Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives
Abstract
Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1543160
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1613497
- Grant/Contract Number:
- EE0008148; 1624536-IIP
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Polymers
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Polymers Journal Volume: 11 Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 2073-4360
- Publisher:
- MDPI
- Country of Publication:
- Switzerland
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Polymer Science; lignin; polyurethane; adhesives; foams; coatings; elastomers
Citation Formats
Alinejad, Mona, Henry, Christián, Nikafshar, Saeid, Gondaliya, Akash, Bagheri, Sajad, Chen, Nusheng, Singh, Sandip K., Hodge, David B., and Nejad, Mojgan. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives. Switzerland: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.3390/polym11071202.
Alinejad, Mona, Henry, Christián, Nikafshar, Saeid, Gondaliya, Akash, Bagheri, Sajad, Chen, Nusheng, Singh, Sandip K., Hodge, David B., & Nejad, Mojgan. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives. Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071202
Alinejad, Mona, Henry, Christián, Nikafshar, Saeid, Gondaliya, Akash, Bagheri, Sajad, Chen, Nusheng, Singh, Sandip K., Hodge, David B., and Nejad, Mojgan. Thu .
"Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives". Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071202.
@article{osti_1543160,
title = {Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives},
author = {Alinejad, Mona and Henry, Christián and Nikafshar, Saeid and Gondaliya, Akash and Bagheri, Sajad and Chen, Nusheng and Singh, Sandip K. and Hodge, David B. and Nejad, Mojgan},
abstractNote = {Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.},
doi = {10.3390/polym11071202},
journal = {Polymers},
number = 7,
volume = 11,
place = {Switzerland},
year = {2019},
month = {7}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071202
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071202
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 123 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Methods for polyurethane and polyurethane composites, recycling and recovery: A review
journal, August 2007
- Zia, Khalid Mahmood; Bhatti, Haq Nawaz; Ahmad Bhatti, Ijaz
- Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 67, Issue 8
LignoForce System for the Recovery of Lignin from Black Liquor: Feedstock Options, Odor Profile, and Product Characterization
journal, August 2016
- Kouisni, Lamfeddal; Gagné, Alain; Maki, Kirsten
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 10
Properties of flexible polyurethane foams containing isocyanate functionalized kraft lignin
journal, June 2017
- Gómez-Fernández, Sandra; Ugarte, Lorena; Calvo-Correas, Tamara
- Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 100
Fractionation of Organosolv Lignin Using Acetone:Water and Properties of the Obtained Fractions
journal, November 2016
- Sadeghifar, Hasan; Wells, Tyrone; Le, Rosemary Khuu
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Polyurethanes prepared from oxypropylated lignin
journal, January 1981
- Mozheiko, L. N.; Gromova, M. F.; Bakalo, L. A.
- Polymer Science U.S.S.R., Vol. 23, Issue 1
Compressive viscoelastic properties of softwood kraft lignin-based flexible polyurethane foams
journal, August 2013
- Jeong, Heonyoung; Park, Jongshin; Kim, Sunghoon
- Fibers and Polymers, Vol. 14, Issue 8
Effect of replacing polyol by organosolv and kraft lignin on the property and structure of rigid polyurethane foam
journal, January 2013
- Pan, Xuejun; Saddler, Jack N.
- Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Synthesis of lignin polyols via oxyalkylation with propylene carbonate
journal, July 2015
- Kühnel, Isabell; Podschun, Jacob; Saake, Bodo
- Holzforschung, Vol. 69, Issue 5
Oxypropylation of Lignins and Preparation of Rigid Polyurethane Foams from the Ensuing Polyols
journal, October 2005
- Nadji, Hamid; Bruzzèse, Cécile; Belgacem, Mohamed Naceur
- Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 290, Issue 10
Production and characterization of polyurethane foams from a simple mixture of castor oil, crude glycerol and untreated lignin as bio-based polyols
journal, December 2016
- Carriço, Camila S.; Fraga, Thaís; Pasa, Vânya M. D.
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 85
Improving aging resistance and mechanical properties of waterborne polyurethanes modified by lignin amines
journal, May 2013
- Liu, Jun; Liu, Hai-Feng; Deng, Li
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 130, Issue 3
Molecular Characteristics of Kraft-AQ Pulping Lignin Fractionated by Sequential Organic Solvent Extraction
journal, August 2010
- Wang, Kun; Xu, Feng; Sun, Runcang
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 8
Depolymerization of lignins and their applications for the preparation of polyols and rigid polyurethane foams: A review
journal, July 2016
- Mahmood, Nubla; Yuan, Zhongshun; Schmidt, John
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 60
High Modulus, Strength, and Toughness Polyurethane Elastomer Based on Unmodified Lignin
journal, July 2017
- Li, Hui; Sun, Jiao-Tong; Wang, Cun
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 9
Polyurethane handbook Edited by G. Oertel, Hanser Publishers, Munich, 1985. pp. 629, price E104.70. ISBN 3-446-13671-1
journal, November 1986
- White, E. F. T.
- British Polymer Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 6
Original polyols based on organosolv lignin and fatty acids: new bio-based building blocks for segmented polyurethane synthesis
journal, January 2014
- Laurichesse, Stéphanie; Huillet, Cédric; Avérous, Luc
- Green Chem., Vol. 16, Issue 8
Macroscopic Behavior of Kraft Lignin Fractions: Melt Stability Considerations for Lignin–Polyethylene Blends
journal, May 2016
- Sadeghifar, Hasan; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 10
On the Versatility of Urethane/Urea Bonds: Reversibility, Blocked Isocyanate, and Non-isocyanate Polyurethane
journal, October 2012
- Delebecq, Etienne; Pascault, Jean-Pierre; Boutevin, Bernard
- Chemical Reviews, Vol. 113, Issue 1
Chemistry of delignification: Part 2: Reactions of lignins during bleaching
journal, January 1986
- Gierer, J.
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 20, Issue 1
Polyurethanes from Alcell® lignin fractions obtained by sequential solvent extraction
journal, May 1998
- Vanderlaan, M. N.; Thring, R. W.
- Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 14, Issue 5-6
Green synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams from liquefied lignin
journal, June 2013
- Cinelli, Patrizia; Anguillesi, Irene; Lazzeri, Andrea
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 49, Issue 6
A New Environmentally Friendly Approach to Lignin-Based Cyclic Carbonates
journal, January 2018
- Kühnel, Isabell; Saake, Bodo; Lehnen, Ralph
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 219, Issue 7
The Effect of Plant Source on the Properties of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes
journal, February 2018
- Lang, Jason M.; Shrestha, Umesh M.; Dadmun, Mark
- Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 6
Organosolv extraction of lignin from hydrolyzed almond shells and application of the δ-value theory
journal, November 2010
- Quesada-Medina, Joaquín; López-Cremades, Francisco Javier; Olivares-Carrillo, Pilar
- Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, Issue 21
Hydrolytic depolymerization of corncob lignin in the view of a bio-based rigid polyurethane foam synthesis
journal, January 2017
- Xue, Bai-Liang; Huang, Pan-Li; Sun, Yong-Chang
- RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 10
Polyurethanes and polyesters from lignin
journal, January 2005
- Bonini, Carlo; D'Auria, Maurizio; Emanuele, Lucia
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 98, Issue 3
Lignins: Natural polymers from oxidative coupling of 4-hydroxyphenyl- propanoids
journal, January 2004
- Ralph, John; Lundquist, Knut; Brunow, Gösta
- Phytochemistry Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue 1-2, p. 29-60
Fractional Precipitation of Softwood Kraft Lignin: Isolation of Narrow Fractions Common to a Variety of Lignins
journal, February 2014
- Cui, Chengzhong; Sun, Runkun; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 4
Overview of the recent advances in lignocellulose liquefaction for producing biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals
journal, May 2019
- Kim, Jae-Young; Lee, Hyung Won; Lee, Soo Min
- Bioresource Technology, Vol. 279
Quantitative Phosphorus-31 NMR Analysis of Six Soluble Lignins
journal, February 1994
- Argyropoulos, Dimitris
- Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Role of lignin nanoparticles in UV resistance, thermal and mechanical performance of PMMA nanocomposites prepared by a combined free-radical graft polymerization/masterbatch procedure
journal, April 2018
- Yang, Weijun; Rallini, Marco; Wang, De-Yi
- Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 107
Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review
journal, December 2016
- Naseem, Amina; Tabasum, Shazia; Zia, Khalid Mahmood
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 93
Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review
journal, January 2015
- Sen, Sanghamitra; Patil, Shradha; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.
- Green Chemistry, Vol. 17, Issue 11
Bio-Renewable Sources for Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Polyurethane Adhesives—Review
journal, January 2017
- Gadhave, Ravindra V.; Mahanwar, Prakash A.; Gadekar, Pradeep T.
- Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 07, Issue 04
Thermal properties of lignin-and molasses-based polyurethane foams
journal, May 2008
- Hatakeyama, H.; Kosugi, R.; Hatakeyama, T.
- Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 92, Issue 2
Green polyurethane from lignin and soybean oil through non-isocyanate reactions
journal, February 2015
- Lee, Albert; Deng, Yulin
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 63
Optimizing the lignin based synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams employing reactive liquefying agents: Optimizing the synthesis of polyurethane foams
journal, March 2015
- Bernardini, Jacopo; Anguillesi, Irene; Coltelli, Maria-Beatrice
- Polymer International, Vol. 64, Issue 9
Bio-based polyurethane prepared from Kraft lignin and modified castor oil
journal, January 2016
- Tavares, L. B.; Boas, C. V.; Schleder, G. R.
- Express Polymer Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 11
Characterization of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Lignosulfonate- and Hydrolyzed Lignosulfonate-based Polyurethane Foams
journal, May 2016
- Wysocka, Katarzyna; Szymona, Karolina; McDonald, Armando G.
- BioResources, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials
journal, March 2005
- Al-Homoud, Dr. Mohammad S.
- Building and Environment, Vol. 40, Issue 3
Modification of Lignin*
journal, June 2002
- Meister, John J.
- Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 2
Bio-based di/ polyisocyanates for polyurethanes: an overview
text, January 2017
- Tawade, Bhausaheb V.; Shingte, Rahul D.; Kuhire, Sachin
- Unpublished
Engineering plastics from lignin. I. Synthesis of hydroxypropyl lignin
journal, April 1984
- Wu, Leo C. -F.; Glasser, Wolfgang G.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 29, Issue 4
Polyurethane types, synthesis and applications – a review
journal, January 2016
- Akindoyo, John O.; Beg, M. D. H.; Ghazali, Suriati
- RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 115
Biodegradation Behavior of Some Vegetable Oil-Based Polymers
journal, July 2004
- Shogren, Randal L.; Petrovic, Zoran; Liu, Zengshe
- Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 12, Issue 3
Towards lignin-based functional materials in a sustainable world
journal, January 2016
- Kai, Dan; Tan, Mein Jin; Chee, Pei Lin
- Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 5
Chemical modification of lignins: Towards biobased polymers
journal, July 2014
- Laurichesse, Stéphanie; Avérous, Luc
- Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 39, Issue 7, p. 1266-1290
Polyurethanes for coatings and adhesives – chemistry and applications
journal, July 2018
- Golling, Florian E.; Pires, Raul; Hecking, Andreas
- Polymer International, Vol. 68, Issue 5
Flexible polyurethane foams green production employing lignin or oxypropylated lignin
journal, March 2015
- Bernardini, Jacopo; Cinelli, Patrizia; Anguillesi, Irene
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 64
Effects of Surface Functionalization of Lignin on Synthesis and Properties of Rigid Bio-Based Polyurethanes Foams
journal, June 2018
- Zhang, Xuefeng; Jeremic, Dragica; Kim, Yunsang
- Polymers, Vol. 10, Issue 7
Development of High Performance Polyurethane Elastomers Using Vanillin-Based Green Polyol Chain Extender Originating from Lignocellulosic Biomass
journal, April 2017
- Gang, Haemin; Lee, Daewoo; Choi, Kwon-Young
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 6
Engineering plastics from lignin. VII. Structure property relationships of poly(butadiene glycol)-containing polyurethane networks
journal, September 1985
- Saraf, Vasudev P.; Glasser, Wolfgang G.; Wilkes, Garth L.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 30, Issue 9
Naturally p-Hydroxybenzoylated Lignins in Palms
journal, February 2015
- Lu, Fachuang; Karlen, Steven D.; Regner, Matt
- BioEnergy Research, Vol. 8, Issue 3
Hydroxycinnamates in lignification
journal, August 2009
- Ralph, John
- Phytochemistry Reviews, Vol. 9, Issue 1, p. 65-83
Effects of nitrolignin on mechanical properties of polyurethane-nitrolignin films
journal, January 2001
- Zhang, Lina; Huang, Jin
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 80, Issue 8
Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins
journal, June 2011
- Vishtal, Alexey; Kraslawski, Andrzej
- BioResources, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin
journal, April 2018
- Chen, Jiachuan; Eraghi Kazzaz, Armin; AlipoorMazandarani, Niloofar
- Molecules, Vol. 23, Issue 4
Photodegradation and photostabilisation of wood – the state of the art
journal, May 2005
- George, Béatrice; Suttie, Ed; Merlin, André
- Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 88, Issue 2
A practicable process for lignin color reduction: fractionation of lignin using methanol/water as a solvent
journal, January 2017
- Zhang, Hui; Bai, Youcan; Yu, Boming
- Green Chem., Vol. 19, Issue 21
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/microcrystalline cellulose bionanocomposites
journal, September 2015
- Rafiee, Zahra; Keshavarz, Valiollah
- Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 86
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Films from Peroxy-acid Wheat Straw Lignin
journal, May 2013
- Wang, Zhimin; Yang, Xiaohui; Zhou, Yonghong
- BioResources, Vol. 8, Issue 3
Use of life cycle assessment to characterize the environmental impacts of polyol production options
journal, January 2009
- Helling, Richard K.; Russell, David A.
- Green Chemistry, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Kraft lignin in polyurethanes. II. Effects of the molecular weight of kraft lignin on the properties of polyurethanes from a kraft lignin–polyether triol–polymeric MDI system
journal, December 1990
- Yoshida, Hirohisa; Mörck, Roland; Kringstad, Knut P.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 40, Issue 1112
Improved Lignin Polyurethane Properties with Lewis Acid Treatment
journal, May 2012
- Chung, Hoyong; Washburn, Newell R.
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 6
Development of sustainable bio-adhesives for engineered wood panels – A Review
journal, January 2017
- Hemmilä, Venla; Adamopoulos, Stergios; Karlsson, Olov
- RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 61
Lignosulfonate-based polyurethane materials via cyclic carbonates: preparation and characterization
journal, May 2019
- Mimini, Vebi; Amer, Hassan; Hettegger, Hubert
- Holzforschung, Vol. 0, Issue 0
A comparison of lignin polymer models (DHPs) and lignins by 31P NMR spectroscopy
journal, September 1996
- Saake, Bodo; Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.; Beinhoff, Ottokar
- Phytochemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 2
Engineering Plastics from Lignin - XII. Synthesis and Performance of Lignin Adhesives with Isocyanate and Melamine
journal, January 1985
- Newman, William H.; Glasser, Wolfgang G.
- Holzforschung, Vol. 39, Issue 6
Oxyalkylation of lignin with propylene carbonate: Influence of reaction parameters on the ensuing bio-based polyols
journal, July 2017
- Kühnel, Isabell; Saake, Bodo; Lehnen, Ralph
- Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 101
Hydroxy Propylated Lignin-Isocyanate Combinations as Bonding Agents for Wood and Cellulosic Fibers
journal, October 1982
- Glasser, Wolfgang G.; Saraf, Vasudev P.; Newman, William H.
- The Journal of Adhesion, Vol. 14, Issue 3-4
Polyurethane foam impregnated with lignin as a filler for the removal of crude oil from contaminated water
journal, February 2017
- Santos, O. S. H.; Coelho da Silva, Mercês; Silva, V. R.
- Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 324
Economic Evaluation of Lignocellulosic Biofuel Manufacturing Considering Integrated Lignin Waste Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels
journal, January 2017
- Ge, Yuntian; Dababneh, Fadwa; Li, Lin
- Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 10
Identification of developmental stage and anatomical fraction contributions to cell wall recalcitrance in switchgrass
journal, July 2017
- Crowe, Jacob D.; Feringa, Nicholas; Pattathil, Sivakumar
- Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Fractionation and Characterization of Kraft Lignin by Sequential Precipitation with Various Organic Solvents
journal, December 2016
- Jiang, Xiao; Savithri, Dhanalekshmi; Du, Xueyu
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Non-Wood Fiber as an Alternative to Wood Fiber in Chinas Pulp and Paper Industry
journal, February 2001
- Hammett, A. L.; Youngs, Robert L.; Sun, Xiufang
- Holzforschung, Vol. 55, Issue 2
Methanol Fractionation of Softwood Kraft Lignin: Impact on the Lignin Properties
journal, November 2013
- Saito, Tomonori; Perkins, Joshua H.; Vautard, Frederic
- ChemSusChem, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Influence of Palm Oil-Based Polyol on the Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foams
journal, November 2011
- Pawlik, Henryk; Prociak, Aleksander
- Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 20, Issue 2
Lignin Functionalization through Chemical Demethylation: Preparation and Tannin-Like Properties of Demethylated Guaiacyl-Type Synthetic Lignins
journal, May 2017
- Sawamura, Kaori; Tobimatsu, Yuki; Kamitakahara, Hiroshi
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 6
Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents
journal, November 2016
- Sameni, Javad; Krigstin, Sally; Sain, Mohini
- BioResources, Vol. 12, Issue 1
Correlating lignin structural features to phase partitioning behavior in a novel aqueous fractionation of softwood Kraft black liquor
journal, January 2013
- Stoklosa, Ryan J.; Velez, Julian; Kelkar, Shantanu
- Green Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 10
Co-ordination network for lignin—standardisation, production and applications adapted to market requirements (EUROLIGNIN)
journal, September 2004
- Gosselink, R. J. A.; de Jong, E.; Guran, B.
- Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 20, Issue 2, p. 121-129
Photodegradation at the wood-clearcoat interface
journal, May 1995
- MacLeod, I. T.; Scully, A. D.; Ghiggino, K. P.
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 29, Issue 3
Improved mechanical property, thermal performance, flame retardancy and fire behavior of lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposite
journal, February 2015
- Gao, Liping; Zheng, Guangyao; Zhou, Yonghong
- Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 120, Issue 2
Preparation and characterization of high boiling solvent lignin-based polyurethane film with lignin as the only hydroxyl group provider
journal, January 2015
- Jia, Zhen; Lu, Chunxiang; Zhou, Pucha
- RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 66
Solubility and fractionation of Indulin AT kraft lignin in ethanol-water media
journal, January 2019
- Goldmann, Werner Marcelo; Ahola, Juha; Mikola, Marja
- Separation and Purification Technology, Vol. 209
Polymer–filler interaction in polyurethane kraft lignin polyblends
journal, January 1994
- Feldman, D.; Lacasse, M. A.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 51, Issue 4
Hydrolytic liquefaction of hydrolysis lignin for the preparation of bio-based rigid polyurethane foam
journal, January 2016
- Mahmood, Nubla; Yuan, Zhongshun; Schmidt, John
- Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 8
Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future
journal, September 2018
- Gama, Nuno; Ferreira, Artur; Barros-Timmons, Ana
- Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10
Synthesis and characterisation of polyurethanes derived from waste black liquor lignin
journal, January 2004
- Chahar, S.; Dastidar, M. G.; Choudhary, V.
- Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue 2
Characterization of Biobased Polyurethane Foams Employing Lignin Fractionated from Microwave Liquefied Switchgrass
journal, January 2017
- Huang, Xingyan; De Hoop, Cornelis F.; Xie, Jiulong
- International Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 2017
Improvement in Compressive Behavior of Alkali-treated Wood Fibre-reinforced Bio-based Polyurethane Foams
journal, May 2014
- Chang, Li-Chi; Sain, Mohini; Kortschot, Mark
- Cellular Polymers, Vol. 33, Issue 3
Properties of water-blown rigid polyurethane foams with reactivity of raw materials
journal, January 2004
- Seo, W. J.; Park, J. H.; Sung, Y. T.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 93, Issue 5
Polymer/lignin blends: Interactions, properties, applications
journal, August 2017
- Kun, Dávid; Pukánszky, Béla
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 93
Synthesis, Structure, and Dispersion Property of a Novel Lignin-Based Polyoxyethylene Ether from Kraft Lignin and Poly(ethylene glycol)
journal, May 2014
- Lin, Xuliang; Zhou, Mingsong; Wang, Suya
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 7
Structure and properties of regenerated cellulose films coated with polyurethane-nitrolignin graft-IPNs coating
journal, September 2002
- Huang, Jin; Zhang, Lina
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 86, Issue 7
Effect of Lignin Derivatives in the Bio-Polyols from Microwave Liquefied Bamboo on the Properties of Polyurethane Foams
journal, November 2013
- Xie, Jiulong; Qi, Jinqiu; Hse, Chung-Yun
- BioResources, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Use of lignin in polyurethane-based structural wood adhesives
journal, February 2018
- Lima García, J.; Pans, G.; Phanopoulos, C.
- The Journal of Adhesion, Vol. 94, Issue 10
Polyurethanes from Alcell® lignin
journal, January 1997
- Thring, R. W.; Vanderlaan, M. N.; Griffin, S. L.
- Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 13, Issue 3
Aqueous acetone fractionation of kraft, organosolv and soda lignins
journal, January 2018
- Domínguez-Robles, Juan; Tamminen, Tarja; Liitiä, Tiina
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 106
Ethanol organosolv lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers
journal, January 2012
- Li, Yang; Ragauskas, Arthur J.
- RSC Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 8
Lignin-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Pulp Fiber: Synthesis and Characterization
journal, May 2014
- Xue, Bai-Liang; Wen, Jia-Long; Sun, Run-Cang
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 6
Production of polyols via direct hydrolysis of kraft lignin: Effect of process parameters
journal, July 2013
- Mahmood, Nubla; Yuan, Zhongshun; Schmidt, John
- Bioresource Technology, Vol. 139
Lignosulfonate/APP IFR and its flame retardancy in lignosulfonate-based rigid polyurethane foams
journal, February 2018
- Lu, Weimiao; Li, Qian; Zhang, Yan
- Journal of Wood Science, Vol. 64, Issue 3
Progress in Green Polymer Composites from Lignin for Multifunctional Applications: A Review
journal, April 2014
- Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Thakur, Manju Kumari; Raghavan, Prasanth
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 5
Highly Resilient Lignin-Containing Polyurethane Foam
journal, December 2018
- Wang, Shengyu; Liu, Weifeng; Yang, Dongjie
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 58, Issue 1
Lignins as macromonomers for polyurethane synthesis: A comparative study on hydroxyl group determination
journal, January 2008
- Cateto, Carolina Andreia; Barreiro, Maria Filomena; Rodrigues, Alírio Egídio
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 109, Issue 5
Photodegradation of lignin: a photophysical and photochemical study of a non-phenolic α-carbonyl β-O-4 lignin model dimer, 3,4-dimethoxy-α-(2′-methoxypenoxy)acetophenone
journal, January 1988
- Vanucci, C.; Fornier De Violet, P.; Bouas-Laurent, H.
- Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Vol. 41, Issue 2
Fractionation and physico-chemical analysis of degraded lignins from the black liquor of Eucalyptus pellita KP-AQ pulping
journal, July 2009
- Yuan, Tong-Qi; He, Jing; Xu, Feng
- Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 94, Issue 7
Polyurethane Coatings Based on Chemically Unmodified Fractionated Lignin
journal, April 2015
- Griffini, Gianmarco; Passoni, Valeria; Suriano, Raffaella
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 6
A review on lignin-based polymeric, micro- and nano-structured materials
journal, December 2014
- Duval, Antoine; Lawoko, Martin
- Reactive and Functional Polymers, Vol. 85
Kraft Lignin-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam
journal, July 2012
- Li, Yang; Ragauskas, Arthur J.
- Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 32, Issue 3
Development of Lignin and Nanocellulose Enhanced Bio PU Foams for Automotive Parts
journal, November 2013
- Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini; Farnood, Ramin
- Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 22, Issue 3
Photodegradation of Lignin: A Photochemical Study of Phenolic Coniferyl Alcohol Lignin Model Molecules
journal, January 1993
- Jaeger, Christiane; Nourmamode, Aziz; Castellan, Alain
- Holzforschung, Vol. 47, Issue 5
Aqueous organic solvent fractionation as means to improve lignin homogeneity and purity
journal, September 2017
- Jääskeläinen, A. -S.; Liitiä, T.; Mikkelson, A.
- Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 103
Effect of functionalized lignin on the properties of lignin–isocyanate prepolymer blends and composites
journal, March 2014
- Chauhan, Monika; Gupta, M.; Singh, B.
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 52
Fractionation of Industrial Softwood Kraft Lignin: Solvent Selection as a Tool for Tailored Material Properties
journal, February 2016
- Passoni, Valeria; Scarica, Carmela; Levi, Marinella
- ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 4