The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias

Lock, Simon J.; Stewart, Sarah T.

doi:10.1002/2016je005239

Title: The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias

Abstract

During accretion, terrestrial bodies attain a wide range of thermal and rotational states, which are accompanied by significant changes in physical structure (size, shape, pressure and temperature profile, etc.). However, variations in structure have been neglected in most studies of rocky planet formation and evolution. Here we present a new code, the Highly Eccentric Rotating Concentric U (potential) Layers Equilibrium Structure (HERCULES) code, that solves for the equilibrium structure of planets as a series of overlapping constant-density spheroids. Using HERCULES and a smoothed particle hydrodynamics code, we show that Earth-like bodies display a dramatic range of morphologies. For any rotating planetary body, there is a thermal limit beyond which the rotational velocity at the equator intersects the Keplerian orbital velocity. Beyond this corotation limit (CoRoL), a hot planetary body forms a structure, which we name a synestia, with a corotating inner region connected to a disk-like outer region. By analyzing calculations of giant impacts and models of planet formation, we show that typical rocky planets are substantially vaporized multiple times during accretion. For the expected angular momentum of growing planets, a large fraction of post-impact bodies will exceed the CoRoL and form synestias. The common occurrence of hot, rotating statesmore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[2]

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States)
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon May 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 1532991

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1788246

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0001804; NA0002937

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 122; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9097

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES; Geochemistry & Geophysics

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                    Lock, Simon J., and Stewart, Sarah T. The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/2016je005239.

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                    Lock, Simon J., & Stewart, Sarah T. The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016je005239

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                    Lock, Simon J., and Stewart, Sarah T. Mon .  
"The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016je005239.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1532991.

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@article{osti_1532991,

  title        = {The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias},

  author       = {Lock, Simon J. and Stewart, Sarah T.},

  abstractNote = {During accretion, terrestrial bodies attain a wide range of thermal and rotational states, which are accompanied by significant changes in physical structure (size, shape, pressure and temperature profile, etc.). However, variations in structure have been neglected in most studies of rocky planet formation and evolution. Here we present a new code, the Highly Eccentric Rotating Concentric U (potential) Layers Equilibrium Structure (HERCULES) code, that solves for the equilibrium structure of planets as a series of overlapping constant-density spheroids. Using HERCULES and a smoothed particle hydrodynamics code, we show that Earth-like bodies display a dramatic range of morphologies. For any rotating planetary body, there is a thermal limit beyond which the rotational velocity at the equator intersects the Keplerian orbital velocity. Beyond this corotation limit (CoRoL), a hot planetary body forms a structure, which we name a synestia, with a corotating inner region connected to a disk-like outer region. By analyzing calculations of giant impacts and models of planet formation, we show that typical rocky planets are substantially vaporized multiple times during accretion. For the expected angular momentum of growing planets, a large fraction of post-impact bodies will exceed the CoRoL and form synestias. The common occurrence of hot, rotating states during accretion has major implications for planet formation and the properties of the final planets. In particular, the structure of post-impact bodies influences the physical processes that control accretion, core formation, and internal evolution. Synestias also lead to new mechanisms for satellite formation. Finally, the wide variety of possible structures for terrestrial bodies also expands the mass-radius range for rocky exoplanets.},

  doi          = {10.1002/2016je005239},

  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 122,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon May 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Mon May 22 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Canup, R. M.
Science, Vol. 338, Issue 6110
DOI: 10.1126/science.1226073

The Evolution of an Impact‐generated Partially Vaporized Circumplanetary Disk
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Machida, Ryosuke; Abe, Yutaka
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DOI: 10.1086/425209

Coupled orbital-thermal evolution of the early Earth-Moon system with a fast-spinning Earth
journal, January 2017

Tian, ZhenLiang; Wisdom, Jack; Elkins-Tanton, Linda
Icarus, Vol. 281
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.030

Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning
journal, October 2012

Cuk, M.; Stewart, S. T.
Science, Vol. 338, Issue 6110
DOI: 10.1126/science.1225542

Formation of the Terrestrial Planets from a Narrow Annulus
journal, September 2009

Hansen, Brad M. S.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 703, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/1131

New approaches to the Moon's isotopic crisis
journal, September 2014

Melosh, H. J.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 372, Issue 2024
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0168

Works referencing / citing this record:

Time‐Dependent Hybrid Plasma Simulations of Lunar Electromagnetic Induction in the Solar Wind
journal, April 2019

Fuqua Haviland, H.; Poppe, A. R.; Fatemi, S.
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1029/2018gl080523

Modeling a Transient Secondary Paleolunar Atmosphere: 3‐D Simulations and Analysis
journal, May 2019

Aleinov, I.; Way, M. J.; Harman, C.
Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1029/2019gl082494

Shock compression of fused silica: An impedance matching standard
journal, October 2019

Root, Seth; Townsend, Joshua P.; Knudson, Marcus D.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 16
DOI: 10.1063/1.5126205

Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in high-energy density settings on the National Ignition Facility
journal, June 2018

Remington, Bruce A.; Park, Hye-Sook; Casey, Daniel T.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 37
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717236115

Oxygen isotopic evidence for accretion of Earth’s water before a high-energy Moon-forming giant impact
journal, March 2018

Greenwood, Richard C.; Barrat, Jean-Alix; Miller, Martin F.
Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5928

Giant impacts stochastically change the internal pressures of terrestrial planets
journal, September 2019

Lock, Simon J.; Stewart, Sarah T.
Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3746

Extreme Debris Disk Variability: Exploring the Diverse Outcomes of Large Asteroid Impacts During the Era of Terrestrial Planet Formation
journal, April 2019

Su, Kate Y. L.; Jackson, Alan P.; Gáspár, András
The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 5
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ab1260

The Role of Multiple Giant Impacts in the Formation of the Earth–Moon System
journal, July 2018

Citron, Robert I.; Perets, Hagai B.; Aharonson, Oded
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaca2d

Primordial Earth Mantle Heterogeneity Caused by the Moon-forming Giant Impact?
journal, December 2019

Deng, Hongping; Ballmer, Maxim D.; Reinhardt, Christian
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab50b9

Primordial Earth Mantle Heterogeneity Caused by the Moon-forming Giant Impact?
text, January 2019

Deng, Hongping; Ballmer, Maxim D.; Reinhardt, Christian
IOP Publishing
DOI: 10.5167/uzh-182528

Extreme Debris Disk Variability -- Exploring the Diverse Outcomes of Large Asteroid Impacts During the Era of Terrestrial Planet Formation
text, January 2019

Su, Kate Y. L.; Jackson, Alan P.; Gaspar, Andras
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1903.10627

The energy budgets of giant impacts
text, January 2019

Carter, Philip J.; Lock, Simon J.; Stewart, Sarah T.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.04936

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Title: The structure of terrestrial bodies: Impact heating, corotation limits, and synestias

Abstract

Citation Formats

Accretion of the Earth journal, September 2008

Collisions Between Gravity-Dominated Bodies. i. Outcome Regimes and Scaling laws journal, December 2011

A Numerical Study of the Stability of Flattened Galaxies: or, can Cold Galaxies Survive? journal, December 1973

Concentric Maclaurin Spheroid Models of Rotating Liquid Planets journal, April 2013

Gravitational instability in two-phase disks and the origin of the moon journal, October 1988

Evidence for multiple magma ocean outgassing and atmospheric loss episodes from mantle noble gases journal, May 2014

Rapidly Rotating Stars. II. Massive White Dwarfs journal, January 1968

Circumplanetary disk Formation journal, October 2010

High-temperature miscibility of iron and rock during terrestrial planet formation journal, January 2015

Growing the terrestrial planets from the gradual accumulation of submeter-sized objects journal, October 2015

Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and neat journal, October 2016

An early geodynamo driven by exsolution of mantle components from Earth’s core journal, July 2016

Rapidly Rotating Stars. VII. Effects of Angular Momentum on Upper-Main Models journal, July 1971

The Structure and Stability of Rotating Gas Masses. journal, August 1964

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Compositional Evolution During Rocky Protoplanet Accretion journal, October 2015

On the convergence of the theory of figures journal, November 2014

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High-Precision Maclaurin-Based Models of Rotating Liquid Planets journal, August 2012

Formation and Destruction of Small Binary Asteroids journal, March 2007

Dating the Moon-forming impact event with asteroidal meteorites journal, April 2015

Decaying shock studies of phase transitions in MgO-SiO 2 systems: Implications for the super-Earths' interiors : Decaying Shock in MgO-SiO journal, September 2016

A Detailed Model Grid for Solid Planets from 0.1 through 100 Earth Masses journal, March 2013

Mass–Radius Relation for Rocky Planets Based on prem journal, March 2016

Mass-Radius Relationships for Exoplanets journal, December 2011

Shock compression response of forsterite above 250 GPa journal, August 2016

On the evolution of the protolunar disc journal, September 2014

The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii journal, February 2014

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY KEPLER . II. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST FOUR MONTHS OF DATA journal, June 2011

Accretion of the Moon from non-canonical discs journal, September 2014

Equilibrium figures of spinning bodies with self-gravity journal, November 2004

A low mass for Mars from Jupiter’s early gas-driven migration journal, June 2011

A Scaling Relationship for Satellite-Forming Impacts journal, April 2001

Lunar-forming impacts: High-resolution SPH and AMR-CTH simulations journal, January 2013

Evolution of the protolunar disk: Dynamics, cooling timescale and implantation of volatiles onto the Earth journal, November 2015

Angular Momentum Evolution of Young Stars and Disks journal, September 1995

Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon journal, June 2012

Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction journal, April 2013

Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation journal, August 2001

Evolution of a protolunar disk in vapor/melt equilibrium: Vapor-Melt Disk journal, February 2017

Lunar volatile depletion due to incomplete accretion within an impact-generated disk journal, November 2015

Lunar accretion from an impact-generated disk journal, September 1997

Collisions Between Gravity-Dominated Bodies. ii. the Diversity of Impact Outcomes During the end Stage of Planet Formation journal, May 2012

Enhanced atmospheric loss on protoplanets at the giant impact phase in the presence of oceans journal, February 2005

MOST 1.6 EARTH-RADIUS PLANETS ARE NOT ROCKY journal, March 2015

Melting and mixing states of the Earth's mantle after the Moon-forming impact journal, October 2015

A hydrocode equation of state for SiO 2 journal, December 2007

Binary asteroid population journal, September 2007

Collisional Stripping and Disruption of Super-Earths journal, July 2009

Formation of Terrestrial Planets from Protoplanets. II. Statistics of Planetary Spin journal, December 2007

Magma ocean influence on early atmosphere mass and composition journal, August 2012

Numerical experiments with rubble piles: equilibrium shapes and spins journal, February 2005

The heavy noble gas composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM) and its implications for the preservation of heterogeneities in the mantle journal, November 2012

Scaling the Earth: a Sensitivity Analysis of Terrestrial Exoplanetary Interior Models journal, February 2016

Equilibration in the aftermath of the lunar-forming giant impact journal, October 2007

The cosmological simulation code gadget-2 journal, December 2005

Formation and Evolution of Binary Asteroids book, January 2015

Terrestrial Planet Formation conference, January 2004

Heterogeneities from the first 100 million years recorded in deep mantle noble gases from the Northern Lau Back-arc Basin journal, May 2013

Investigation of the initial state of the Moon-forming disk: Bridging SPH simulations and hydrostatic models journal, May 2014

Heterogeneous upper mantle Ne, Ar and Xe isotopic compositions and a possible Dupal noble gas signature recorded in basalts from the Southwest Indian Ridge journal, December 2012

Powering Earth’s dynamo with magnesium precipitation from the core journal, January 2016

Shock vaporization of silica and the thermodynamics of planetary impact events: SHOCK VAPORIZATION OF SILICA journal, September 2012

Early Earth differentiation investigated through 142Nd, 182W, and highly siderophile element abundances in samples from Isua, Greenland journal, February 2016

On the Vertical Structure of the Protolunar disk journal, December 2011

Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere: MAGMA OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE EVOLUTION journal, June 2013

FALSE POSITIVE PROBABILITIES FOR ALL KEPLER OBJECTS OF INTEREST: 1284 NEWLY VALIDATED PLANETS AND 428 LIKELY FALSE POSITIVES journal, May 2016

Early evolution of the Earth–Moon system with a fast-spinning Earth journal, August 2015

Evolution of the Earth-Moon system journal, November 1994

Evolution of a Circumterrestrial Disk and Formation of a Single Moon journal, December 2000

Building the terrestrial planets: Constrained accretion in the inner Solar System journal, October 2009

Emergence of a Habitable Planet journal, July 2007

Lunar Accretion from a Roche-Interior Fluid disk journal, November 2012

Lunar-forming collisions with pre-impact rotation journal, August 2008

Tidal evolution of the Moon from a high-obliquity, high-angular-momentum Earth journal, October 2016

Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact journal, April 2004

Accretion of the Earth
journal, September 2008

Collisions Between Gravity-Dominated Bodies. i. Outcome Regimes and Scaling laws
journal, December 2011

A Numerical Study of the Stability of Flattened Galaxies: or, can Cold Galaxies Survive?
journal, December 1973

Concentric Maclaurin Spheroid Models of Rotating Liquid Planets
journal, April 2013

Gravitational instability in two-phase disks and the origin of the moon
journal, October 1988

Evidence for multiple magma ocean outgassing and atmospheric loss episodes from mantle noble gases
journal, May 2014

Rapidly Rotating Stars. II. Massive White Dwarfs
journal, January 1968

Circumplanetary disk Formation
journal, October 2010

High-temperature miscibility of iron and rock during terrestrial planet formation
journal, January 2015

Growing the terrestrial planets from the gradual accumulation of submeter-sized objects
journal, October 2015

Rocky Planet Formation: Quick and neat
journal, October 2016

An early geodynamo driven by exsolution of mantle components from Earth’s core
journal, July 2016

Rapidly Rotating Stars. VII. Effects of Angular Momentum on Upper-Main Models
journal, July 1971

The Structure and Stability of Rotating Gas Masses.
journal, August 1964

Thermal evolution of Earth with magnesium precipitation in the core
journal, January 2017

Compositional Evolution During Rocky Protoplanet Accretion
journal, October 2015

On the convergence of the theory of figures
journal, November 2014

Internal structure of massive terrestrial planets
journal, April 2006

Atmospheric mass loss during planet formation: The importance of planetesimal impacts
journal, February 2015

High-Precision Maclaurin-Based Models of Rotating Liquid Planets
journal, August 2012

Formation and Destruction of Small Binary Asteroids
journal, March 2007

Dating the Moon-forming impact event with asteroidal meteorites
journal, April 2015

Decaying shock studies of phase transitions in MgO-SiO ₂ systems: Implications for the super-Earths' interiors : Decaying Shock in MgO-SiO
journal, September 2016

A Detailed Model Grid for Solid Planets from 0.1 through 100 Earth Masses
journal, March 2013

Mass–Radius Relation for Rocky Planets Based on prem
journal, March 2016

Mass-Radius Relationships for Exoplanets
journal, December 2011

Shock compression response of forsterite above 250 GPa
journal, August 2016

On the evolution of the protolunar disc
journal, September 2014

The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii
journal, February 2014

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY KEPLER . II. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST FOUR MONTHS OF DATA
journal, June 2011

Accretion of the Moon from non-canonical discs
journal, September 2014

Equilibrium figures of spinning bodies with self-gravity
journal, November 2004

A low mass for Mars from Jupiter’s early gas-driven migration
journal, June 2011

A Scaling Relationship for Satellite-Forming Impacts
journal, April 2001

Lunar-forming impacts: High-resolution SPH and AMR-CTH simulations
journal, January 2013

Evolution of the protolunar disk: Dynamics, cooling timescale and implantation of volatiles onto the Earth
journal, November 2015

Angular Momentum Evolution of Young Stars and Disks
journal, September 1995

Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon
journal, June 2012

Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction
journal, April 2013

Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation
journal, August 2001

Evolution of a protolunar disk in vapor/melt equilibrium: Vapor-Melt Disk
journal, February 2017

Lunar volatile depletion due to incomplete accretion within an impact-generated disk
journal, November 2015

Lunar accretion from an impact-generated disk
journal, September 1997

Collisions Between Gravity-Dominated Bodies. ii. the Diversity of Impact Outcomes During the end Stage of Planet Formation
journal, May 2012

Enhanced atmospheric loss on protoplanets at the giant impact phase in the presence of oceans
journal, February 2005

MOST 1.6 EARTH-RADIUS PLANETS ARE NOT ROCKY
journal, March 2015

Melting and mixing states of the Earth's mantle after the Moon-forming impact
journal, October 2015

A hydrocode equation of state for SiO ₂
journal, December 2007

Binary asteroid population
journal, September 2007

Collisional Stripping and Disruption of Super-Earths
journal, July 2009

Formation of Terrestrial Planets from Protoplanets. II. Statistics of Planetary Spin
journal, December 2007

Magma ocean influence on early atmosphere mass and composition
journal, August 2012

Numerical experiments with rubble piles: equilibrium shapes and spins
journal, February 2005

The heavy noble gas composition of the depleted MORB mantle (DMM) and its implications for the preservation of heterogeneities in the mantle
journal, November 2012

Scaling the Earth: a Sensitivity Analysis of Terrestrial Exoplanetary Interior Models
journal, February 2016

Equilibration in the aftermath of the lunar-forming giant impact
journal, October 2007

The cosmological simulation code gadget-2
journal, December 2005

Formation and Evolution of Binary Asteroids
book, January 2015

Terrestrial Planet Formation
conference, January 2004

Heterogeneities from the first 100 million years recorded in deep mantle noble gases from the Northern Lau Back-arc Basin
journal, May 2013

Investigation of the initial state of the Moon-forming disk: Bridging SPH simulations and hydrostatic models
journal, May 2014

Heterogeneous upper mantle Ne, Ar and Xe isotopic compositions and a possible Dupal noble gas signature recorded in basalts from the Southwest Indian Ridge
journal, December 2012

Powering Earth’s dynamo with magnesium precipitation from the core
journal, January 2016

Shock vaporization of silica and the thermodynamics of planetary impact events: SHOCK VAPORIZATION OF SILICA
journal, September 2012

Early Earth differentiation investigated through 142Nd, 182W, and highly siderophile element abundances in samples from Isua, Greenland
journal, February 2016

On the Vertical Structure of the Protolunar disk
journal, December 2011

Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere: MAGMA OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE EVOLUTION
journal, June 2013

FALSE POSITIVE PROBABILITIES FOR ALL KEPLER OBJECTS OF INTEREST: 1284 NEWLY VALIDATED PLANETS AND 428 LIKELY FALSE POSITIVES
journal, May 2016

Early evolution of the Earth–Moon system with a fast-spinning Earth
journal, August 2015

Evolution of the Earth-Moon system
journal, November 1994

Evolution of a Circumterrestrial Disk and Formation of a Single Moon
journal, December 2000

Building the terrestrial planets: Constrained accretion in the inner Solar System
journal, October 2009

Emergence of a Habitable Planet
journal, July 2007

Lunar Accretion from a Roche-Interior Fluid disk
journal, November 2012

Lunar-forming collisions with pre-impact rotation
journal, August 2008

Tidal evolution of the Moon from a high-obliquity, high-angular-momentum Earth
journal, October 2016

Simulations of a late lunar-forming impact
journal, April 2004

Terrestrial planet formation with strong dynamical friction
journal, September 2006

On the Oscillations and Stability of Rotating Stellar Models. II. Rapidly Rotating White Dwarfs
journal, February 1969

Accretion and differentiation of the terrestrial planets with implications for the compositions of early-formed Solar System bodies and accretion of water
journal, March 2015