Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives

Haridevan, Hima; Evans, David A. C.; Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Martin, Darren J.; Annamalai, Pratheep K.

doi:10.1039/d1gc02744a

Title: Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives

Abstract

Lignin is one of the most abundant aromatic natural polymers. Produced as a by-product from the biomass refinery industries, lignin remains largely underutilised in high-value industrial applications. The incorporation of lignin in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been the focus of much research, due to its potential to replace fossil fuel-based components of RPUF. However, the overall sustainability of RPUF depends on numerous factors including processability, cost-effectiveness, and retention of performance throughout the service life. To date, the incorporation of lignin has been explored either as filler particles (through direct incorporation) or as a blendable liquid polyol introduced after chemical modifications (such as oxyalkylation, functionalisation, or depolymerisation). However, the production of lignin incorporated foam with high performance through cost-effective processing is still an ongoing challenge. Herein, this review critically appraises the progress on the effective incorporation of lignin in RPUF. Firstly, this review briefly covers the essential raw materials, formulation, important properties, and sustainability aspects of RPUF for industrial applications. Secondly, it provides insights on the key parameters of lignin of relevance to incorporation into RPUF. Thirdly, it benchmarks the reported studies on incorporation of lignin in RPUF systems by evaluating their important properties and proposes potential strategies for addressingmore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[1];

^[1]

Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD (Australia)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD (Australia)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1844864

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Green Chemistry

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 23; Journal Issue: 22; Journal ID: ISSN 1463-9262

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; lignin; polyurethane foam; polyol; reactivity; microstructure; mechanical properties; thermal insulation

Citation Formats


                    Haridevan, Hima, Evans, David A. C., Ragauskas, Arthur J., Martin, Darren J., and Annamalai, Pratheep K. Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/d1gc02744a.

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                    Haridevan, Hima, Evans, David A. C., Ragauskas, Arthur J., Martin, Darren J., & Annamalai, Pratheep K. Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02744a

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                    Haridevan, Hima, Evans, David A. C., Ragauskas, Arthur J., Martin, Darren J., and Annamalai, Pratheep K. Tue .  
"Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02744a.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1844864.

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@article{osti_1844864,

  title        = {Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives},

  author       = {Haridevan, Hima and Evans, David A. C. and Ragauskas, Arthur J. and Martin, Darren J. and Annamalai, Pratheep K.},

  abstractNote = {Lignin is one of the most abundant aromatic natural polymers. Produced as a by-product from the biomass refinery industries, lignin remains largely underutilised in high-value industrial applications. The incorporation of lignin in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been the focus of much research, due to its potential to replace fossil fuel-based components of RPUF. However, the overall sustainability of RPUF depends on numerous factors including processability, cost-effectiveness, and retention of performance throughout the service life. To date, the incorporation of lignin has been explored either as filler particles (through direct incorporation) or as a blendable liquid polyol introduced after chemical modifications (such as oxyalkylation, functionalisation, or depolymerisation). However, the production of lignin incorporated foam with high performance through cost-effective processing is still an ongoing challenge. Herein, this review critically appraises the progress on the effective incorporation of lignin in RPUF. Firstly, this review briefly covers the essential raw materials, formulation, important properties, and sustainability aspects of RPUF for industrial applications. Secondly, it provides insights on the key parameters of lignin of relevance to incorporation into RPUF. Thirdly, it benchmarks the reported studies on incorporation of lignin in RPUF systems by evaluating their important properties and proposes potential strategies for addressing the key challenges in the incorporation of lignin in RPUF. By bridging the gaps that exist in the literature on the utilisation of lignin in RPUF this account will serve as a resource for both beginners and professionals in the polyurethane and biorefinery industries towards the successful development of lignin incorporated RPUF for industrial applications},

  doi          = {10.1039/d1gc02744a},

  journal      = {Green Chemistry},

  number       = 22,

  volume       = 23,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2021},

  month        = {Tue Oct 12 00:00:00 EDT 2021}

}

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Aqueous acetone fractionation of kraft, organosolv and soda lignins
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Domínguez-Robles, Juan; Tamminen, Tarja; Liitiä, Tiina
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Li, Yang; Ragauskas, Arthur J.
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Septevani, Athanasia A.; Evans, David A. C.; Annamalai, Pratheep K.
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Production of polyols via direct hydrolysis of kraft lignin: Effect of process parameters
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Mahmood, Nubla; Yuan, Zhongshun; Schmidt, John
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Propensity of Lignin to Associate: Light Scattering Photometry Study with Native Lignins
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Contreras, Sofía; Gaspar, Armindo R.; Guerra, Anderson
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Lignin nanocomposites
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Feldman, Dorel
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Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Aqueous Lignosulfonate Solutions
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Vainio, Ulla; Lauten, Rolf Andreas; Serimaa, Ritva
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Eraghi Kazzaz, Armin; Fatehi, Pedram
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Cateto, Carolina Andreia; Barreiro, Maria Filomena; Rodrigues, Alírio Egídio
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Lee, Yerin; Tran, My Ha; Lee, Eun Yeol
Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 55, Issue 2
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Morphology of Dry Lignins and Size and Shape of Dissolved Kraft Lignin Particles by X-ray Scattering
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Vainio, Ulla; Maximova, Natalia; Hortling, Bo
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Velez, Julian; Thies, Mark C.
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A review on lignin-based polymeric, micro- and nano-structured materials
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Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 85
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Recent advances in lignin-based polyurethanes
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Wang, Yun-Yan; Cai, Charles; Ragauskas, Arthur
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Ekielski, Adam; Mishra, Pawan Kumar
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Šebenik, A.; Osredkar, U.; Vizovišek, I.
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Gosselink, R. J. A.; Abächerli, A.; Semke, H.
Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 19, Issue 3
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Characterization of Lignins Isolated from Industrial Residues and their Beneficial Uses
journal, August 2016

Sameni, Javad; Krigstin, Sally; Sain, Mohini
BioResources, Vol. 11, Issue 4
DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.4.8435-8456

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Title: Valorisation of technical lignin in rigid polyurethane foam: A critical evaluation on trends, guidelines and future perspectives

Abstract

Citation Formats

The Influence of Pulping Conditions on the Structure of Acetosolv Eucalyptus Lignins journal, February 1997

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Sodium Lignosulfonate-based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Prepared with Three Kinds of Polyols journal, January 2003

Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals journal, January 2018

Lignin Prepared by Ultrafiltration of Black Liquor: Investigation of Solubility, Viscosity, and Ash Content journal, February 2016

Theory, practice and prospects of X-ray and neutron scattering for lignocellulosic biomass characterization: towards understanding biomass pretreatment journal, January 2015

PU foam derived from renewable sources: Perspective on properties enhancement: An overview journal, October 2017

Solvent screening for the fractionation of industrial kraft lignin journal, January 2016

Dry fractionation process as an important step in current and future lignocellulose biorefineries: A review journal, April 2013

Oxypropylation of Lignins and Preparation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from the Ensuing Polyols journal, October 2005

Production and characterization of polyurethane foams from a simple mixture of castor oil, crude glycerol and untreated lignin as bio-based polyols journal, December 2016

Novel Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams from Synthesized Biobased Polyester Polyol with Enhanced Properties journal, March 2018

Tomographic Reconstruction and Morphological Analysis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams journal, February 2016

Depolymerization of lignins and their applications for the preparation of polyols and rigid polyurethane foams: A review journal, July 2016

Development of high-performance biodegradable rigid polyurethane foams using all bioresource-based polyols: Lignin and soy oil-derived polyols journal, August 2018

Spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for ecopolyols production: Spent coffee grounds: a renewable source for ecopolyols journal, July 2014

Isolation and characterization of lignins from Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. by enzymatic mild acidolysis (EMAL) journal, January 2008

A systematic study substituting polyether polyol with palm kernel oil based polyester polyol in rigid polyurethane foam journal, April 2015

Perspective on Technical Lignin Fractionation journal, May 2020

Lignin-Derived Carbon Fiber as a Co-Product of Refining Cellulosic Biomass journal, January 2014

Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin journal, September 2015

Molecular Weight Distribution of (Semi-) Commercial Lignin Derivatives journal, December 1993

Lignin-derived bio-based flame retardants toward high-performance sustainable polymeric materials journal, January 2020

Polyol Preparation by Liquefaction of Technical Lignins in Crude Glycerol journal, January 2017

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Polymerhölzern auf der Basis von niedrig-viskosen Epoxidharzen journal, January 1986

Biopolyol preparation from liquefaction of grape seeds: RESEARCH ARTICLE journal, May 2016

Liquefaction behaviors of bamboo residues in a glycerol-based solvent using microwave energy journal, November 2013

Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review journal, December 2016

Isocyanate-rich cellulose nanocrystals and their selective insertion in elastomeric polyurethane journal, November 2011

Thermal properties of lignin-and molasses-based polyurethane foams journal, May 2008

Solvent fractionation of softwood and hardwood kraft lignins for more efficient uses: Compositional, structural, thermal, antioxidant and adsorption properties journal, March 2019

Lignin-based foams as insulation materials: a review journal, December 2018

Kinetic study of the formation of lignin-based polyurethanes in bulk journal, August 2011

Characterization of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Lignosulfonate- and Hydrolyzed Lignosulfonate-based Polyurethane Foams journal, May 2016

A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of different insulation materials for buildings in the continental Mediterranean climate journal, October 2020

Production and characterization of rigid polyurethane foam by oxypropylation of organosolv lignin extracted from exhausted olive pomace journal, August 2020

Catalytic demethylation of organosolv lignin in aqueous medium using indium triflate under microwave irradiation journal, October 2017

Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers journal, July 2014

Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review journal, June 2019

Flexible polyurethane foams green production employing lignin or oxypropylated lignin journal, March 2015

A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings journal, June 2017

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Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Various Isocyanate Indices Based on Polyols from Rapeseed Oil and Waste PET journal, March 2020

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Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin journal, May 2021

Rational production of highly acidic sulfonated carbons from kraft lignins employing a fractionation process combined with acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization journal, May 2020

Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: Application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins journal, July 2006

Preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin via direct replacement or oxypropylation journal, July 2015

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Rigid polyurethane foams based on soybean oil journal, July 2000

Oxidative upgrade of lignin – Recent routes reviewed journal, June 2013

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Mechanical pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass: towards facile and environmentally sound technologies for biofuels production journal, January 2014

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A simple methodology for improving the performance and sustainability of rigid polyurethane foam by incorporating industrial lignin journal, July 2018

Reactivity of Isocyanate-Functionalized Lignins: A Key Factor for the Preparation of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes journal, August 2019

Lignin Functionalization through Chemical Demethylation: Preparation and Tannin-Like Properties of Demethylated Guaiacyl-Type Synthetic Lignins journal, May 2017

Correlating lignin structural features to phase partitioning behavior in a novel aqueous fractionation of softwood Kraft black liquor journal, January 2013

Lignin in Ethylene Glycol and Poly(ethylene glycol): Fortified Lubricants with Internal Hydrogen Bonding journal, December 2015

Lignin. 24. Ultrafiltration and light-scattering evidence for association of kraft lignins in aqueous solutions journal, July 1988

Hydrolytic liquefaction of hydrolysis lignin for the preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam journal, January 2016

Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective journal, December 2015

Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery journal, May 2014

Two approaches for introduction of wheat straw lignin into rigid polyurethane foams conference, January 2014

Uncatalyzed reactions of 4,4′-diphenylmethane-diisocyanate with polymer polyols as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry journal, January 2016

Renewable polyols for advanced polyurethane foams from diverse biomass resources journal, January 2018

New Process of Chemical Grafting of Cellulose Nanoparticles with a Long Chain Isocyanate journal, January 2010

Structures, and Reactivities with Formaldehyde, of Some Acetosolv Pine Lignins journal, November 1999

The Solvent Properties of Liquids and Their Relation to the Solubility, Swelling, Isolation and Fractionation of Lignin journal, October 1952

Synthesis of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: A Mini-Review journal, March 2019

Production and characterization of biopolyols and polyurethane foams from crude glycerol based liquefaction of soybean straw journal, January 2012

A perspective approach to sustainable routes for non-isocyanate polyurethanes journal, February 2017

The Influence of Pulping Conditions on the Structure of Acetosolv Eucalyptus Lignins
journal, February 1997

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Sodium Lignosulfonate-based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Prepared with Three Kinds of Polyols
journal, January 2003

Bright Side of Lignin Depolymerization: Toward New Platform Chemicals
journal, January 2018

Lignin Prepared by Ultrafiltration of Black Liquor: Investigation of Solubility, Viscosity, and Ash Content
journal, February 2016

Theory, practice and prospects of X-ray and neutron scattering for lignocellulosic biomass characterization: towards understanding biomass pretreatment
journal, January 2015

PU foam derived from renewable sources: Perspective on properties enhancement: An overview
journal, October 2017

Solvent screening for the fractionation of industrial kraft lignin
journal, January 2016

Dry fractionation process as an important step in current and future lignocellulose biorefineries: A review
journal, April 2013

Oxypropylation of Lignins and Preparation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from the Ensuing Polyols
journal, October 2005

Production and characterization of polyurethane foams from a simple mixture of castor oil, crude glycerol and untreated lignin as bio-based polyols
journal, December 2016

Novel Rigid Polyisocyanurate Foams from Synthesized Biobased Polyester Polyol with Enhanced Properties
journal, March 2018

Tomographic Reconstruction and Morphological Analysis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams
journal, February 2016

Depolymerization of lignins and their applications for the preparation of polyols and rigid polyurethane foams: A review
journal, July 2016

Development of high-performance biodegradable rigid polyurethane foams using all bioresource-based polyols: Lignin and soy oil-derived polyols
journal, August 2018

Spent coffee grounds as a renewable source for ecopolyols production: Spent coffee grounds: a renewable source for ecopolyols
journal, July 2014

Isolation and characterization of lignins from Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. by enzymatic mild acidolysis (EMAL)
journal, January 2008

A systematic study substituting polyether polyol with palm kernel oil based polyester polyol in rigid polyurethane foam
journal, April 2015

Perspective on Technical Lignin Fractionation
journal, May 2020

Lignin-Derived Carbon Fiber as a Co-Product of Refining Cellulosic Biomass
journal, January 2014

Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin
journal, September 2015

Molecular Weight Distribution of (Semi-) Commercial Lignin Derivatives
journal, December 1993

Lignin-derived bio-based flame retardants toward high-performance sustainable polymeric materials
journal, January 2020

Polyol Preparation by Liquefaction of Technical Lignins in Crude Glycerol
journal, January 2017

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Polymerhölzern auf der Basis von niedrig-viskosen Epoxidharzen
journal, January 1986

Biopolyol preparation from liquefaction of grape seeds: RESEARCH ARTICLE
journal, May 2016

Liquefaction behaviors of bamboo residues in a glycerol-based solvent using microwave energy
journal, November 2013

Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review
journal, December 2016

Isocyanate-rich cellulose nanocrystals and their selective insertion in elastomeric polyurethane
journal, November 2011

Thermal properties of lignin-and molasses-based polyurethane foams
journal, May 2008

Solvent fractionation of softwood and hardwood kraft lignins for more efficient uses: Compositional, structural, thermal, antioxidant and adsorption properties
journal, March 2019

Lignin-based foams as insulation materials: a review
journal, December 2018

Kinetic study of the formation of lignin-based polyurethanes in bulk
journal, August 2011

Characterization of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Lignosulfonate- and Hydrolyzed Lignosulfonate-based Polyurethane Foams
journal, May 2016

A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of different insulation materials for buildings in the continental Mediterranean climate
journal, October 2020

Production and characterization of rigid polyurethane foam by oxypropylation of organosolv lignin extracted from exhausted olive pomace
journal, August 2020

Catalytic demethylation of organosolv lignin in aqueous medium using indium triflate under microwave irradiation
journal, October 2017

Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers
journal, July 2014

Valorization of lignin in polymer and composite systems for advanced engineering applications – A review
journal, June 2019

Flexible polyurethane foams green production employing lignin or oxypropylated lignin
journal, March 2015

A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings
journal, June 2017

Effect of Softwood Kraft Lignin Fractionation on the Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
journal, May 2013

Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Various Isocyanate Indices Based on Polyols from Rapeseed Oil and Waste PET
journal, March 2020

Water absorbent polyurethane composites derived from molasses and lignin filled with microcrystalline cellulose
journal, July 2012

Systematic Review on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin
journal, May 2021

Rational production of highly acidic sulfonated carbons from kraft lignins employing a fractionation process combined with acid-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
journal, May 2020

Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: Application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins
journal, July 2006

Preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin via direct replacement or oxypropylation
journal, July 2015

Renewable Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams from Lysine and Sorbitol: Renewable Self-Blowing Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Foams from Lysine and Sorbitol
journal, August 2018

Site-Selective Modification of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Isophorone Diisocyanate and Formation of Polyurethane-CNC Composites
journal, January 2016

Synthesis of thermal insulating polyurethane foams from lignin and rapeseed based polyols: A comparative study
journal, January 2020

Influence of nanofillers on thermal insulating properties of polyurethane nanocomposites foams
journal, January 2007

A simple process for lignin nanoparticle preparation
journal, January 2016

Rigid polyurethane foams based on soybean oil
journal, July 2000

Oxidative upgrade of lignin – Recent routes reviewed
journal, June 2013

Oxyalkylation of lignin with propylene carbonate: Influence of reaction parameters on the ensuing bio-based polyols
journal, July 2017

Mechanical pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass: towards facile and environmentally sound technologies for biofuels production
journal, January 2014

Microcellulose as a natural filler in polyurethane foams based on the biopolyol from rapeseed oil
journal, September 2016

Structure-properties relationships of cellular materials from biobased polyurethane foams
journal, July 2021

Lignin. 18. Associative effects among organosolv lignin components
journal, March 1981

A simple methodology for improving the performance and sustainability of rigid polyurethane foam by incorporating industrial lignin
journal, July 2018

Reactivity of Isocyanate-Functionalized Lignins: A Key Factor for the Preparation of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes
journal, August 2019

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journal, May 2017

Correlating lignin structural features to phase partitioning behavior in a novel aqueous fractionation of softwood Kraft black liquor
journal, January 2013

Lignin in Ethylene Glycol and Poly(ethylene glycol): Fortified Lubricants with Internal Hydrogen Bonding
journal, December 2015

Lignin. 24. Ultrafiltration and light-scattering evidence for association of kraft lignins in aqueous solutions
journal, July 1988

Hydrolytic liquefaction of hydrolysis lignin for the preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam
journal, January 2016

Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective
journal, December 2015

Lignin Valorization: Improving Lignin Processing in the Biorefinery
journal, May 2014

Two approaches for introduction of wheat straw lignin into rigid polyurethane foams
conference, January 2014

Uncatalyzed reactions of 4,4′-diphenylmethane-diisocyanate with polymer polyols as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
journal, January 2016

Renewable polyols for advanced polyurethane foams from diverse biomass resources
journal, January 2018

New Process of Chemical Grafting of Cellulose Nanoparticles with a Long Chain Isocyanate
journal, January 2010

Structures, and Reactivities with Formaldehyde, of Some Acetosolv Pine Lignins
journal, November 1999

The Solvent Properties of Liquids and Their Relation to the Solubility, Swelling, Isolation and Fractionation of Lignin
journal, October 1952

Synthesis of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: A Mini-Review
journal, March 2019

Production and characterization of biopolyols and polyurethane foams from crude glycerol based liquefaction of soybean straw
journal, January 2012

A perspective approach to sustainable routes for non-isocyanate polyurethanes
journal, February 2017

Effect of incorporation of lignin as bio-polyol on the performance of rigid lightweight wood–polyurethane composite foams
journal, April 2020

Wheat straw lignin as filler for rigid polyurethane foams on the basis of tall oil amide
journal, June 2014

The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals
journal, June 2010