Can a Coating Mitigate Molten Na Dendrite Growth in NaSICON Under High Current Density?

Hill, Ryan C.; Peretti, Amanda S.; Maraschky, Adam M.; Small, Leo J.; Spoerke, Erik D.; Cheng, Yang-Tse

doi:10.1021/acsaem.3c02994

Title: Can a Coating Mitigate Molten Na Dendrite Growth in NaSICON Under High Current Density?

Journal Article · 03 January 2024 · ACS Applied Energy Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02994 · OSTI ID:2311326

^[1]; Peretti, Amanda S. ^[2];

^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Alkali metals are among the most desirable negative electrodes for long duration energy storage due to their extremely high capacities. Currently, only high-temperature (>250 °C) batteries have successfully used alkali electrodes in commercial applications, due to limitations imposed by solid electrolytes, such as low conductivity at moderate temperatures and susceptibility to dendrites. Toward enabling the next generation of grid-scale, long duration batteries, we aim to develop molten sodium (Na) systems that operate with commercially attractive performance metrics including high current density (>100 mA cm^–2), low temperature (<200 °C), and long discharge times (>12 h). In this work, we focus on the performance of NaSICON solid electrolytes in sodium symmetric cells at 110 °C. Specifically, we use a tin (Sn) coating on NaSICON to reduce interfacial resistance by a factor of 10, enabling molten Na symmetric cell operation with “discharge” durations up to 23 h at 100 mA cm^–2 and 110 °C. Unidirectional galvanostatic testing shows a 70% overpotential reduction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) highlights the reduction in interfacial resistance due to the Sn coating. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) show that Sn-coated NaSICON enables current densities of up to 500 mA cm^–2 at 110 °C by suppressing dendrite formation at the plating interface (Mode I). In conclusion, this analysis also provides a mechanistic understanding of dendrite formation at current densities up to 1000 mA cm^–2, highlighting the importance of effective coatings that will enable advanced battery technologies for long-term energy storage.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Electricity (OE), Advanced Grid Research & Development. Power Systems Engineering Research

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 2311326

Report Number(s):: SAND--2024-00822J

Journal Information:: ACS Applied Energy Materials, Journal Name: ACS Applied Energy Materials Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 7; ISSN 2574-0962

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (64)

Mechanism of Lithium Metal Penetration through Inorganic Solid Electrolytes Porz, Lukas; Swamy, Tushar; Sheldon, Brian W. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701003	journal	July 2017
Sodium-Metal Halide and Sodium-Air Batteries Ha , Seongmin; Kim , Jae-Kwang; Choi, Aram ChemPhysChem, Vol. 15, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402215	journal	June 2014
NaSICON: A promising solid electrolyte for solid‐state sodium batteries Li, Chi; Li, Rui; Liu, Kaining Interdisciplinary Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/idm2.12044	journal	July 2022
Molten Sodium Batteries Spoerke, Erik D.; Gross, Martha M.; Percival, Stephen J. Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57492-5_3	book	March 2021
Slow degradation and electron conduction in sodium/beta-aluminas De Jonghe, Lutgard C.; Feldman, Leslie; Beuchele, Andrew Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02402796	journal	March 1981
Investigation of the wetting behavior of Na and Na alloys on uncoated and coated Na-β”-alumina at temperatures below 150 °C Ahlbrecht, K. .; Bucharsky, C.; Holzapfel, M. Ionics, Vol. 23, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2017-x	journal	March 2017
The breakdown of β-alumina ceramic electrolyte Armstrong, R. D.; Dickinson, T.; Turner, J. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(74)85065-6	journal	May 1974
The failure of beta-alumina electrolyte by a dendritic penetration mechanism Brennan, M. P. J. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(80)87067-8	journal	May 1980
Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures Goodenough, J. B.; Hong, H. Y-P.; Kafalas, J. A. Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(76)90077-5	journal	February 1976
Failure modes of Na-beta alumina De Jonghe, Lutgard C.; Feldman, L.; Buechele, A. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(81)90244-7	journal	October 1981
The sodium/nickel chloride (ZEBRA) battery Sudworth, J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 100, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00891-6	journal	November 2001
A social cost benefit analysis of grid-scale electrical energy storage projects: A case study Sidhu, Arjan S.; Pollitt, Michael G.; Anaya, Karim L. Applied Energy, Vol. 212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.085	journal	February 2018
Design of wind and solar energy supply, to match energy demand Mertens, S. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2022.100402	journal	February 2022
Sustainable Power Supply Using Solar Energy and Wind Power Combined with Energy Storage Zahedi, Ahmad Energy Procedia, Vol. 52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.120	journal	January 2014
Climatic impacts on energy consumption: Intensive and extensive margins Li, Jianglong; Yang, Lisha; Long, Houyin Energy Economics, Vol. 71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.03.010	journal	March 2018
Unlocking the NaCl-AlCl3 phase diagram for low-cost, long-duration Na-Al batteries Weller, J. Mark; Li, Minyuan M.; Polikarpov, Evgueni Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2023.01.009	journal	February 2023
Review of transition paths for coal-fired power plants Song, Fulong; Mehedi, Hasan; Liang, Caihao Global Energy Interconnection, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloei.2021.09.007	journal	August 2021
Low-cost shape-control synthesis of porous carbon film on β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based battery application Hu, Yingying; Wen, Zhaoyin; Wu, Xiangwei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 219 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.025	journal	December 2012
Nickel nanowire network coating to alleviate interfacial polarization for Na-beta battery applications Hu, Yingying; Wen, Zhaoyin; Wu, Xiangwei Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 240 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.056	journal	October 2013
Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage Small, Leo J.; Eccleston, Alexis; Lamb, Joshua Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 360 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038	journal	August 2017
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries with a Polymer-Coated NASICON-type Sodium-Ion Solid Electrolyte Yu, Xingwen; Manthiram, Arumugam Matter, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2019.03.008	journal	August 2019
Sodium plating and stripping from Na-β"-alumina ceramics beyond 1000 mA/cm2 Landmann, D.; Graeber, G.; Heinz, M. V. F. Materials Today Energy, Vol. 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2020.100515	journal	December 2020
In-situ visualization of lithium plating in all-solid-state lithium-metal battery Li, Quan; Yi, Tiancheng; Wang, Xuelong Nano Energy, Vol. 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103895	journal	September 2019
A review of drivers, benefits, and challenges in integrating renewable energy sources into electricity grid Zahedi, A. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.074	journal	December 2011
Porous iron oxide coating on β″-alumina ceramics for Na-based batteries Hu, Yingying; Wen, Zhaoyin; Wu, Xiangwei Solid State Ionics, Vol. 262 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2013.08.033	journal	September 2014
A high-voltage, low-temperature molten sodium battery enabled by metal halide catholyte chemistry Gross, Martha M.; Percival, Stephen J.; Lee, Rose Y. Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100489	journal	July 2021
A Highly Reversible Room-Temperature Sodium Metal Anode Seh, Zhi Wei; Sun, Jie; Sun, Yongming ACS Central Science, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSCENTSCI.5B00328	journal	November 2015
Rechargeable Sodium All-Solid-State Battery Zhou, Weidong; Li, Yutao; Xin, Sen ACS Central Science, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSCENTSCI.6B00321	journal	January 2017
Impact of Catholyte Lewis Acidity at the Molten Salt–NaSICON Interface in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Maraschky, Adam M.; Meyerson, Melissa L.; Percival, Stephen J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 127, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06240	journal	January 2023
Formation of Zintl Ions and Their Configurational Change during Sodiation in Na–Sn Battery Choi, Yong-Seok; Byeon, Young-Woon; Ahn, Jae-Pyoung Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03690	journal	January 2017
Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Gross, Martha M.; Percival, Stephen J.; Small, Leo J. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02385	journal	November 2020
Molten Sodium Penetration in NaSICON Electrolytes at 0.1 A cm^–2 Hill, Ryan; Peretti, Amanda; Small, Leo J. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c03944	journal	February 2023
Interfacial Engineering with a Nanoparticle-Decorated Porous Carbon Structure on β″-Alumina Solid-State Electrolytes for Molten Sodium Batteries Li, Minyuan M.; Tripathi, Shalini; Polikarpov, Evgueni ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 14, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c05245	journal	May 2022
Ultrahigh Areal Capacity Li Electrodeposition at Metal–Solid Electrolyte Interfaces under Minimal Stack Pressures Enabled by Interfacial Na–K Liquids Park, Richard J. -Y.; Fincher, Cole D.; Badel, Andres F. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c04297	journal	July 2023
Stabilizing the Interface of NASICON Solid Electrolyte against Li Metal with Atomic Layer Deposition Liu, Yulong; Sun, Qian; Zhao, Yang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b06366	journal	August 2018
Bismuth Islands for Low-Temperature Sodium-Beta Alumina Batteries Jin, Dana; Choi, Sangjin; Jang, Woosun ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13954	journal	December 2018
Advanced intermediate temperature sodium–nickel chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density Li, Guosheng; Lu, Xiaochuan; Kim, Jin Y. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10683	journal	February 2016
Liquid-metal electrode to enable ultra-low temperature sodium–beta alumina batteries for renewable energy storage Lu, Xiaochuan; Li, Guosheng; Kim, Jin Y. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5578	journal	August 2014
The path towards sustainable energy Chu, Steven; Cui, Yi; Liu, Nian Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4834	journal	December 2016
A safe and non-flammable sodium metal battery based on an ionic liquid electrolyte Sun, Hao; Zhu, Guanzhou; Xu, Xintong Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11102-2	journal	July 2019
Increased energy use for adaptation significantly impacts mitigation pathways Colelli, Francesco Pietro; Emmerling, Johannes; Marangoni, Giacomo Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32471-1	journal	August 2022
High electronic conductivity as the origin of lithium dendrite formation within solid electrolytes Han, Fudong; Westover, Andrew S.; Yue, Jie Nature Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0312-z	journal	January 2019
Critical stripping current leads to dendrite formation on plating in lithium anode solid electrolyte cells Kasemchainan, Jitti; Zekoll, Stefanie; Spencer Jolly, Dominic Nature Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0438-9	journal	July 2019
Interfacial-engineering-enabled practical low-temperature sodium metal battery Deng, Tao; Ji, Xiao; Zou, Lianfeng Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-021-01036-6	journal	December 2021
Direct observation of lithium metal dendrites with ceramic solid electrolyte Golozar, Maryam; Paolella, Andrea; Demers, Hendrix Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75456-0	journal	October 2020
Electrochemical energy storage in a sustainable modern society Goodenough, John B. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42613K	journal	January 2014
Sodiated carbon: a reversible anode for sodium–oxygen batteries and route for the chemical synthesis of sodium superoxide (NaO ₂ ) Bender, Conrad L.; Jache, Birte; Adelhelm, Philipp Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA06640A	journal	January 2015
Regulating Li deposition at artificial solid electrolyte interphases Fan, Lei; Zhuang, Houlong L.; Gao, Lina Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA10204B	journal	January 2017
Dead lithium: mass transport effects on voltage, capacity, and failure of lithium metal anodes Chen, Kuan-Hung; Wood, Kevin N.; Kazyak, Eric Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA00371D	journal	January 2017
Review of electrical energy storage technologies, materials and systems: challenges and prospects for large-scale grid storage Gür, Turgut M. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01419A	journal	January 2018
Decorating β′′-alumina solid-state electrolytes with micron Pb spherical particles for improving Na wettability at lower temperatures Chang, Hee-Jung; Lu, Xiaochuan; Bonnett, Jeffery F. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA06745G	journal	January 2018
Sodium-based batteries: from critical materials to battery systems Li, Fang; Wei, Zengxi; Manthiram, Arumugam Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TA11999F	journal	January 2019
A thermodynamically stable quasi-liquid interface for dendrite-free sodium metal anodes Zhang, Qi; Hu, Min; He, Jia Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA02016H	journal	January 2020
Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium–NaSICON interfaces Gross, Martha M.; Small, Leo J.; Peretti, Amanda S. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA03571H	journal	January 2020
Electrochemical and compositional characterization of solid interphase layers in an interface-modified solid-state Li–sulfur battery Pervez, Syed Atif; Vinayan, Bhaghavathi P.; Cambaz, Musa Ali Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA05014H	journal	January 2020
A flexible composite solid electrolyte with a highly stable interphase for dendrite-free and durable all-solid-state lithium metal batteries Zhang, Dechao; Xu, Xijun; Huang, Xinyue Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 8, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA06697D	journal	January 2020
A Model for Degradation of Ceramic Electrolytes in Na-S Batteries Richman, R. H.; Tennenhouse, G. J. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 58, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1975.tb18986.x	journal	January 1975
Statistical Theory for Predicting the Failure of Brittle Materials She, S.; Landes, J. D.; Boulet, J. A. M. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2897177	journal	March 1991
Study of a Beta-Alumina Electrolyte for Sodium-Sulfur Battery Folly, Jacques; Lasne, Claude; von Lazennec, Y. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 120, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2403250	journal	January 1973
Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlCl ₃ Molten Salt System for Use as Catholyte in Sodium Metal Batteries Percival, Stephen J.; Small, Leo J.; Spoerke, Erik D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1191814jes	journal	January 2018
Environmental, health, and safety issues of sodium-sulfur batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles Ohi, J. M. https://doi.org/10.2172/7019918	report	September 1992
Sodium-Based Batteries: In Search of the Best Compromise Between Sustainability and Maximization of Electric Performance Karabelli, Duygu; Singh, Soumya; Kiemel, Steffen Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.605129	journal	December 2020
Forecast of Electric Vehicle Sales in the World and China Based on PCA-GRNN Wu, Minfeng; Chen, Wen Sustainability, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042206	journal	February 2022
Hunting Sodium Dendrites in NASICON-Based Solid-State Electrolytes Zhang, Qiangqiang; Lu, Yaxiang; Guo, Weichang Energy Material Advances, Vol. 2021 https://doi.org/10.34133/2021/9870879	journal	May 2021

Similar Records

Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium–NaSICON interfaces

Journal Article · 2020 · Journal of Materials Chemistry. A · OSTI ID:1670195

Gross, Martha M.; Small, Leo J.; Peretti, Amanda S.; +3 more

Molten Sodium Penetration in NaSICON Electrolytes at 0.1 A cm^–2

Journal Article · 2023 · ACS Applied Energy Materials · OSTI ID:2311652

Hill, Ryan; Peretti, Amanda Sheree; Small, Leo J.; +2 more

Sodium Plating from Na‐β″‐Alumina Ceramics at Room Temperature, Paving the Way for Fast‐Charging All‐Solid‐State Batteries

Journal Article · 2019 · Advanced Energy Materials · OSTI ID:1577024

Bay, Marie‐Claude; Wang, Michael; Grissa, Rabeb; +3 more

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
Sn coating
critical current density
dendrite
sodium batteries
solid electrolyte

Title: Can a Coating Mitigate Molten Na Dendrite Growth in NaSICON Under High Current Density?

Citation Formats

References (64)

Similar Records

Related Subjects