Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two

Smith, M.; Sullivan, M.; Nichol, R. C.; Galbany, L.; D’Andrea, C. B.; Inserra, C.; Lidman, C.; Rest, A.; Schirmer, M.; Filippenko, A. V.; Zheng, W.; Cenko, S. Bradley; Angus, C. R.; Brown, P. J.; Davis, T. M.; Finley, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; González-Gaitán, S.; Gutiérrez, C. P.; Kessler, R.; Kuhlmann, S.; Marriner, J.; Möller, A.; Nugent, P. E.; Prajs, S.; Thomas, R.; Wolf, R.; Zenteno, A.; Abbott, T. M.  C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Allam, S.; Annis, J.; Bechtol, K.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bertin, E.; Brooks, D.; Burke, D. L.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Kind, M. Carrasco; Carretero, J.; Castander, F. J.; Crocce, M.; Cunha, C. E.; Costa, L. N.  da; Davis, C.; Desai, S.; Diehl, H. T.; Doel, P.; Eifler, T. F.; Flaugher, B.; Fosalba, P.; Frieman, J.; García-Bellido, J.; Gaztanaga, E.; Gerdes, D. W.; Goldstein, D. A.; Gruen, D.; Gruendl, R. A.; Gschwend, J.; Gutierrez, G.; Honscheid, K.; James, D. J.; Johnson, M. W.  G.; Kuehn, K.; Kuropatkin, N.; Li, T. S.; Lima, M.; Maia, M. A.  G.; Marshall, J. L.; Martini, P.; Menanteau, F.; Miller, C. J.; Miquel, R.; Ogando, R. L.  C.; Petravick, D.; Plazas, A. A.; Romer, A. K.; Rykoff, E. S.; Sako, M.; Sanchez, E.; Scarpine, V.; Schindler, R.; Schubnell, M.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Smith, R. C.; Soares-Santos, M.; Sobreira, F.; Suchyta, E.; Swanson, M. E.  C.; Tarle, G.; Walker, A. R.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126

Title: Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two

Abstract

We present observations of DES16C2nm, the first spectroscopically confirmed hydrogen-free superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) at redshift z~2. DES16C2nm was discovered by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Supernova Program, with follow-up photometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope, Gemini, and the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope supplementing the DES data. Spectroscopic observations confirm DES16C2nm to be at z=1.998, and spectroscopically similar to Gaia16apd (a SLSN-I at z=0.102), with a peak absolute magnitude of U=-22.26±0.06. The high redshift of DES16C2nm provides a unique opportunity to study the ultraviolet (UV) properties of SLSNe-I. Combining DES16C2nm with ten similar events from the literature, we show that there exists a homogeneous class of SLSNe-I in the UV (~2500A), with peak luminosities in the (rest-frame) U band, and increasing absorption to shorter wavelengths. There is no evidence that the mean photometric and spectroscopic properties of SLSNe-I differ between low (z<1) and high redshift (z>1), but there is clear evidence of diversity in the spectrum at <2000A, possibly caused by the variations in temperature between events. No significant correlations are observed between spectral line velocities and photometric luminosity. Using these data, we estimate that SLSNe-I can be discovered to z=3.8 by DES. While SLSNe-I are typically identifiedmore »« less

Authors:

;

; Nichol, R. C.;

; D’Andrea, C. B.;

;

; Rest, A.;

;

; Zheng, W.;

; Angus, C. R.;

; Davis, T. M.; Finley, D. A.; Foley, R. J.;

;

Publication Date:: Thu Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR); European Union (EU); National Science Foundation (NSF); TABASGO Foundation; National Research Council (NRC); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Christopher R. Redlich Fund; Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (U.C. Berkeley); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Org.:: The DES Collaboration; DES

OSTI Identifier:: 1422471

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1418144; OSTI ID: 1432248; OSTI ID: 1595618

Report Number(s):: arXiv:1712.04535; FERMILAB-PUB-17-380-AE
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; TRN: US1801605

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; 615929; ST/N000688/1; AST-1311862; NNX15AR41G; AST-1518052; NAS 5-26555; AC02-05CH11231; AST-1138766; AST-1536171; AYA2015-71825; ESP2015-66861; FPA2015-68048; SEV-2016-0588; SEV-2016-0597; MDM-2015-0509; 240672; 291329; 306478; AC02-07CH11359; SC0009924

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 854; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; distance scale; supernovae: general; supernovae: individual (DES16C2nm); surveys

Citation Formats


                    Smith, M., Sullivan, M., Nichol, R. C., Galbany, L., D’Andrea, C. B., Inserra, C., Lidman, C., Rest, A., Schirmer, M., Filippenko, A. V., Zheng, W., Cenko, S. Bradley, Angus, C. R., Brown, P. J., Davis, T. M., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., González-Gaitán, S., Gutiérrez, C. P., Kessler, R., Kuhlmann, S., Marriner, J., Möller, A., Nugent, P. E., Prajs, S., Thomas, R., Wolf, R., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Abdalla, F. B., Allam, S., Annis, J., Bechtol, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Crocce, M., Cunha, C. E., Costa, L. N.  da, Davis, C., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Johnson, M. W.  G., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Li, T. S., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Martini, P., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. L.  C., Petravick, D., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Rykoff, E. S., Sako, M., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schindler, R., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., and Walker, A. R. Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126.

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                    Smith, M., Sullivan, M., Nichol, R. C., Galbany, L., D’Andrea, C. B., Inserra, C., Lidman, C., Rest, A., Schirmer, M., Filippenko, A. V., Zheng, W., Cenko, S. Bradley, Angus, C. R., Brown, P. J., Davis, T. M., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., González-Gaitán, S., Gutiérrez, C. P., Kessler, R., Kuhlmann, S., Marriner, J., Möller, A., Nugent, P. E., Prajs, S., Thomas, R., Wolf, R., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Abdalla, F. B., Allam, S., Annis, J., Bechtol, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Crocce, M., Cunha, C. E., Costa, L. N.  da, Davis, C., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Johnson, M. W.  G., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Li, T. S., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Martini, P., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. L.  C., Petravick, D., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Rykoff, E. S., Sako, M., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schindler, R., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., & Walker, A. R. Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126

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                    Smith, M., Sullivan, M., Nichol, R. C., Galbany, L., D’Andrea, C. B., Inserra, C., Lidman, C., Rest, A., Schirmer, M., Filippenko, A. V., Zheng, W., Cenko, S. Bradley, Angus, C. R., Brown, P. J., Davis, T. M., Finley, D. A., Foley, R. J., González-Gaitán, S., Gutiérrez, C. P., Kessler, R., Kuhlmann, S., Marriner, J., Möller, A., Nugent, P. E., Prajs, S., Thomas, R., Wolf, R., Zenteno, A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Abdalla, F. B., Allam, S., Annis, J., Bechtol, K., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bertin, E., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Crocce, M., Cunha, C. E., Costa, L. N.  da, Davis, C., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Doel, P., Eifler, T. F., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Gerdes, D. W., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gutierrez, G., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Johnson, M. W.  G., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Li, T. S., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Martini, P., Menanteau, F., Miller, C. J., Miquel, R., Ogando, R. L.  C., Petravick, D., Plazas, A. A., Romer, A. K., Rykoff, E. S., Sako, M., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schindler, R., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, R. C., Soares-Santos, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., and Walker, A. R. Thu .  
"Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1422471.

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@article{osti_1422471,

  title        = {Studying the Ultraviolet Spectrum of the First Spectroscopically Confirmed Supernova at Redshift Two},

  author       = {Smith, M. and Sullivan, M. and Nichol, R. C. and Galbany, L. and D’Andrea, C. B. and Inserra, C. and Lidman, C. and Rest, A. and Schirmer, M. and Filippenko, A. V. and Zheng, W. and Cenko, S. Bradley and Angus, C. R. and Brown, P. J. and Davis, T. M. and Finley, D. A. and Foley, R. J. and González-Gaitán, S. and Gutiérrez, C. P. and Kessler, R. and Kuhlmann, S. and Marriner, J. and Möller, A. and Nugent, P. E. and Prajs, S. and Thomas, R. and Wolf, R. and Zenteno, A. and Abbott, T. M.  C. and Abdalla, F. B. and Allam, S. and Annis, J. and Bechtol, K. and Benoit-Lévy, A. and Bertin, E. and Brooks, D. and Burke, D. L. and Rosell, A. Carnero and Kind, M. Carrasco and Carretero, J. and Castander, F. J. and Crocce, M. and Cunha, C. E. and Costa, L. N.  da and Davis, C. and Desai, S. and Diehl, H. T. and Doel, P. and Eifler, T. F. and Flaugher, B. and Fosalba, P. and Frieman, J. and García-Bellido, J. and Gaztanaga, E. and Gerdes, D. W. and Goldstein, D. A. and Gruen, D. and Gruendl, R. A. and Gschwend, J. and Gutierrez, G. and Honscheid, K. and James, D. J. and Johnson, M. W.  G. and Kuehn, K. and Kuropatkin, N. and Li, T. S. and Lima, M. and Maia, M. A.  G. and Marshall, J. L. and Martini, P. and Menanteau, F. and Miller, C. J. and Miquel, R. and Ogando, R. L.  C. and Petravick, D. and Plazas, A. A. and Romer, A. K. and Rykoff, E. S. and Sako, M. and Sanchez, E. and Scarpine, V. and Schindler, R. and Schubnell, M. and Sevilla-Noarbe, I. and Smith, R. C. and Soares-Santos, M. and Sobreira, F. and Suchyta, E. and Swanson, M. E.  C. and Tarle, G. and Walker, A. R.},

  abstractNote = {We present observations of DES16C2nm, the first spectroscopically confirmed hydrogen-free superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) at redshift z~2. DES16C2nm was discovered by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Supernova Program, with follow-up photometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope, Gemini, and the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope supplementing the DES data. Spectroscopic observations confirm DES16C2nm to be at z=1.998, and spectroscopically similar to Gaia16apd (a SLSN-I at z=0.102), with a peak absolute magnitude of U=-22.26±0.06. The high redshift of DES16C2nm provides a unique opportunity to study the ultraviolet (UV) properties of SLSNe-I. Combining DES16C2nm with ten similar events from the literature, we show that there exists a homogeneous class of SLSNe-I in the UV (~2500A), with peak luminosities in the (rest-frame) U band, and increasing absorption to shorter wavelengths. There is no evidence that the mean photometric and spectroscopic properties of SLSNe-I differ between low (z<1) and high redshift (z>1), but there is clear evidence of diversity in the spectrum at <2000A, possibly caused by the variations in temperature between events. No significant correlations are observed between spectral line velocities and photometric luminosity. Using these data, we estimate that SLSNe-I can be discovered to z=3.8 by DES. While SLSNe-I are typically identified from their blue observed colors at low redshift (z<1), we highlight that at z>2 these events appear optically red, peaking in the observer-frame z-band. Such characteristics are critical to identify these objects with future facilities such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Euclid, and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope, which should detect such SLSNe-I to z=3.5, 3.7, and 6.6, respectively.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 854,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Figure 1: The photometric data of DES16C2nm from DES (filled circles), SUDSS g band (open circle), Gemini/Flamingoes-2 (stars), HST (black filled circle), VLT/FORS2 and VLT/HAWKI (crosses). The DES data have been averaged with a 14-day window for clarity. 3σ upper limits are shown as downward arrows, and the various epochsmore »

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Models and Simulations for the Photometric LSST Astronomical Time Series Classification Challenge (PLAsTiCC)
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A TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA AT REDSHIFT 1.55 IN HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE INFRARED OBSERVATIONS FROM CANDELS journal, January 2012

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SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW of A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA journalarticle, January 2016

Discovery of an Unusual Optical Transient with the Hubble Space Telescope text, January 2008

Modeling the light curve of the transient SCP06F6 text, January 2009

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions text, January 2009

The Extreme Hosts of Extreme Supernovae text, January 2010

Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of Two Ultra-Luminous Supernovae at z ~ 0.9 text, January 2011

Supernova Simulations and Strategies For the Dark Energy Survey text, January 2011

Generalized Semi-Analytical Models of Supernova Light Curves text, January 2011

Super-luminous supernovae at redshifts of 2.05 and 3.90 text, January 2012

Super Luminous Ic Supernovae: catching a magnetar by the tail text, January 2013

Two Superluminous Supernovae from the Early Universe Discovered by the Supernova Legacy Survey
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ERRATUM: “TWO SNe Ia AT REDSHIFT ∼2: IMPROVED CLASSIFICATION AND REDSHIFT DETERMINATION WITH MEDIUM-BAND INFRARED IMAGING” (2015, AJ, 150, 156)
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Automated Transient Identification in the dark Energy Survey
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Spectrum formation in superluminous supernovae (Type I)
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UBVRI passbands
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Using Double-Peaked Supernova Light Curves to Study Extended Material
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The Difference Imaging Pipeline for the Transient Search in the dark Energy Survey
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THE DISCOVERY OF THE MOST DISTANT KNOWN TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA AT REDSHIFT 1.914
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Photometric redshifts from evolutionary synthesis with PÉGASE: The code Z-PEG and the $z=0$ age constraint
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The Swift Gamma‐Ray Burst Mission
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Luminous Supernovae
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Euclid: Superluminous supernovae in the Deep Survey
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A Hubble Space Telescope survey of the host galaxies of Superluminous Supernovae
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Supernova Simulations and Strategies for the dark Energy Survey
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Modeling the Light Curve of the Transient Scp06f6
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Generalized Semi-Analytical Models of Supernova Light Curves
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Shock Breakout in Dense mass Loss: Luminous Supernovae
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Pan-STARRS1 DISCOVERY OF TWO ULTRALUMINOUS SUPERNOVAE AT z ≈ 0.9
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Supernova Light Curves Powered by Fallback Accretion
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Superluminous Supernovae as Standardizable Candles and High-Redshift Distance Probes
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Pair Instability Supernovae: Light Curves, Spectra, and Shock Breakout
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SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW OF A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
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Supernova ptf 09uj: a Possible Shock Breakout from a Dense Circumstellar wind
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Host-Galaxy Properties of 32 Low-Redshift Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
journal, October 2016

A TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA AT REDSHIFT 1.55 IN HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE INFRARED OBSERVATIONS FROM CANDELS
journal, January 2012

DES14X3taz: A TYPE I SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA SHOWING A LUMINOUS, RAPIDLY COOLING INITIAL PRE-PEAK BUMP
journal, February 2016

THE HYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF 13ajg AND ITS HOST GALAXY IN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION
journal, November 2014

Bright Supernovae from Magnetar Birth
journal, August 2010

SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW of A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
journalarticle, January 2016

Discovery of an Unusual Optical Transient with the Hubble Space Telescope
text, January 2008

Modeling the light curve of the transient SCP06F6
text, January 2009

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions
text, January 2009

The Extreme Hosts of Extreme Supernovae
text, January 2010

Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of Two Ultra-Luminous Supernovae at z ~ 0.9
text, January 2011

Supernova Simulations and Strategies For the Dark Energy Survey
text, January 2011

Generalized Semi-Analytical Models of Supernova Light Curves
text, January 2011

Super-luminous supernovae at redshifts of 2.05 and 3.90
text, January 2012

Super Luminous Ic Supernovae: catching a magnetar by the tail
text, January 2013

Two superluminous supernovae from the early universe discovered by the Supernova Legacy Survey
text, January 2013

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts Have Similar Host Galaxies
text, January 2013

The hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova iPTF13ajg and its host galaxy in absorption and emission
text, January 2014

The Rising Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae
text, January 2014