipparcos , and Tycho Photometry
journal, February 2012

Mesa Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (Mist). i. Solar-Scaled Models
journal, May 2016

Performance of the integral field spectrograph for the Gemini Planet Imager
conference, September 2012

A Dynamical Mechanism for Establishing Apsidal Resonance
journal, August 2002