Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste

Brown, Lesa; Stephens, Catherine S.; Allison, Paul G.; Sanchez, Florence

doi:10.3390/nano12020223

Title: Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste

Abstract

The use of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in cement systems has received significant interest over the last decade due to their nanoscale reinforcing potential. However, despite many reports on the formation of localized CNF clusters, their effect on the cement paste micromechanical properties and relation to the mechanical response at the macroscopic scale are still not fully understood. In this study, grid nanoindentation coupled with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to determine the local elastic indentation modulus and hardness of a portland cement paste containing 0.2% CNFs with sub-micro and microscale CNF clusters. The presence of low stiffness and porous assemblage of phases (modulus of 15–25 GPa) was identified in the cement paste with CNFs and was attributed primarily to the interfacial zone surrounding the CNF clusters. The CNFs favored the formation of higher modulus C–S–H phases (>30 GPa) in the bulk paste at the expense of the lower stiffness C–S–H. Nanoindentation results combined with a microscale–macroscale upscaling homogenization method further revealed an elastic modulus of the CNF clusters in the range from 18 to 21 GPa, indicating that the CNF clusters acted as compliant inclusions relative to the cement paste.

Authors:

Brown, Lesa ^[1]; Stephens, Catherine S. ^[2];

^[3];

^[1]

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (United States)
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Ruislip (United Kingdom)
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022

Research Org.:: Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1981175

Grant/Contract Number:: FC01-06EW07053; CMMI 0547024; DGE-0946822

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nanomaterials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 12; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2079-4991

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; carbon nanofibers; carbon nanotubes; micromechanics; elasticity; indentation; modulus; cement paste

Citation Formats


                    Brown, Lesa, Stephens, Catherine S., Allison, Paul G., and Sanchez, Florence. Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/nano12020223.

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                    Brown, Lesa, Stephens, Catherine S., Allison, Paul G., & Sanchez, Florence. Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020223

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                    Brown, Lesa, Stephens, Catherine S., Allison, Paul G., and Sanchez, Florence. Mon .  
"Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020223.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1981175.

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@article{osti_1981175,

  title        = {Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste},

  author       = {Brown, Lesa and Stephens, Catherine S. and Allison, Paul G. and Sanchez, Florence},

  abstractNote = {The use of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in cement systems has received significant interest over the last decade due to their nanoscale reinforcing potential. However, despite many reports on the formation of localized CNF clusters, their effect on the cement paste micromechanical properties and relation to the mechanical response at the macroscopic scale are still not fully understood. In this study, grid nanoindentation coupled with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to determine the local elastic indentation modulus and hardness of a portland cement paste containing 0.2% CNFs with sub-micro and microscale CNF clusters. The presence of low stiffness and porous assemblage of phases (modulus of 15–25 GPa) was identified in the cement paste with CNFs and was attributed primarily to the interfacial zone surrounding the CNF clusters. The CNFs favored the formation of higher modulus C–S–H phases (>30 GPa) in the bulk paste at the expense of the lower stiffness C–S–H. Nanoindentation results combined with a microscale–macroscale upscaling homogenization method further revealed an elastic modulus of the CNF clusters in the range from 18 to 21 GPa, indicating that the CNF clusters acted as compliant inclusions relative to the cement paste.},

  doi          = {10.3390/nano12020223},

  journal      = {Nanomaterials},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022},

  month        = {Mon Jan 10 00:00:00 EST 2022}

}

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DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.011

Tensile strength of hydrated cement paste phases assessed by micro-bending tests and nanoindentation
journal, October 2016

Němeček, J.; Králík, V.; Šmilauer, V.
Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 73
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.07.010

A model for the microstructure of calcium silicate hydrate in cement paste
journal, January 2000

Jennings, Hamlin M.
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00209-4

Surface decoration of carbon nanotubes and mechanical properties of cement/carbon nanotube composites
journal, April 2008

Cwirzen, A.; Habermehl-Cwirzen, K.; Penttala, V.
Advances in Cement Research, Vol. 20, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1680/adcr.2008.20.2.65

A carbon nanotube/cement composite with piezoresistive properties
journal, March 2009

Yu, Xun; Kwon, Eil
Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 18, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/18/5/055010

The nanogranular nature of C–S–H
journal, January 2007

Constantinides, Georgios; Ulm, Franz-Josef
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 55, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmps.2006.06.003

Electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/cement composites
journal, September 2013

Wang, Baomin; Guo, Zhiqiang; Han, Yu
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 46
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.006

The effect of two types of C-S-H on the elasticity of cement-based materials: Results from nanoindentation and micromechanical modeling
journal, January 2004

Constantinides, Georgios; Ulm, Franz-Josef
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00230-8

Use of nanoindentation phase characterization and homogenization to estimate the elastic modulus of heterogeneously decalcified cement pastes
journal, March 2018

Brown, Lesa; Allison, Paul G.; Sanchez, Florence
Materials & Design, Vol. 142
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.030

Micromechanical analysis of heterogeneous structural materials
journal, February 2013

Němeček, Jiří; Králík, Vlastimil; Vondřejc, Jaroslav
Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 36
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.015

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Title: Effect of Carbon Nanofiber Clustering on the Micromechanical Properties of a Cement Paste

Abstract

Citation Formats

Quantification of the re-agglomeration of carbon nanofiber aqueous dispersion in cement pastes and effect on the early age flexural response journal, October 2016

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Determination by nanoindentation of elastic modulus and hardness of pure constituents of Portland cement clinker journal, April 2001

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Quantification of the re-agglomeration of carbon nanofiber aqueous dispersion in cement pastes and effect on the early age flexural response
journal, October 2016

Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites
journal, September 2009

Determination by nanoindentation of elastic modulus and hardness of pure constituents of Portland cement clinker
journal, April 2001

Application of nanoindentation testing to study of the interfacial transition zone in steel fiber reinforced mortar
journal, August 2009

Carbon Nanofiber–Reinforced Cement-Based Materials
journal, January 2010

Nanoindentation study of calcium silicate hydrates in concrete produced with effective microorganisms-based bioplasticizer
journal, May 2014

Influence of carbon nanofiber clustering in cement pastes exposed to sulfate attack
journal, March 2018

Distribution of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes in Cementitious Composites
journal, January 2010

On the use of nanoindentation for cementitious materials
journal, April 2003

Performance of Carbon Nanofiber–Cement Composites with a High-Range Water Reducer
journal, January 2010

Efecto de la adición de nanofibras de carbono en las propiedades mecánicas y de durabilidad de materiales cementantes
journal, September 2012

Role of inclusion stiffness and interfacial strength on dynamic matrix crack growth: An experimental study
journal, May 2012

A reliable technique to determine the local mechanical properties at the nanoscale for cementitious materials
journal, October 2007

Micromechanical investigation of Portland cement paste
journal, November 2014

Hybrid effect of carbon nanotube and nano-clay on physico-mechanical properties of cement mortar
journal, January 2011

A critical examination of statistical nanoindentation on model materials and hardened cement pastes based on virtual experiments
journal, November 2009

Nanogranular packing of C–S–H at substochiometric conditions
journal, January 2010

Statistical nanoindentation technique in application to hardened cement pastes: Influences of material microstructure and analysis method
journal, June 2016

Swelling, shrinkage and creep: a mechanical approach to cement hydration
journal, May 2004

Microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious composites developed using a novel dispersion technique
journal, July 2015

Determination of yield stress from nano-indentation experiments
journal, May 2015

Influence of silica fume additions on electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotube/cement composites
journal, May 2012

Nanostructure and Fracture Behavior of Carbon Nanofiber-Reinforced Cement Using Nanoscale Depth-Sensing Methods
journal, August 2020

A comparative study of damage sensing in fiber composites using uniformly and non-uniformly dispersed carbon nanotubes
journal, November 2010

Enhanced effect of carbon nanotube on mechanical and electrical properties of cement composites by incorporation of silica fume
journal, January 2014

Critical aspects of nano-indentation technique in application to hardened cement paste
journal, January 2011

Mechanical behavior and microstructure of cement composites incorporating surface-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes
journal, May 2005

Nanogranular origin of concrete creep
journal, June 2009

On the aspect ratio effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforcements on the mechanical properties of cementitious nanocomposites
journal, October 2012

A multi-technique investigation of the nanoporosity of cement paste
journal, March 2007

Interfacial transition zone in concrete
journal, January 1995

Multi-scale mechanical and fracture characteristics and early-age strain capacity of high performance carbon nanotube/cement nanocomposites
journal, February 2010

Elastic Properties and Morphology of Individual Carbon Nanofibers
journal, May 2008

Investigation of crushed brick-matrix interface in lime-based ancient mortar by microscopy and nanoindentation
journal, January 2015

Effect of the cementitious paste density on the performance efficiency of carbon nanofiber in concrete nanocomposite
journal, November 2013

High-resolution high-speed nanoindentation mapping of cement pastes: Unravelling the effect of microstructure on the mechanical properties of hydrated phases
journal, May 2016

Pressure-sensitive properties and microstructure of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composites
journal, May 2007

Submicron carbon filament cement-matrix composites for electromagnetic interference shielding
journal, October 1996

Ohmic heating curing of carbon fiber/carbon nanofiber synergistically strengthening cement-based composites as repair/reinforcement materials used in ultra-low temperature environment
journal, October 2019

Highly conductive polymer composites based on controlled agglomeration of carbon nanotubes
journal, August 2010

Influence of super plasticizer and Ca(OH)2 on the stability of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersions for cement composites applications
journal, October 2013

Fracture toughness enhancement of cement paste with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
journal, November 2014

Grid indentation analysis of composite microstructure and mechanics: Principles and validation
journal, August 2006

Nano-mechanical properties of internally cured kenaf fiber reinforced concrete using nanoindentation
journal, September 2014

The use of microfine cement to enhance the efficacy of carbon nanofibers with respect to drying shrinkage crack resistance of portland cement mortars
journal, October 2017

A Review on Nanomaterial Dispersion, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube and Nanofiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites
journal, January 2013

The influence of rheological parameters of cement paste on the dispersion of carbon nanofibers and self-sensing performance
journal, March 2017

Creep effects in nanoindentation of hydrated phases of cement pastes
journal, September 2009

Influence of carbon nanofiber content and sodium chloride solution on the stability of resistance and the following self-sensing performance of carbon nanofiber cement paste
journal, December 2019

In situ sensing of impact damage in epoxy/glass fiber composites using percolating carbon nanotube networks
journal, August 2011

Selection of superplasticisers for improving the rheological and mechanical properties of cement paste with CNTs
journal, August 2020

Nanoscale mechanical properties of concrete containing blast furnace slag and fly ash before and after thermal damage
journal, March 2013

Multi-functional properties of carbon nanofiber reinforced reactive powder concrete
journal, October 2018

Surface roughness criteria for cement paste nanoindentation
journal, April 2008

Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Cementitious Materials
journal, July 2011

Impact and residual after impact properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites modified with carbon nanotubes
journal, May 2014

Properties of interfacial transition zones in recycled aggregate concrete tested by nanoindentation
journal, March 2013

Statistical grid nanoindentation analysis to estimate macro-mechanical properties of the Bakken Shale
journal, May 2018

Improved piezoresistive sensitivity and stability of CNT/cement mortar composites with low water–binder ratio
journal, September 2014

Application of multiscale elastic homogenization based on nanoindentation for high performance concrete
journal, August 2013

Creep properties of cement and alkali activated fly ash materials using nanoindentation technique
journal, April 2018

Micromechanical Analysis of Cement Paste with Carbon Nanotubes
journal, January 2012

A model for two types of calcium silicate hydrate in the microstructure of Portland cement pastes
journal, June 2000

Influence of carbon nanofiber clustering on the chemo-mechanical behavior of cement pastes
journal, January 2016

Compressive strength and microstructure of carbon nanotubes–fly ash cement composites
journal, February 2010

Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology
journal, January 2004

Methodology for nanoindentation-assisted prediction of macroscale elastic properties of high performance cementitious composites
journal, January 2014

A Coupled Nanoindentation/SEM-EDS Study on Low Water/Cement Ratio Portland Cement Paste: Evidence for C-S-H/Ca(OH) ₂ Nanocomposites
journal, February 2010

Enhancement of Ultrahigh Performance Concrete Material Properties with Carbon Nanofiber
journal, January 2014

The Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) Between Cement Paste and Aggregate in Concrete
journal, October 2004

The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube–OPC paste mixtures
journal, February 2012

Effective properties of a fly ash geopolymer: Synergistic application of X-ray synchrotron tomography, nanoindentation, and homogenization models
journal, December 2015

Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions
journal, May 1973

The nano-mechanical signature of Ultra High Performance Concrete by statistical nanoindentation techniques
journal, December 2008

Nanoindentation mapping of mechanical properties of cement paste and natural rocks
journal, November 2007

Self sensing carbon nanotube (CNT) and nanofiber (CNF) cementitious composites for real time damage assessment in smart structures
journal, October 2014

Dispersion of carbon nanotubes and its influence on the mechanical properties of the cement matrix
journal, November 2012

Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials
journal, July 2010

Nanoscaled Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanofibers
journal, June 2017

Effects of silica additives on fracture properties of carbon nanotube and carbon fiber reinforced Portland cement mortar
journal, January 2015