Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Yi, Michael; Li, Wangda; Manthiram, Arumugam

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03322

Title: Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

High-nickel layered oxides continue to prevail in the energy storage market as the frontmost cathode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Demand and development of LiNi_1–x–yMn_xCo_yO₂ (NMC) and LiNi_1–x–yCo_xAl_yO₂ (NCA) cathodes are rampantly increasing, particularly for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. However, the continued presence of cobalt in NMC and NCA cathodes raises global concerns due to geopolitical and ethical issues attributed to Co sourcing. We herein introduce a novel cobalt-free, high-nickel cathode LiNi_0.7Mn_0.25Al_0.05O₂ (NMA70) and benchmark it against Co-containing LiNi_0.7Mn_0.15Co_0.15O₂ (NMC70) as well as Co- and Al-free LiNi_0.7Mn_0.3O₂ (NM70) cathodes with equivalent 70% Ni contents that are all synthesized in-house. NMA70 displays a high initial C/10 capacity of 210 mA h g^–1, matching that of NMC70 in half cells with a cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. NMA70 also exhibits an impressive high-voltage full cell cycling performance with a cutoff voltage of 4.4 V with a nearly identical capacity retention of 83% compared to that of 82% for NMC70 after 300 cycles. Postmortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses indicate a thinner cathode–electrolyte interface (CEI) developed in NMA70 compared to that in NM70 and unveil a more robustmore »« less

Authors:

Yi, Michael ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Texas at Austin, TX (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022

Research Org.:: Univ. of Texas at Austin, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO)

OSTI Identifier:: 1972445

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0008445

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Chemistry of Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 34; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0897-4756

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; Anode materials; Carbon; Electrochemical cells; Electrodes; Transition metals

Citation Formats


                    Yi, Michael, Li, Wangda, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03322.

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                    Yi, Michael, Li, Wangda, & Manthiram, Arumugam. Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03322

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                    Yi, Michael, Li, Wangda, and Manthiram, Arumugam. Mon .  
"Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03322.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1972445.

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@article{osti_1972445,

  title        = {Delineating the Roles of Mn, Al, and Co by Comparing Three Layered Oxide Cathodes with the Same Nickel Content of 70% for Lithium-Ion Batteries},

  author       = {Yi, Michael and Li, Wangda and Manthiram, Arumugam},

  abstractNote = {High-nickel layered oxides continue to prevail in the energy storage market as the frontmost cathode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Demand and development of LiNi1–x–yMnxCoyO2 (NMC) and LiNi1–x–yCoxAlyO2 (NCA) cathodes are rampantly increasing, particularly for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. However, the continued presence of cobalt in NMC and NCA cathodes raises global concerns due to geopolitical and ethical issues attributed to Co sourcing. We herein introduce a novel cobalt-free, high-nickel cathode LiNi0.7Mn0.25Al0.05O2 (NMA70) and benchmark it against Co-containing LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2 (NMC70) as well as Co- and Al-free LiNi0.7Mn0.3O2 (NM70) cathodes with equivalent 70% Ni contents that are all synthesized in-house. NMA70 displays a high initial C/10 capacity of 210 mA h g–1, matching that of NMC70 in half cells with a cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. NMA70 also exhibits an impressive high-voltage full cell cycling performance with a cutoff voltage of 4.4 V with a nearly identical capacity retention of 83% compared to that of 82% for NMC70 after 300 cycles. Postmortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses indicate a thinner cathode–electrolyte interface (CEI) developed in NMA70 compared to that in NM70 and unveil a more robust solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) passivation on the graphite anode among all samples. The benefits of Al doping are additionally highlighted with enhanced high-voltage CEI and thermal stabilities in NMA70. Furthermore, this work assesses the roles of Mn, Al, and Co to demonstrate both the practicality and feasibility of synthesizing cobalt-free, high-nickel cathodes that are promising alternatives to current NMC- and NCA-based cathodes.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03322},

  journal      = {Chemistry of Materials},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 34,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022},

  month        = {Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022}

}

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Wu, Yu; Liu, Xiang; Wang, Li
Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 37
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Cormier, Marc M. E.; Zhang, Ning; Liu, Aaron
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Abstract

Citation Formats

A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry journal, March 2020

High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries journal, January 2020

Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries journal, February 2010

LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density journal, June 1980

Dynamic behaviour of interphases and its implication on high-energy-density cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries journal, April 2017

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Is Cobalt Needed in Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries? journal, January 2019

Nickel-Rich and Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: Progress and Perspectives journal, October 2015

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The Autoxidation of Manganous Hydroxide journal, August 1942

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Direct Observation of Lattice Aluminum Environments in Li Ion Cathodes LiNi 1– y – z Co y Al z O 2 and Al-Doped LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 via 27 Al MAS NMR Spectroscopy journal, June 2016

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Effect of equivalent and non-equivalent Al substitutions on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 journal, January 2008

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Dependence of Cell Failure on Cut-Off Voltage Ranges and Observation of Kinetic Hindrance in LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 journal, January 2018

Improving Li + Kinetics and Structural Stability of Nickel-Rich Layered Cathodes by Heterogeneous Inactive-Al 3+ Doping journal, March 2018

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Crossover Effects in Batteries with High‐Nickel Cathodes and Lithium‐Metal Anodes journal, February 2021

Characterization of high-power lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. I. Experimental investigation journal, June 2011

Cycling Behavior of NCM523/Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells in the 3–4.4 V Range: Diagnostic Studies of Full Cells and Harvested Electrodes journal, September 2016

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Resistance Growth in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 Positive Electrodes and Proposed Mechanism for Voltage Dependent Charge-Transfer Resistance journal, January 2019

Understanding Long-Term Cycling Performance of Li 1.2 Ni 0.15 Mn 0.55 Co 0.1 O 2 –Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells journal, January 2013

Surface reconstruction and chemical evolution of stoichiometric layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries journal, March 2014

Mn versus Al in Layered Oxide Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Evaluation on Long-Term Cyclability journal, February 2018

Advanced Electrolytes for Fast‐Charging High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Wide‐Temperature Range journal, April 2020

Insights into Boron-Based Polyanion-Tuned High-Nickel Cathodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2019

Dynamic evolution of Cathode−Electrolyte interface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 during the initial Charge−Discharge process journal, October 2019

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Interphasial and Structural Evolution over Long‐Term Cycling of Ultrahigh‐Nickel Cathodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries journal, October 2019

The cathode–electrolyte interface in the Li-ion battery journal, November 2004

A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries journal, September 2010

Role of Manganese Deposition on Graphite in the Capacity Fading of Lithium Ion Batteries journal, May 2016

Cross Talk between Transition Metal Cathode and Li Metal Anode: Unraveling Its Influence on the Deposition/Dissolution Behavior and Morphology of Lithium journal, April 2019

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Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries journal, October 2004

Development of cathode-electrolyte-interphase for safer lithium batteries journal, May 2021

Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries without Internal Short Circuit journal, October 2018

Effect of AlF 3 Coating on Thermal Behavior of Chemically Delithiated Li 0.35 [Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 ]O 2 journal, March 2010

A reflection on lithium-ion battery cathode chemistry
journal, March 2020

High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries
journal, January 2020

Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries
journal, February 2010

LixCoO2 (0<x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density
journal, June 1980

Dynamic behaviour of interphases and its implication on high-energy-density cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2017

Cobalt in lithium-ion batteries
journal, February 2020

Is Cobalt Needed in Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries?
journal, January 2019

Nickel-Rich and Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: Progress and Perspectives
journal, October 2015

Nickel-Rich Layered Lithium Transition-Metal Oxide for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2015

Constructing a stable interfacial phase on single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode via chemical reaction with phosphomolybdic acid
journal, September 2021

Robust Surface Reconstruction Induced by Subsurface Ni/Li Antisites in Ni‐Rich Cathodes
journal, February 2021

A perspective on nickel-rich layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2017

Prospect and Reality of Ni-Rich Cathode for Commercialization
journal, November 2017

The cycling properties of the LixNi1−yCoyO2 electrode
journal, April 1993

Narrowing the Gap between Theoretical and Practical Capacities in Li-Ion Layered Oxide Cathode Materials
journal, July 2017

Ni‐Rich/Co‐Poor Layered Cathode for Automotive Li‐Ion Batteries: Promises and Challenges
journal, March 2020

Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals
journal, October 2017

Performance and cost of materials for lithium-based rechargeable automotive batteries
journal, April 2018

Cobalt-free, high-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries: Progress, challenges, and perspectives
journal, January 2021

Role of Mn Content on the Electrochemical Properties of Nickel-Rich Layered LiNi _{0.8– x} Co _0.1 Mn _{0.1+ x} O ₂ (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2015

Intrinsic Role of Cationic Substitution in Tuning Li/Ni Mixing in High-Ni Layered Oxides
journal, March 2019

Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery
journal, October 2019

Effects of Al-doping on the properties of Li–Mn–Ni–O cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: an ab initio study
journal, January 2013

An in-depth understanding of the effect of aluminum doping in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2021

High‐Nickel NMA: A Cobalt‐Free Alternative to NMC and NCA Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
journal, July 2020

In‐Depth Analysis of the Degradation Mechanisms of High‐Nickel, Low/No‐Cobalt Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
journal, June 2021

The Autoxidation of Manganous Hydroxide
journal, August 1942

Synthesis Control of Layered Oxide Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Necessary Step Toward Practicality
journal, September 2020

Direct Observation of Lattice Aluminum Environments in Li Ion Cathodes LiNi _{1– y – z} Co _y Al _z O ₂ and Al-Doped LiNi _x Mn _y Co _z O ₂ via ²⁷ Al MAS NMR Spectroscopy
journal, June 2016

The multiple effects of Al-doping on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 as cathode material at high voltage
journal, May 2018

Effect of equivalent and non-equivalent Al substitutions on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
journal, January 2008

Improvement of structural integrity and battery performance of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 by Al and Ti doping
journal, August 2005

Synthesis of LiNiO ₂ at Moderate Oxygen Pressure and Long-Term Cyclability in Lithium-Ion Full Cells
journal, November 2020

Updating the Structure and Electrochemistry of Li _x NiO ₂ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
journal, January 2018

Dependence of Cell Failure on Cut-Off Voltage Ranges and Observation of Kinetic Hindrance in LiNi _0.8 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂
journal, January 2018

Improving Li ⁺ Kinetics and Structural Stability of Nickel-Rich Layered Cathodes by Heterogeneous Inactive-Al ³⁺ Doping
journal, March 2018

Structural and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn0.5−xAlxO2 (x=0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2009

Understanding Co roles towards developing Co-free Ni-rich cathodes for rechargeable batteries
journal, February 2021

High-Rate and Cycling-Stable Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials with Enhanced Li ⁺ Diffusion Pathway
journal, December 2015

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Ionic-Conductor Coated Li[Ni _0.7 Co _0.15 Mn _0.15 ]O ₂
journal, January 2017

Crossover Effects in Batteries with High‐Nickel Cathodes and Lithium‐Metal Anodes
journal, February 2021

Characterization of high-power lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. I. Experimental investigation
journal, June 2011

Cycling Behavior of NCM523/Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells in the 3–4.4 V Range: Diagnostic Studies of Full Cells and Harvested Electrodes
journal, September 2016

Stabilizing the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface of LiNi _0.8 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ through Tailoring Aluminum Distribution in Microspheres as Long-Life, High-Rate, and Safe Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, August 2017

Armoring LiNi _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 O ₂ Cathode with Reliable Fluorinated Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Interphase Layer toward Durable High Rate Battery
journal, March 2020

Studies of cycling behavior, ageing, and interfacial reactions of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and carbon electrodes for lithium-ion 5-V cells
journal, November 2006

Identifying Contact Resistances in High-Voltage Cathodes by Impedance Spectroscopy
journal, January 2019

An Analysis Protocol for Three-Electrode Li-Ion Battery Impedance Spectra: Part I. Analysis of a High-Voltage Positive Electrode
journal, January 2017

Novel Method for Monitoring the Electrochemical Capacitance by In Situ Impedance Spectroscopy as Indicator for Particle Cracking of Nickel-Rich NCMs: Part I. Theory and Validation
journal, June 2020

Layered lithium cobalt oxide cathodes
journal, March 2021

Irreversible conductivity change of Li1−xCoO2 on electrochemical lithium insertion/extraction, desirable for battery applications
journal, January 1998

Influence of Calendering on the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi _0.9 Mn _0.05 Al _0.05 O ₂ Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Cells
journal, August 2021

Resistance Growth in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with LiNi _0.80 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ Positive Electrodes and Proposed Mechanism for Voltage Dependent Charge-Transfer Resistance
journal, January 2019

Understanding Long-Term Cycling Performance of Li _1.2 Ni _0.15 Mn _0.55 Co _0.1 O ₂ –Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells
journal, January 2013

Surface reconstruction and chemical evolution of stoichiometric layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
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Mn versus Al in Layered Oxide Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Evaluation on Long-Term Cyclability
journal, February 2018

Advanced Electrolytes for Fast‐Charging High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Wide‐Temperature Range
journal, April 2020

Insights into Boron-Based Polyanion-Tuned High-Nickel Cathodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

Dynamic evolution of Cathode−Electrolyte interface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 during the initial Charge−Discharge process
journal, October 2019

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Interphasial and Structural Evolution over Long‐Term Cycling of Ultrahigh‐Nickel Cathodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

The cathode–electrolyte interface in the Li-ion battery
journal, November 2004

A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries
journal, September 2010

Role of Manganese Deposition on Graphite in the Capacity Fading of Lithium Ion Batteries
journal, May 2016

Cross Talk between Transition Metal Cathode and Li Metal Anode: Unraveling Its Influence on the Deposition/Dissolution Behavior and Morphology of Lithium
journal, April 2019

Zinc-Doped High-Nickel, Low-Cobalt Layered Oxide Cathodes for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2021

An Analysis Protocol for Three-Electrode Li-Ion Battery Impedance Spectra: Part II. Analysis of a Graphite Anode Cycled vs. LNMO
journal, January 2018

Formation and Inhibition of Metallic Lithium Microstructures in Lithium Batteries Driven by Chemical Crossover
journal, May 2017

On the Beneficial Impact of Li ₂ CO ₃ as Electrolyte Additive in NCM523 ∥ Graphite Lithium Ion Cells Under High‐Voltage Conditions
journal, January 2021

Understanding the Outstanding High‐Voltage Performance of NCM523||Graphite Lithium Ion Cells after Elimination of Ethylene Carbonate Solvent from Conventional Electrolyte
journal, January 2021

The Impact of Electrolyte Additives and Upper Cut-off Voltage on the Formation of a Rocksalt Surface Layer in LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ Electrodes
journal, January 2017

Rational Design of Coating Ions via Advantageous Surface Reconstruction in High‐Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
journal, August 2021

Different thermal degradation mechanisms: Role of aluminum in Ni-rich layered cathode materials
journal, December 2020

Investigating the Kinetic Effect on Structural Evolution of Li _x Ni _0.8 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂ Cathode Materials during the Initial Charge/Discharge
journal, March 2017

Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries
journal, October 2004

Development of cathode-electrolyte-interphase for safer lithium batteries
journal, May 2021

Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries without Internal Short Circuit
journal, October 2018

Effect of AlF ₃ Coating on Thermal Behavior of Chemically Delithiated Li _0.35 [Ni _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 ]O ₂
journal, March 2010

The Reactions of Li[sub 0.5]CoO[sub 2] with Nonaqueous Solvents at Elevated Temperatures
journal, January 2002

Impact of Dopants (Al, Mg, Mn, Co) on the Reactivity of Li _x NiO ₂ with the Electrolyte of Li-Ion Batteries
journal, January 2019