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Title: Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots

Abstract

Photoluminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received enormous attention because of their unique chemical, electronic and optical properties. Here a series of GQDs were synthesized under hydrothermal processes in order to investigate the formation process and optical properties of N-doped GQDs. Citric acid (CA) was used as a carbon precursor and self-assembled into sheet structure in a basic condition and formed N-free GQD graphite framework through intermolecular dehydrolysis reaction. N-doped GQDs were prepared using a series of N-containing bases such as urea. Detailed structural and property studies demonstrated the formation mechanism of N-doped GQDs for tunable optical emissions. Hydrothermal conditions promote formation of amide between –NH2 and –COOH with the presence of amine in the reaction. The intramoleculur dehydrolysis between neighbour amide and COOH groups led to formation of pyrrolic N in the graphene framework. Further, the pyrrolic N transformed to graphite N under hydrothermal conditions. N-doping results in a great improvement of PL quantum yield (QY) of GQDs. By optimized reaction conditions, the highest PL QY (94%) of N-doped GQDs was obtained using CA as a carbon source and ethylene diamine as a N source. The obtained N-doped GQDs exhibit an excitation-independent blue emission with single exponential lifetime decay.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [2]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Changchun Inst. of Optics (China). State Key Lab. of Luminescence and Applications. Fine Mechanics and Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
  2. Changchun Inst. of Optics (China). State Key Lab. of Luminescence and Applications. Fine Mechanics and Physics
  3. Changchun Inst. of Applied Chemistry (China). State Key Lab. of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
  4. Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Micro-Engineering and Materials. Dept. of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering
  5. Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States). Center for Micro-Engineering and Materials. Dept. of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering; Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division
OSTI Identifier:
1624720
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC04-94AL85000
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Scientific Reports
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 4; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; Science & Technology - Other Topics; PHOTOCATALYSIS; NANOPARTICLES

Citation Formats

Qu, Dan, Zheng, Min, Zhang, Ligong, Zhao, Haifeng, Xie, Zhigang, Jing, Xiabin, Haddad, Raid E., Fan, Hongyou, and Sun, Zaicheng. Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1038/srep05294.
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Qu, Dan, Zheng, Min, Zhang, Ligong, Zhao, Haifeng, Xie, Zhigang, Jing, Xiabin, Haddad, Raid E., Fan, Hongyou, & Sun, Zaicheng. Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05294
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Qu, Dan, Zheng, Min, Zhang, Ligong, Zhao, Haifeng, Xie, Zhigang, Jing, Xiabin, Haddad, Raid E., Fan, Hongyou, and Sun, Zaicheng. Wed . "Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05294. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1624720.
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@article{osti_1624720,
title = {Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots},
author = {Qu, Dan and Zheng, Min and Zhang, Ligong and Zhao, Haifeng and Xie, Zhigang and Jing, Xiabin and Haddad, Raid E. and Fan, Hongyou and Sun, Zaicheng},
abstractNote = {Photoluminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received enormous attention because of their unique chemical, electronic and optical properties. Here a series of GQDs were synthesized under hydrothermal processes in order to investigate the formation process and optical properties of N-doped GQDs. Citric acid (CA) was used as a carbon precursor and self-assembled into sheet structure in a basic condition and formed N-free GQD graphite framework through intermolecular dehydrolysis reaction. N-doped GQDs were prepared using a series of N-containing bases such as urea. Detailed structural and property studies demonstrated the formation mechanism of N-doped GQDs for tunable optical emissions. Hydrothermal conditions promote formation of amide between –NH2 and –COOH with the presence of amine in the reaction. The intramoleculur dehydrolysis between neighbour amide and COOH groups led to formation of pyrrolic N in the graphene framework. Further, the pyrrolic N transformed to graphite N under hydrothermal conditions. N-doping results in a great improvement of PL quantum yield (QY) of GQDs. By optimized reaction conditions, the highest PL QY (94%) of N-doped GQDs was obtained using CA as a carbon source and ethylene diamine as a N source. The obtained N-doped GQDs exhibit an excitation-independent blue emission with single exponential lifetime decay.},
doi = {10.1038/srep05294},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
number = 1,
volume = 4,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2014},
month = {Wed Jun 18 00:00:00 EDT 2014}
}
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c8an02192a

    Fluorescent carbon dots directly derived from polyethyleneimine and their application for the detection of Co 2+
    journal, January 2018

    • Han, Bingyan; Li, Ying; Peng, Tingting
    • Analytical Methods, Vol. 10, Issue 25
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ay00481a

    Time-resolved spectroscopy of the ensembled photoluminescence of nitrogen- and boron/nitrogen-doped carbon dots
    journal, January 2018

    • Kim, Sunghu; Yoo, Byung-Kuk; Choi, Yuri
    • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 17
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01619d

    Microwave-assisted fabrication of multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots as a ratiometric fluorescence sensor for iron ions
    journal, January 2019

    • Sun, Zhongqi; Yang, Zhaoyu; Zhao, Li
    • New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05324c

    Concentration-induced multi-colored emissions in carbon dots: origination from triple fluorescent centers
    journal, January 2018

    • Chen, Yeqing; Lian, Hongzhou; Wei, Yi
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 14
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00204e

    Investigation on the chirality mechanism of chiral carbon quantum dots derived from tryptophan
    journal, January 2019

    • Wei, Yingying; Chen, Lin; Wang, Junli
    • RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09649j

    Highly efficient carbon dots and their nanohybrids for trichromatic white LEDs
    journal, January 2018

    • Yuan, Biao; Xie, Zheng; Chen, Ping
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 22
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc01659c

    Solvent-dependent carbon dots and their applications in the detection of water in organic solvents
    journal, January 2018

    • Chao, Daiyong; Lyu, Wei; Liu, Yingbo
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 28
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc02184h

    Recent advances in carbon quantum dot (CQD)-based two dimensional materials for photocatalytic applications
    journal, January 2019

    • Phang, Sue Jiun; Tan, Lling-Lling
    • Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 21
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01452g

    Evaluation of the dialysis time required for carbon dots by HPLC and the properties of carbon dots after HPLC fractionation
    journal, January 2019

    • Chen, Chou-Yen; Tsai, Yi-Hua; Chang, Chih-Wei
    • New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 16
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00434c

    Highly efficient and ultra-narrow bandwidth orange emissive carbon dots for microcavity lasers
    journal, January 2019

    • Han, Zhixia; Ni, Yiqun; Ren, Junkai
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 24
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03448j

    The formation mechanism and fluorophores of carbon dots synthesized via a bottom-up route
    journal, January 2020

    • Qu, Dan; Sun, Zaicheng
    • Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 4, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9qm00552h

    Aggregation-induced emission enhancement of carbon quantum dots and applications in light emitting devices
    journal, January 2019

    • Guo, Rongyan; Li, Tao; Shi, Shuie
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 17
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc01138b

    Luminescent carbon quantum dots with high quantum yield as a single white converter for white light emitting diodes
    journal, November 2015

    • Feng, X. T.; Zhang, F.; Wang, Y. L.
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 21
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.4936234

    One-pot synthesis of carbon dots co-doped with N and S: high quantum yield governed by molecular state and fluorescence detection of Ag +
    journal, January 2019

    Folic acid-conjugated nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots as a fluorescent diagnostic material for MCF-7 cells
    journal, January 2020

    Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from lignite coal and the application in Fe 3+ detection
    journal, February 2018

    Microwave-assisted synthesis of graphene quantum dots and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots: Raman characterization and their optical properties
    journal, May 2019

    • Nguyen, Hai Yen; Le, Xuan Hung; Dao, Nguyen Thuan
    • Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1088/2043-6254/ab1b73

    Investigation of diamond deposition on the diamond, silicon and quartz substrates by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition and Monte Carlo simulations
    journal, July 2019

    • Reshi, Bilal Ahmad; Kartha, Moses J.; Misra, Anuradha
    • Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab2e8e

    One step synthesis of graphene quantum dots, graphene nanosheets and carbon nanospheres: investigation of photoluminescence properties
    journal, August 2019

    • Behzadi, Fatemeh; Saievar-Iranizad, Esmaiel; Bayat, Amir
    • Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 10
    • DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab3dd5

    S, N Co-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots Decorated C-Doped ZnO Nanotaper Photoanodes for Solar Cells Applications
    journal, January 2019

    The Application of Green-Synthesis-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots to Bioimaging and the Analysis of Mercury(II)
    journal, November 2019

    • Zhang, Qianchun; Zhang, Xiaolan; Bao, Linchun
    • Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Vol. 2019
    • DOI: 10.1155/2019/8183134

    Synthesis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Carbon Dots from Garlic for Selective Detection of Fe3+
    journal, February 2016

    All-optical switch based on doped graphene quantum dots in a defect layer of a one-dimensional photonic crystal
    journal, January 2018

    Synthesis of Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots with High Quantum Yield and Their Toxicity Study
    journal, December 2015

    Excitons in Carbonic Nanostructures
    journal, November 2019

    • Demchenko, Alexander
    • C — Journal of Carbon Research, Vol. 5, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.3390/c5040071

    Recent Developments in Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications of Carbon Dots
    journal, March 2020

    • Sakdaronnarong, Chularat; Sangjan, Amornrat; Boonsith, Suthida
    • Catalysts, Vol. 10, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.3390/catal10030320

    Luminescence Mechanism of Carbon Dots by Tailoring Functional Groups for Sensing Fe3+ Ions
    journal, April 2018

    Photo-and Electroluminescence from Nitrogen-Doped and Nitrogen-Sulfur Codoped Graphene Quantum Dots
    journal, August 2018

    • Hasan, Md Tanvir; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Roberto; Ryan, Conor
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 42
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201804337

    Citrate-Based Fluorescent Biomaterials
    journal, July 2018

    • Shan, Dingying; Hsieh, Jer-Tsong; Bai, Xiaochun
    • Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 18
    • DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800532

    Chiral Carbon Dots Synthesized on Cellulose Nanocrystals
    journal, December 2019

    • Chekini, Mahshid; Prince, Elisabeth; Zhao, Lily
    • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201901911

    Polyoxometalate-Based Bottom-Up Fabrication of Graphene Quantum Dot/Manganese Vanadate Composites as Lithium Ion Battery Anodes
    journal, November 2017

    • Ji, Yuanchun; Hu, Jun; Biskupek, Johannes
    • Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 23, Issue 65
    • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703851

    Carbon Dots from Citric Acid and its Intermediates Formed by Thermal Decomposition
    journal, August 2019

    • Ludmerczki, Robert; Mura, Stefania; Carbonaro, Carlo Maria
    • Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 51
    • DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902497

    Chelation-enhanced fluorescence of phosphorus doped carbon nanodots for multi-ion detection
    journal, April 2017

    Optical, electrochemical and catalytic methods for in-vitro diagnosis using carbonaceous nanoparticles: a review
    journal, January 2019

    Carbon dots prepared for fluorescence and chemiluminescence sensing
    journal, March 2019

    Combustion synthesis of N-doped three-dimensional graphene networks using graphene oxide–nitrocellulose composites
    journal, August 2019

    • Zhang, Xin; Ziemer, Katherine S.; Weeks, Brandon L.
    • Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1007/s42114-019-00113-8

    Structure and solvents effects on the optical properties of sugar-derived carbon nanodots
    journal, April 2018

    Ultrafast carrier dynamics of carbon nanodots in different pH environments
    journal, January 2016

    • Sui, Laizhi; Jin, Wuwei; Li, Suyu
    • Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07558k

    Investigation from chemical structure to photoluminescent mechanism: a type of carbon dots from the pyrolysis of citric acid and an amine
    journal, January 2015

    • Song, Yubin; Zhu, Shoujun; Zhang, Shitong
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 3, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1039/c5tc00813a

    A carbon dot–hemoglobin complex-based biosensor for cholesterol detection
    journal, January 2016

    • Bui, Trang Thi; Park, Soo-Young
    • Green Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 15
    • DOI: 10.1039/c6gc00507a

    Carbon dots with high fluorescence quantum yield: the fluorescence originates from organic fluorophores
    journal, January 2016

    • Shi, Lei; Yang, Jian Hai; Zeng, Hai Bo
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 30
    • DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00451b

    The origin of emissive states of carbon nanoparticles derived from ensemble-averaged and single-molecular studies
    journal, January 2016

    • Demchenko, Alexander P.; Dekaliuk, Mariia O.
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 29
    • DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02669a

    One-step microwave synthesis of N-doped hydroxyl-functionalized carbon dots with ultra-high fluorescence quantum yields
    journal, January 2016

    • Zhang, Yongqiang; Liu, Xingyuan; Fan, Yi
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 33
    • DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03125k

    Carbon dots: materials, synthesis, properties and approaches to long-wavelength and multicolor emission
    journal, January 2017

    • Wu, Zhu Lian; Liu, Ze Xi; Yuan, Yun Huan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 21
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00363c

    Carbon dots: synthesis, formation mechanism, fluorescence origin and sensing applications
    journal, January 2019

    • Liu, Meng Li; Chen, Bin Bin; Li, Chun Mei
    • Green Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8gc02736f

    Carbon-based nanomaterials as an emerging platform for theranostics
    journal, January 2019

    • Patel, Kapil D.; Singh, Rajendra K.; Kim, Hae-Won
    • Materials Horizons, Vol. 6, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8mh00966j

    Recent development of carbon quantum dots regarding their optical properties, photoluminescence mechanism, and core structure
    journal, January 2019

    • Mintz, Keenan J.; Zhou, Yiqun; Leblanc, Roger M.
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10059d

    Highly photoluminescent carbon dots derived from linseed and their applications in cellular imaging and sensing
    journal, January 2018

    • Song, Yang; Yan, Xu; Li, Zhaohui
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 19
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00116b

    Electrochemical synthesis of multicolor fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots as a ferric ion sensor and their application in bioimaging
    journal, January 2019

    • Fu, Yang; Gao, Guanyue; Zhi, Jinfang
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 7, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03103g

    Effects of nitrogen-doping on the photophysical properties of carbon dots
    journal, January 2019

    • Manioudakis, John; Victoria, Florence; Thompson, Christine A.
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tc04821e

    Preparation and Specific Capacitance Properties of Sulfur, Nitrogen Co-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots
    journal, July 2019

    Luminescent colloidal carbon dots: optical properties and effects of doping [Invited]
    journal, December 2015

    • Reckmeier, C. J.; Schneider, J.; Susha, A. S.
    • Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1364/OE.24.00A312

    Tuning Carbon Dots’ Optoelectronic Properties with Polymers
    journal, November 2018

    Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling
    journal, January 2016

    • Zholobak, Nadezhda M.; Popov, Anton L.; Shcherbakov, Alexander B.
    • Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol. 7
    • DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.182

    Quenching‐Resistant Polymer Carbon Dot Preserving Emission Color Consistency in Solid‐State
    journal, September 2019

    • Kwak, Byeong Eun; Yoo, Hyo Jeong; Kim, Do Hyun
    • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201900932

    High-Efficiency Polymer Homo-Tandem Solar Cells with Carbon Quantum-Dot-Doped Tunnel Junction Intermediate Layer
    journal, January 2018

    • Kang, Rakwon; Park, Sujung; Jung, Yun Kyung
    • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 10
    • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201702165

    Preparation and application of solvent‐modulated self‐doped N–S multicolour fluorescence carbon quantum dots
    journal, August 2019

    • Xu, Jun; Li, Jinkai; Wang, Congling
    • Luminescence, Vol. 35, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1002/bio.3698

    Graphene Quantum Dot Embedded Hydrogel for Dissolved Iron Sensing
    journal, August 2019

    • Pincher, Daniel W. M.; Bader, Christie A.; Hayball, John D.
    • ChemistrySelect, Vol. 4, Issue 33
    • DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901779

    Rapid preparation of homogeneous carbon dots with yellow fluorescence and formation mechanistic investigation
    journal, April 2019

    Iron and iron oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic to Culex quinquefasciatus with little non-target effects on larvivorous fishes
    journal, October 2017

    • Murugan, Kadarkarai; Dinesh, Devakumar; Nataraj, Devaraj
    • Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0313-7

    Recent Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots as Bioimaging Probes
    journal, January 2018

    Shedding light on the effective fluorophore structure of high fluorescence quantum yield carbon nanodots
    journal, January 2017

    • Wang, W.; Wang, B.; Embrechts, H.
    • RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 40
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04421f

    N-doped carbon dots from phenol derivatives for excellent colour rendering WLEDs
    journal, January 2018

    • Liu, Qian; Li, Danting; Zhu, Zhifeng
    • RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 9
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12522d

    An efficient “off–on” carbon nanoparticle-based fluorescent sensor for recognition of chromium( vi ) and ascorbic acid based on the inner filter effect
    journal, January 2017

    • Li, Pingjing; Hong, Yayu; Feng, Huatao
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 16
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00017k

    Technical synthesis and biomedical applications of graphene quantum dots
    journal, January 2017

    • Li, Keheng; Liu, Wei; Ni, Yao
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 25
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01073g

    Facile synthesis of red-emitting carbon dots from pulp-free lemon juice for bioimaging
    journal, January 2017

    • Ding, Hui; Ji, Yuan; Wei, Ji-Shi
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 26
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01130j

    Fluorescence detection of cholesterol using a nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot/chromium picolinate complex-based sensor
    journal, January 2017

    • Sun, Long; Li, Shanshan; Ding, Wei
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 45
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02037f

    Langmuir–Blodgett self-assembly of ultrathin graphene quantum dot films with modulated optical properties
    journal, January 2018

    • Wang, Jingyun; Yan, Hao; Liu, Zhongqun
    • Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 41
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05159c

    Tuning the optical properties of graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging
    journal, January 2018

    • Hai, Xin; Feng, Ji; Chen, Xuwei
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 20
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00428e

    Multicolor tunable highly luminescent carbon dots for remote force measurement and white light emitting diodes
    journal, January 2019

    • Liu, Ya; Zhang, Miaoran; Wu, Yanfen
    • Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 81
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05581a

    Modulating the electronic structure of a semiconductor to optimize its electrochemiluminescence performance
    journal, January 2019

    • Wang, Xiaohong; Zhang, Miao; Huo, Xiaolei
    • Nanoscale Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9na00011a

    Cancer‐Targeting Graphene Quantum Dots: Fluorescence Quantum Yields, Stability, and Cell Selectivity
    journal, December 2018

    • Zhang, Qing; Deng, Sinan; Liu, Jinlin
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201805860

    Functionalized graphene quantum dots as a fluorescent “off–on” nanosensor for detection of mercury and ethyl xanthate
    journal, August 2017

    • Amini, Mohammad Hassan; Faridbod, Farnoush; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza
    • Research on Chemical Intermediates, Vol. 43, Issue 12
    • DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3086-1

    Tailoring color emissions from N-doped graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications
    journal, December 2015

    • Qu, Dan; Zheng, Min; Li, Jing
    • Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 12
    • DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2015.137

    Fluorescent carbon dots with tunable emission by dopamine for sensing of intracellular pH, elementary arithmetic operations and a living cell imaging based INHIBIT logic gate
    journal, January 2017

    • Lan, Chuanqing; Zhang, Liangliang; Shi, Bingfang
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 5, Issue 26
    • DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01072a

    A functionalized ruthenium-graphene nanosheet photocatalyst for highly regioselective visible light driven C–H arylation of imidazo-pyrimidines
    journal, January 2019

    • Yadav, Rajesh K.; Kumar, Abhishek; Park, No-Joong
    • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 3, Issue 12
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00823c

    Full color carbon dots through surface engineering for constructing white light-emitting diodes
    journal, January 2019

    • Cai, Wei; Zhang, Ting; Xu, Meng
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc00274j

    Influence of Electron Acceptor and Electron Donor on the Photophysical Properties of Carbon Dots: A Comparative Investigation at the Bulk‐State and Single‐Particle Level
    journal, July 2019

    • Srivastava, Indrajit; Khamo, John S.; Pandit, Subhendu
    • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 37
    • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201902466

    Facile preparation of N-doped graphene quantum dots as quick-dry fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting
    journal, January 2018

    • Pang, Youyou; Zhao, Rujian; Lu, Yao
    • New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 20
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03375g

    Synthesis of Luminescent N-Doped Carbon Dots by Hydrothermal Treatment
    journal, October 2017

    • Tomskaya, Alexandra E.; Egorova, Marfa N.; Kapitonov, Albert N.
    • physica status solidi (b), Vol. 255, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1002/pssb.201700222

    Fabrication of a Contamination-Free Interface between Graphene and TiO2 Single Crystals
    journal, August 2016

    Electrochemical Method To Prepare Graphene Quantum Dots and Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots
    journal, November 2017

    • Ahirwar, Satyaprakash; Mallick, Sudhanshu; Bahadur, Dhirendra
    • ACS Omega, Vol. 2, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01539

    Nanostructured Graphene Oxide Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, Photoinduced Electron Transfer Studies, and Detection of Explosives/Biomolecules
    journal, August 2018

    • Srinivasan, Venkatesan; Asha Jhonsi, Mariadoss; Kathiresan, Murugavel
    • ACS Omega, Vol. 3, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01180

    Fluorescence Turn-On, Specific Detection of Cystine in Human Blood Plasma and Urine Samples by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots
    journal, January 2019

    Effect of nitrogen atom positioning on the trade-off between emissive and photocatalytic properties of carbon dots
    journal, November 2017

    Graphene Quantum Dot Solid Sheets: Strong blue-light-emitting & photocurrent-producing band-gap-opened nanostructures
    journal, September 2017

    Highly responsive MoS2 photodetectors enhanced by graphene quantum dots
    journal, July 2015

    • Chen, Caiyun; Qiao, Hong; Lin, Shenghuang
    • Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/srep11830

    Cell Nucleus-Targeting Zwitterionic Carbon Dots
    journal, December 2015

    • Jung, Yun Kyung; Shin, Eeseul; Kim, Byeong-Su
    • Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/srep18807

    The Application of Green-Synthesis-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots to Bioimaging and the Analysis of Mercury(II)
    journal, November 2019

    • Zhang, Qianchun; Zhang, Xiaolan; Bao, Linchun
    • Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Vol. 2019
    • DOI: 10.1155/2019/8183134

    Synthesis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Carbon Dots from Garlic for Selective Detection of Fe3+
    journal, February 2016

    Synthesis of Pyridinic-Rich N, S Co-doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Effective Enzyme Mimics
    journal, May 2017

    High-Performance Ultraviolet Photodetector Based on Graphene Quantum Dots Decorated ZnO Nanorods/GaN Film Isotype Heterojunctions
    journal, August 2018

    Preparation and Specific Capacitance Properties of Sulfur, Nitrogen Co-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots
    journal, July 2019

    Influence of Group Modification at the Edges of Carbon Quantum Dots on Fluorescent Emission
    journal, September 2019

    Synthesis of Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots with High Quantum Yield and Their Toxicity Study
    journal, December 2015

    Luminescence Mechanism of Carbon Dots by Tailoring Functional Groups for Sensing Fe3+ Ions
    journal, April 2018

    Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling
    journal, January 2016

    • Zholobak, Nadezhda M.; Popov, Anton L.; Shcherbakov, Alexander B.
    • Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol. 7
    • DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.182
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