X-ray methods to observe and quantify adhesive penetration into wood
Abstract
To accelerate the development of new and improved wood adhesives for engineered wood products, the optimal penetration of adhesives into wood needs to be determined. Adhesive penetration includes both the flow of adhesives into wood micron-scale voids and the infiltration into the polymer components of the wood cell wall layers. In this work, X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) were used to study adhesive flow and infiltration. Model wood-adhesive bondlines were made using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) latewood substrates and bromine-substituted phenol formaldehyde (BrPF) resins with different weight average molecular weight (MW). The Br substitution facilitated both qualitative and quantitative observations using XCT and XFM. The BrPF resin flow into wood was visualized using XCT volume reconstructions and quantified by calculating the weighted penetration (WP). Examination of the shape of the cured BrPF-air interface in longitudinal tracheid lumina revealed that capillary played a role in the majority of BrPF flow into lumina. XFM mapping revealed the pathways of BrPF infiltration into the wood cell walls, and the results were used to calculate BrPF cell wall weight percent gain (WPGCW) in individual wood cell wall layers. Both WP and WPGCW decreased with increasing BrPF MW. Also, the middlemore »
- Authors:
-
- Forest Products Lab., Madison, WI (United States)
- Scion, Rotorua (New Zealand)
- Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Photon Source (APS)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1501869
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Materials Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 54; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-2461
- Publisher:
- Springer
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Citation Formats
Jakes, Joseph E., Frihart, Charles R., Hunt, Christopher G., Yelle, Daniel J., Plaza, Nayomi Z., Lorenz, Linda, Grigsby, Warren, Ching, Daniel J., Kamke, Fred, Gleber, Sophie-Charlotte, Vogt, Stefan, and Xiao, Xianghui. X-ray methods to observe and quantify adhesive penetration into wood. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2783-5.
Jakes, Joseph E., Frihart, Charles R., Hunt, Christopher G., Yelle, Daniel J., Plaza, Nayomi Z., Lorenz, Linda, Grigsby, Warren, Ching, Daniel J., Kamke, Fred, Gleber, Sophie-Charlotte, Vogt, Stefan, & Xiao, Xianghui. X-ray methods to observe and quantify adhesive penetration into wood. United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2783-5
Jakes, Joseph E., Frihart, Charles R., Hunt, Christopher G., Yelle, Daniel J., Plaza, Nayomi Z., Lorenz, Linda, Grigsby, Warren, Ching, Daniel J., Kamke, Fred, Gleber, Sophie-Charlotte, Vogt, Stefan, and Xiao, Xianghui. Tue .
"X-ray methods to observe and quantify adhesive penetration into wood". United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2783-5. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1501869.
@article{osti_1501869,
title = {X-ray methods to observe and quantify adhesive penetration into wood},
author = {Jakes, Joseph E. and Frihart, Charles R. and Hunt, Christopher G. and Yelle, Daniel J. and Plaza, Nayomi Z. and Lorenz, Linda and Grigsby, Warren and Ching, Daniel J. and Kamke, Fred and Gleber, Sophie-Charlotte and Vogt, Stefan and Xiao, Xianghui},
abstractNote = {To accelerate the development of new and improved wood adhesives for engineered wood products, the optimal penetration of adhesives into wood needs to be determined. Adhesive penetration includes both the flow of adhesives into wood micron-scale voids and the infiltration into the polymer components of the wood cell wall layers. In this work, X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) were used to study adhesive flow and infiltration. Model wood-adhesive bondlines were made using loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) latewood substrates and bromine-substituted phenol formaldehyde (BrPF) resins with different weight average molecular weight (MW). The Br substitution facilitated both qualitative and quantitative observations using XCT and XFM. The BrPF resin flow into wood was visualized using XCT volume reconstructions and quantified by calculating the weighted penetration (WP). Examination of the shape of the cured BrPF-air interface in longitudinal tracheid lumina revealed that capillary played a role in the majority of BrPF flow into lumina. XFM mapping revealed the pathways of BrPF infiltration into the wood cell walls, and the results were used to calculate BrPF cell wall weight percent gain (WPGCW) in individual wood cell wall layers. Both WP and WPGCW decreased with increasing BrPF MW. Also, the middle lamella had higher WPGCW than its neighboring secondary cell walls, and within a given bondline the WPGCW decreased with increasing distance of the cell from the bondline. Along these lines, the results provide new insights that are needed in the development of improved models to understand and predict wood adhesive bondline performance.},
doi = {10.1007/s10853-018-2783-5},
journal = {Journal of Materials Science},
number = 1,
volume = 54,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Aug 21 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Tue Aug 21 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
TomoPy: a framework for the analysis of synchrotron tomographic data
journal, August 2014
- Gürsoy, Dogˇa; De Carlo, Francesco; Xiao, Xianghui
- Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 21, Issue 5
Mechanical characterisation of wood-adhesive interphase cell walls by nanoindentation
journal, July 2006
- Konnerth, Johannes; Gindl, Wolfgang
- Holzforschung, Vol. 60, Issue 4
Phenol–formaldehyde impregnation of densified wood for improved dimensional stability
journal, May 2009
- Gabrielli, Chris P.; Kamke, Frederick A.
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 44, Issue 1
Minimizing Wood Shrinkage and Swelling
journal, October 1936
- Stamm, Alfred J.; Seborg, R. M.
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, Issue 10
Characterization of adhesive penetration in wood bond by means of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM)
journal, April 2016
- Xu, Deliang; Zhang, Yang; Zhou, Handong
- Holzforschung, Vol. 70, Issue 4
In situ identification of the molecular-scale interactions of phenol-formaldehyde resin and wood cell walls using infrared nanospectroscopy
journal, January 2016
- Wang, Xinzhou; Deng, Yuhe; Li, Yanjun
- RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 80
Using UV-Microscopy to Study Diffusion of Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Cell Walls of Spruce Wood
journal, February 2002
- Gindl, Wolfgang; Dessipri, Eugenia; Wimmer, Rupert
- Holzforschung, Vol. 56, Issue 1
On the occurrence of network interpenetration in the wood-isocyanate adhesive interphase
journal, March 1998
- Frazier, Charles E.; Ni, Jianwen
- International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 18, Issue 2
Investigation of Urea-Melamine-Formaldehyde (UMF) resin penetration in Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) by High Resolution Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
journal, November 2007
- Cyr, Pierre-Louis; Riedl, Bernard; Wang, Xiang-Ming
- Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, Vol. 66, Issue 2
X-ray computed tomography of wood-adhesive bondlines: attenuation and phase-contrast effects
journal, July 2015
- Paris, Jesse L.; Kamke, Frederick A.; Xiao, Xianghui
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 6
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
journal, June 2012
- Schindelin, Johannes; Arganda-Carreras, Ignacio; Frise, Erwin
- Nature Methods, Vol. 9, Issue 7
Phenol formaldehyde adhesives formulated for advanced X-ray imaging in wood-composite bondlines
journal, September 2013
- Paris, Jesse L.; Kamke, Frederick A.; Mbachu, Reginald
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 49, Issue 2
Resin and wax distribution and mobility during medium density fibreboard manufacture
journal, July 2011
- Grigsby, Warren J.; Thumm, Armin
- European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, Vol. 70, Issue 1-3
Water sorption mechanisms of commercial wood adhesive films
journal, March 2013
- Wimmer, Rupert; Kläusler, Oliver; Niemz, Peter
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 47, Issue 4
Comparative analysis of a wood: adhesive bondline
journal, February 2010
- Modzel, G.; Kamke, F. A.; De Carlo, F.
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 1
A high-level 3D visualization API for Java and ImageJ
journal, May 2010
- Schmid, Benjamin; Schindelin, Johannes; Cardona, Albert
- BMC Bioinformatics, Vol. 11, Issue 1
A morphological study of the wood/phenol-formaldehyde adhesive interphase
journal, January 2006
- Laborie, Marie-Pierre G.; Salmén, Lennart; Frazier, Charles E.
- Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 20, Issue 8
Adhesive Groups and How They Relate to the Durability of Bonded Wood
journal, January 2009
- Frihart, Charles R.
- Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 23, Issue 4
Adhesive penetration in beech wood: experiments
journal, March 2011
- Hass, Philipp; Wittel, Falk K.; Mendoza, Miller
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 46, Issue 1-3
Synchrotron-based X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy in Conjunction with Nanoindentation to Study Molecular-Scale Interactions of Phenol–Formaldehyde in Wood Cell Walls
journal, March 2015
- Jakes, Joseph E.; Hunt, Christopher G.; Yelle, Daniel J.
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 12
The modification of wood by treatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin: a properties enhancement with neutralized phenolic-resin and resin penetration into wood cell walls
journal, March 2004
- Kajita, H.; Furuno, T.; Imamura, Y.
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 37, Issue 5
Visualization and numerical analysis of adhesive distribution in particleboard using X-ray micro-computed tomography
journal, December 2010
- Evans, Philip D.; Morrison, Olivia; Senden, Tim J.
- International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 30, Issue 8
Quantitative wood–adhesive penetration with X-ray computed tomography
journal, September 2015
- Paris, Jesse L.; Kamke, Frederick A.
- International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 61
Characterization of urea–formaldehyde resin penetration into medium density fiberboard fibers
journal, June 2005
- Xing, Cheng; Riedl, Bernard; Cloutier, Alain
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 5
Swelling of Wood. Part II. Swelling in Organic Liquids
journal, January 1994
- Mantanis, George I.; Young, Raymond A.; Rowell, Roger M.
- Holzforschung, Vol. 48, Issue 6
The Ultrastructure of Wood from a Solubility Parameter Point of View
journal, January 1998
- Hansen, C. M.; Björkman, A.
- Holzforschung, Vol. 52, Issue 4
Experimental techniques for characterising water in wood covering the range from dry to fully water-saturated
journal, December 2017
- Thybring, Emil Engelund; Kymäläinen, Maija; Rautkari, Lauri
- Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 52, Issue 2
Adhesive penetration of wood cell walls investigated by scanning thermal microscopy (SThM)
journal, January 2008
- Konnerth, Johannes; Harper, David; Lee, Seung-Hwan
- Holzforschung, Vol. 62, Issue 1
Minimizing Wood Shrinkage and Swelling
journal, December 1935
- Stamm, Alfred J.; Hansen, L. A.
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 27, Issue 12
A high-level 3D visualization API for Java and ImageJ
text, January 2010
- Schmid, Benjamin; Schindelin, Johannes; Cardona, Albert
- ETH Zurich
Adhesive penetration in beech wood: Experiments
text, January 2012
- Hass, Philipp; Wittel, Falk K.; Mendoza, Miller
- ETH Zurich
A high-level 3D visualization API for Java and ImageJ
text, January 2010
- Schmid, B.; Schindelin, J.; Cardona, A.
- BioMed Central
TomoPy: A framework for the analysis of synchrotron tomographic data
conference, September 2014
- Gürsoy, Doğa; De Carlo, Francesco; Xiao, Xianghui
- SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, SPIE Proceedings
Adhesion Theories in Wood Adhesive Bonding
journal, May 2014
- Gardner, Douglas J.; Blumentritt, Melanie; Wang, Lu
- Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Works referencing / citing this record:
Quantitative Assessment and Visualisation of the Wood and Poly(Lactic Acid) Interface in Sandwich Laminate Composites
journal, February 2019
- Grigsby, Warren; Gager, Victor; Recabar, Kimberly
- Fibers, Vol. 7, Issue 2