Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33

Abdo, A. A.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015759

Title: Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33

Abstract

Context. Cosmic rays (CRs) can be studied through the galaxy-wide gamma-ray emission that they generate when propagating in the interstellar medium. The comparison of the diffuse signals from different systems may inform us about the key parameters in CR acceleration and transport. Aims. We aim to determine and compare the properties of the cosmic-ray-induced gamma-ray emission of several Local Group galaxies. Methods. We use 2 years of nearly continuous sky-survey observations obtained with the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to search for gamma-ray emission from M 31 and M 33. We compare the results with those for the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud, the Milky Way, and the starburst galaxies M 82 and NGC 253. Results. We detect a gamma-ray signal at 5σ significance in the energy range 200 MeV–20 GeV that is consistent with originating from M 31. The integral photon flux above 100 MeV amounts to (9.1 ± 1.9stat ± 1.0sys) × 10^-9 ph cm-2 s^-1. We find no evidence for emission from M 33 and derive an upper limit on the photon flux >100 MeV of 5.1 × 10^-9 ph cm^-2 s^-1 (2σ). Comparing these results to the properties of othermore »« less

Authors:

Abdo, A. A. ^[1]

Naval Research Lab. (NRL), Washington, DC (United States); et al.

Publication Date:: Mon Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2010

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

Contributing Org.:: Fermi LAT Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1357515

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Astronomy and Astrophysics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 523; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361

Publisher:: EDP Sciences

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gamma rays galaxies; cosmic rays; Local Group

Citation Formats


                    Abdo, A. A. Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33.  United States: N. p., 2010. 
Web.  doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015759.

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                    Abdo, A. A. Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015759

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                    Abdo, A. A. Mon .  
"Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015759.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1357515.

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@article{osti_1357515,

  title        = {Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33},

  author       = {Abdo, A. A.},

  abstractNote = {Context. Cosmic rays (CRs) can be studied through the galaxy-wide gamma-ray emission that they generate when propagating in the interstellar medium. The comparison of the diffuse signals from different systems may inform us about the key parameters in CR acceleration and transport. Aims. We aim to determine and compare the properties of the cosmic-ray-induced gamma-ray emission of several Local Group galaxies. Methods. We use 2 years of nearly continuous sky-survey observations obtained with the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to search for gamma-ray emission from M 31 and M 33. We compare the results with those for the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud, the Milky Way, and the starburst galaxies M 82 and NGC 253. Results. We detect a gamma-ray signal at 5σ significance in the energy range 200 MeV–20 GeV that is consistent with originating from M 31. The integral photon flux above 100 MeV amounts to (9.1 ± 1.9stat ± 1.0sys) × 10-9 ph cm-2 s-1. We find no evidence for emission from M 33 and derive an upper limit on the photon flux >100 MeV of 5.1 × 10-9 ph cm-2 s-1 (2σ). Comparing these results to the properties of other Local Group galaxies, we find indications of a correlation between star formation rate and gamma-ray luminosity that also holds for the starburst galaxies. Conclusions. The gamma-ray luminosity of M 31 is about half that of the Milky Way, which implies that the ratio between the average CR densities in M 31 and the Milky Way amounts to ξ = 0.35 ± 0.25. The observed correlation between gamma-ray luminosity and star formation rate suggests that the flux of M 33 is not far below the current upper limit from the LAT observations.},

  doi          = {10.1051/0004-6361/201015759},

  journal      = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 523,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2010},

  month        = {Mon Nov 01 00:00:00 EDT 2010}

}

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GeV Observations of star-forming galaxies with the Fermi large area telescope

Journal Article Ackermann, M. ; Ajello, M. ; Allafort, A. ; ... - The Astrophysical Journal

Some recent detections of the starburst galaxies M82 and NGC 253 by gamma-ray telescopes suggest that galaxies rapidly forming massive stars are more luminous at gamma-ray energies compared to their quiescent relatives. Building upon those results, we examine a sample of 69 dwarf, spiral, and luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies at photon energies 0.1-100 GeV using 3 years of data collected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi). Measured fluxes from significantly detected sources and flux upper limits for the remaining galaxies are used to explore the physics of cosmic rays in galaxies. Here,more »« less
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https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/164

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Citation Formats

Fermi Large Area Telescope Measurements of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission at Intermediate Galactic Latitudes journal, December 2009

Observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Fermi journal, March 2010

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE FIRST SOURCE CATALOG journal, May 2010

DETECTION OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE STARBURST GALAXIES M82 AND NGC 253 WITH THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON FERMI journal, January 2010

THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION journal, May 2009

A Wide-Field High-Resolution h i Mosaic of Messier 31. i. Opaque Atomic gas and star Formation rate Density journal, April 2009

Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in the M81/M82 Group journal, April 2008

High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite journal, May 1975

A Full‐Sky Hα Template for Microwave Foreground Prediction journal, June 2003

The Nature of Starburst Activity in M821 journal, December 2003

The Second Survey of the Molecular Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud by NANTEN. I. Catalog of Molecular Clouds journal, September 2008

The distance of M 33 and the stellar population in its outskirts journal, August 2004

Particularly efficient star formation in M 33 journal, July 2007

Molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33 journal, October 2010

The Third EGRET Catalog of High‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Sources journal, July 1999

Forty eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud: fundamental parameters and Cloud distance: SMC eclipsing binaries journal, January 2005

An Australia Telescope Compact Array 20-cm radio continuum study of the Large Magellanic Cloud journal, December 2007

The M 81 group of galaxies: New distances, kinematics and structure journal, February 2002

Distances to nearby galaxies in Sculptor journal, May 2003

The star formation law in galactic disks journal, September 1989

ΛCDM‐based Models for the Milky Way and M31. I. Dynamical Models journal, July 2002

The Subparsec-Scale Radio Properties of Southern Starburst Galaxies. I. Supernova Remnants, the Supernova Rate, and the Ionized Medium in the NGC 253 Starburst journal, August 2006

The Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Far‐Infrared Emission and Cold Gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud journal, April 2007

The Likelihood Analysis of EGRET Data journal, April 1996

IRIS: A New Generation of IRAS Maps journal, April 2005

The Effect of Star Formation on the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation within Galaxies journal, October 2006

The diversity and similarity of simulated cold dark matter haloes: Diversity and similarity of simulated CDM haloes journal, December 2009

Molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy journal, June 2006

Prospects for exploring the local galaxies through the study of their high-energy gamma-ray emission journal, December 1988

A broadband study of galactic dust emission journal, January 2007

Diffuse Gamma Rays from Local Group Galaxies journal, September 2001

The Araucaria Project. Determination of the Large Magellanic Cloud Distance from Late-Type Eclipsing Binary Systems. i. Ogle-051019.64-685812.3 journal, May 2009

A study of M31, M87, NGC 253, and M82 in high-energy gamma rays journal, May 1994

Distance to M31 with the [ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] and [ITAL]Hipparcos[/ITAL] Red Clump Stars journal, August 1998

The large-scale HI structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud journal, January 1999

A new look at the large-scale H I structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud journal, February 2003

Global Cosmic-Ray-Related Luminosity and Energy Budget of the Milky way journal, September 2010

The Small Magellanic Cloud in the far infrared: II. Global properties journal, January 2004

Milky Way versus Andromeda: a tale of two disks journal, August 2009

The Small Magellanic Cloud in the far infrared: I. ISO's 170 μ m map and revisit of the IRAS 12–100 μ m data journal, April 2003

Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in the M81/M82 Group text, January 2008

A Wide-field High Resolution HI Mosaic of Messier 31: I. Opaque Atomic Gas and Star Formation Rate Density text, January 2009

Milky Way vs Andromeda: a tale of two disks text, January 2009

Detection of Gamma-Ray Emission from the Starburst Galaxies M82 and NGC 253 with the Large Area Telescope on Fermi text, January 2009

Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33 text, January 2010

Diffuse Gamma-Rays from Local Group Galaxies text, January 2001

LCDM-based models for the Milky Way and M31 I: Dynamical Models text, January 2001

Distances to Nearby Galaxies in Sculptor text, January 2003

Molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy text, January 2005

A Broadband Study of Galactic Dust Emission text, January 2006

Deep view of the Large Magellanic Cloud with six years of Fermi -LAT observations journal, January 2016

Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays journal, June 2019

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG journal, March 2012

REFINING THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SOURCE CATALOGS journal, February 2015

Dark matter in dwarf spheroidal galaxies and indirect detection: a review journal, March 2018

Searching for dark matter annihilation from individual halos: uncertainties, scatter and signal-to-noise ratios journal, August 2018

The equipartition magnetic field formula in starburst galaxies: accounting for pionic secondaries and strong energy losses journal, February 2013

Cosmic ray feedback in the FIRE simulations: constraining cosmic ray propagation with GeV γ-ray emission journal, July 2019

Breaking the radio – gamma-ray connection in Arp 220 journal, January 2019

Search for γ -ray emission from dark matter particle interactions from the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope journal, June 2019

SBS 0846+513: a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy: SBS 0846+513: a new γ-ray-emitting NLS1 journal, September 2012

Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look journal, July 2018

Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using Fermi Gamma Rays journal, October 2018

Fermi -LAT Observations of γ -Ray Emission toward the Outer Halo of M31 journal, July 2019

Evidence of AGN Activity in the Gamma-Ray Emission from Two Starburst Galaxies journal, October 2019

The Circinus Galaxy Revisited with 10 yr Fermi -LAT Data journal, November 2019

Fermi-LAT Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission Towards the Outer Halo of M31 conference, July 2019

The Equipartition Magnetic Field Formula in Starburst Galaxies: Accounting for Pionic Secondaries and Strong Energy Losses text, January 2013

Refining the associations of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalogs text, January 2015

WIMP searches with gamma rays in the Fermi era: challenges, methods and results text, January 2015

Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Fermi Gamma-rays text, January 2018

Cosmic ray feedback in the FIRE simulations: constraining cosmic ray propagation with GeV gamma ray emission text, January 2018

Breaking the Radio - Gamma-Ray Connection in Arp 220 text, January 2019

Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays text, January 2019

Fermi Large Area Telescope Measurements of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission at Intermediate Galactic Latitudes
journal, December 2009

Observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Fermi
journal, March 2010

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE FIRST SOURCE CATALOG
journal, May 2010

DETECTION OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE STARBURST GALAXIES M82 AND NGC 253 WITH THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON FERMI
journal, January 2010

THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009

A Wide-Field High-Resolution h i Mosaic of Messier 31. i. Opaque Atomic gas and star Formation rate Density
journal, April 2009

Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in the M81/M82 Group
journal, April 2008

High-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite
journal, May 1975

A Full‐Sky Hα Template for Microwave Foreground Prediction
journal, June 2003

The Nature of Starburst Activity in M821
journal, December 2003

The Second Survey of the Molecular Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud by NANTEN. I. Catalog of Molecular Clouds
journal, September 2008

The distance of M 33 and the stellar population in its outskirts
journal, August 2004

Particularly efficient star formation in M 33
journal, July 2007

Molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33
journal, October 2010

The Third EGRET Catalog of High‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Sources
journal, July 1999

Forty eclipsing binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud: fundamental parameters and Cloud distance: SMC eclipsing binaries
journal, January 2005

An Australia Telescope Compact Array 20-cm radio continuum study of the Large Magellanic Cloud
journal, December 2007

The M 81 group of galaxies: New distances, kinematics and structure
journal, February 2002

Distances to nearby galaxies in Sculptor
journal, May 2003

The star formation law in galactic disks
journal, September 1989

ΛCDM‐based Models for the Milky Way and M31. I. Dynamical Models
journal, July 2002

The Subparsec-Scale Radio Properties of Southern Starburst Galaxies. I. Supernova Remnants, the Supernova Rate, and the Ionized Medium in the NGC 253 Starburst
journal, August 2006

The Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Far‐Infrared Emission and Cold Gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud
journal, April 2007

The Likelihood Analysis of EGRET Data
journal, April 1996

IRIS: A New Generation of IRAS Maps
journal, April 2005

The Effect of Star Formation on the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation within Galaxies
journal, October 2006

The diversity and similarity of simulated cold dark matter haloes: Diversity and similarity of simulated CDM haloes
journal, December 2009

Molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy
journal, June 2006

Prospects for exploring the local galaxies through the study of their high-energy gamma-ray emission
journal, December 1988

A broadband study of galactic dust emission
journal, January 2007

Diffuse Gamma Rays from Local Group Galaxies
journal, September 2001

The Araucaria Project. Determination of the Large Magellanic Cloud Distance from Late-Type Eclipsing Binary Systems. i. Ogle-051019.64-685812.3
journal, May 2009

A study of M31, M87, NGC 253, and M82 in high-energy gamma rays
journal, May 1994

Distance to M31 with the [ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] and [ITAL]Hipparcos[/ITAL] Red Clump Stars
journal, August 1998

The large-scale HI structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud
journal, January 1999

A new look at the large-scale H I structure of the Large Magellanic Cloud
journal, February 2003

Global Cosmic-Ray-Related Luminosity and Energy Budget of the Milky way
journal, September 2010

The Small Magellanic Cloud in the far infrared: II. Global properties
journal, January 2004

Milky Way versus Andromeda: a tale of two disks
journal, August 2009

The Small Magellanic Cloud in the far infrared: I. ISO's 170 μ m map and revisit of the IRAS 12–100 μ m data
journal, April 2003

Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in the M81/M82 Group
text, January 2008

A Wide-field High Resolution HI Mosaic of Messier 31: I. Opaque Atomic Gas and Star Formation Rate Density
text, January 2009

Milky Way vs Andromeda: a tale of two disks
text, January 2009

Detection of Gamma-Ray Emission from the Starburst Galaxies M82 and NGC 253 with the Large Area Telescope on Fermi
text, January 2009

Molecular and Atomic Gas in the Local Group Galaxy M33
text, January 2010

Diffuse Gamma-Rays from Local Group Galaxies
text, January 2001

LCDM-based models for the Milky Way and M31 I: Dynamical Models
text, January 2001

Distances to Nearby Galaxies in Sculptor
text, January 2003

Molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy
text, January 2005

A Broadband Study of Galactic Dust Emission
text, January 2006

Deep view of the Large Magellanic Cloud with six years of Fermi -LAT observations
journal, January 2016

Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
journal, June 2019

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SECOND SOURCE CATALOG
journal, March 2012

REFINING THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE SOURCE CATALOGS
journal, February 2015

Dark matter in dwarf spheroidal galaxies and indirect detection: a review
journal, March 2018

Searching for dark matter annihilation from individual halos: uncertainties, scatter and signal-to-noise ratios
journal, August 2018

The equipartition magnetic field formula in starburst galaxies: accounting for pionic secondaries and strong energy losses
journal, February 2013

Cosmic ray feedback in the FIRE simulations: constraining cosmic ray propagation with GeV γ-ray emission
journal, July 2019

Breaking the radio – gamma-ray connection in Arp 220
journal, January 2019

Search for $γ$ -ray emission from dark matter particle interactions from the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
journal, June 2019

SBS 0846+513: a new γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy: SBS 0846+513: a new γ-ray-emitting NLS1
journal, September 2012

Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look
journal, July 2018

Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using Fermi Gamma Rays
journal, October 2018

Fermi -LAT Observations of γ -Ray Emission toward the Outer Halo of M31
journal, July 2019

Evidence of AGN Activity in the Gamma-Ray Emission from Two Starburst Galaxies
journal, October 2019

The Circinus Galaxy Revisited with 10 yr Fermi -LAT Data
journal, November 2019

Fermi-LAT Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission Towards the Outer Halo of M31
conference, July 2019

The Equipartition Magnetic Field Formula in Starburst Galaxies: Accounting for Pionic Secondaries and Strong Energy Losses
text, January 2013

Refining the associations of the Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalogs
text, January 2015

WIMP searches with gamma rays in the Fermi era: challenges, methods and results
text, January 2015

Evidence for Cosmic-Ray Escape in the Small Magellanic Cloud using Fermi Gamma-rays
text, January 2018

Cosmic ray feedback in the FIRE simulations: constraining cosmic ray propagation with GeV gamma ray emission
text, January 2018

Breaking the Radio - Gamma-Ray Connection in Arp 220
text, January 2019

Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
text, January 2019