Optical transmission and dimensional stability of single-crystal sapphire after high-dose neutron irradiation at various temperatures up to 688 °C
Abstract
The use of single-crystal sapphire optical fibers has been considered to extend fiber-optic sensing to the extreme temperature (>1000 °C) environments encountered in nuclear applications. However, before these sapphire fiber–based sensors can be deployed, their optical transmission and dimensional stability (which impacts drift of some sensors) must be characterized under representative testing conditions. Data regarding the optical transmission of sapphire following high-dose neutron irradiation at temperatures >100 °C is extremely limited. This work provides measurements of optical density (i.e., attenuation) and directional dimensional changes in bulk single-crystal sapphire materials irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 2.4 × 1021 n/cm2 (3.5 displacements per atom) at temperatures ranging from 95 to 688 °C. Optical density measured after irradiation at 95 and 298 °C showed ultraviolet and visible absorption bands corresponding to known defect centers and temperature trends that were generally consistent with previous ex situ and in situ measurements made at much lower neutron fluence. However, optical density measured after irradiation at 688 °C was as much as two orders of magnitude higher, indicating that the fundamental mechanism for radiation-induced attenuation changes at this irradiation temperature. Additional analysis and comparison with previous works suggest that the attenuation may result from voidmore »
- Authors:
-
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1837867
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1834262
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725; AC07-051D14517
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Nuclear Materials
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 559; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-3115
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Radiation; Fiber-optic; Transmission; Dimensional change; Sapphire; Optical
Citation Formats
Petrie, Christian M., Birri, Anthony, and Blue, Thomas E. Optical transmission and dimensional stability of single-crystal sapphire after high-dose neutron irradiation at various temperatures up to 688 °C. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153432.
Petrie, Christian M., Birri, Anthony, & Blue, Thomas E. Optical transmission and dimensional stability of single-crystal sapphire after high-dose neutron irradiation at various temperatures up to 688 °C. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153432
Petrie, Christian M., Birri, Anthony, and Blue, Thomas E. Thu .
"Optical transmission and dimensional stability of single-crystal sapphire after high-dose neutron irradiation at various temperatures up to 688 °C". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153432. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1837867.
@article{osti_1837867,
title = {Optical transmission and dimensional stability of single-crystal sapphire after high-dose neutron irradiation at various temperatures up to 688 °C},
author = {Petrie, Christian M. and Birri, Anthony and Blue, Thomas E.},
abstractNote = {The use of single-crystal sapphire optical fibers has been considered to extend fiber-optic sensing to the extreme temperature (>1000 °C) environments encountered in nuclear applications. However, before these sapphire fiber–based sensors can be deployed, their optical transmission and dimensional stability (which impacts drift of some sensors) must be characterized under representative testing conditions. Data regarding the optical transmission of sapphire following high-dose neutron irradiation at temperatures >100 °C is extremely limited. This work provides measurements of optical density (i.e., attenuation) and directional dimensional changes in bulk single-crystal sapphire materials irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 2.4 × 1021 n/cm2 (3.5 displacements per atom) at temperatures ranging from 95 to 688 °C. Optical density measured after irradiation at 95 and 298 °C showed ultraviolet and visible absorption bands corresponding to known defect centers and temperature trends that were generally consistent with previous ex situ and in situ measurements made at much lower neutron fluence. However, optical density measured after irradiation at 688 °C was as much as two orders of magnitude higher, indicating that the fundamental mechanism for radiation-induced attenuation changes at this irradiation temperature. Additional analysis and comparison with previous works suggest that the attenuation may result from void formation, leading to increased Rayleigh scattering losses in the material and increased swelling that would also result in drift of Bragg grating-based sensors in sapphire fibers. These results pose serious questions regarding the feasibility of sapphire fiber–based sensors for high-temperature nuclear applications.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jnucmat.2021.153432},
journal = {Journal of Nuclear Materials},
number = ,
volume = 559,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2021},
month = {Thu Nov 25 00:00:00 EST 2021}
}
Works referenced in this record:
The influence of helium doping on the damage microstructure of heavy-ion irradiated α-Al 2 O 3
journal, May 1985
- Lee, W. E.; Jenkins, M. L.; Pells, G. P.
- Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 51, Issue 5
Modeling and Simulations for the High Flux Isotope Reactor Cycle 400
report, March 2015
- Ilas, Germina; Chandler, David; Ade, Brian
Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti:Al_2O_3
journal, January 1986
- Moulton, P. F.
- Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 3, Issue 1
Instrument Capabilities and Developments at the Halden Reactor Project
journal, January 2011
- Solstad, Steinar; Van Nieuwenhove, Rudi
- Nuclear Technology, Vol. 173, Issue 1
Inscription and characterization of Bragg gratings in single-crystal sapphire optical fibres for high-temperature sensor applications
journal, October 2009
- Busch, Matthias; Ecke, Wolfgang; Latka, Ines
- Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 20, Issue 11
Defect production in ceramics
journal, November 1997
- Zinkle, S. J.; Kinoshita, C.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 251
Materials challenges in nuclear energy
journal, February 2013
- Zinkle, S. J.; Was, G. S.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 3
Scintillating‐fiber 14 MeV neutron detector on TFTR during DT operation
journal, January 1995
- Wurden, G. A.; Chrien, R. E.; Barnes, Cris W.
- Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, Issue 1
Optical Spectra of Transition‐Metal Ions in Corundum
journal, May 1962
- McClure, Donald S.
- The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 36, Issue 10
Potential and limitations of ceramics in terms of structural and electrical integrity in fusion environments
journal, October 1996
- Kinoshita, Chiken; Zinkle, Steven J.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 233-237
A review of the optical properties of anion lattice vacancies, and electrical conduction in α-Al2O3: their relation to radiation-induced electrical degradation
journal, March 1995
- Evans, Bruce D.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 219, p. 202-223
Fast-Neutron Damage to Polycrystalline Alumina at Temperatures from 60 to 1230°C
journal, March 1973
- Keilholtz, G. W.; Moore, R. E.; Robertson, H. E.
- Nuclear Technology, Vol. 17, Issue 3
Neutron irradiation damage in aluminum oxide and nitride ceramics up to a fluence of
journal, December 2000
- Yano, T.; Ichikawa, K.; Akiyoshi, M.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287
Color Centers and Radiation-Induced Defects in
journal, August 1961
- Levy, Paul W.
- Physical Review, Vol. 123, Issue 4
Distributed flow sensing using optical hot -wire grid
journal, January 2012
- Chen, Tong; Wang, Qingqing; Zhang, Botao
- Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 8
V centers in single crystal Al2O3
journal, July 1975
- Turner, T. J.; Crawford, J. H.
- Solid State Communications, Vol. 17, Issue 2
Neutron-induced damage in BeO, Al2O3 and MgO — a review
journal, May 1968
- Wilks, R. S.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 2
Point-by-point fabrication and characterization of sapphire fiber Bragg gratings
journal, January 2017
- Yang, Shuo; Hu, Di; Wang, Anbo
- Optics Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 20
Radiation effects in sapphire optical fibers
journal, March 2007
- Sporea, Dan; Sporea, Adelina
- physica status solidi (c), Vol. 4, Issue 3
Radiation effects on the lattice constants of single crystal A12O3
journal, March 1975
- Roof, R. B.; Ranken, W. A.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 55, Issue 3
A Model of Lattice Defects in Sapphire
journal, January 1987
- Pogatshnik, G. J.; Chen, Y.; Evans, B. D.
- IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 34, Issue 6
In-Situ Reactor Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Sapphire Optical Fibers
journal, September 2014
- Petrie, Christian M.; Windl, Wolfgang; Blue, Thomas E.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 97, Issue 12
Generation and annealing of radiational defects in neutron irradiated Al2O3
journal, March 1987
- Abdukadyrova, I. Kh.
- Soviet Atomic Energy, Vol. 62, Issue 3
Optical properties of the center in crystalline
journal, December 1978
- Evans, B. D.; Stapelbroek, M.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 18, Issue 12
A study of valency changes of vanadium ions in Al2O3 by γ irradiation
journal, January 1977
- Villedieu, M.; Devismes, N.; de Goër, A. M.
- Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 38, Issue 9
Fiber-optic liquid-level sensor
journal, February 1997
- Raatikainen, Pekka; Kassamakov, Ivan; Kakanakov, Roumen
- Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 58, Issue 2
330-MW(e) Fort St. Vrain high-temperature gas-cooled reactor
journal, April 1968
- Habush, A. L.; Harris, A. M.
- Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 7, Issue 4
An approach to fuel development and qualification
journal, September 2007
- Crawford, Douglas C.; Porter, Douglas L.; Hayes, Steven L.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 371, Issue 1-3
Creation of an Internal Cladding in Sapphire Optical Fiber Using the $^{6}$ Li(n, $\alpha)^{3}$ H Reaction
journal, November 2017
- Wilson, Brandon Augustus; Blue, Thomas E.
- IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 22
Radiation-optical characteristics of quartz glass and sapphire
journal, May 2007
- Islamov, A. Kh.; Ibragimova, E. M.; Nuritdinov, I.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 362, Issue 2-3
Relation between macroscopic length change and the crystal structure in heavily neutron-irradiated ceramics
journal, August 2004
- Akiyoshi, Masafumi; Akasaka, Naoaki; Tachi, Yoshiaki
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 329-333
Molten Fluorides as Power Reactor Fuels
journal, November 1957
- Briant, R. C.; Weinberg, Alvin M.
- Nuclear Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 6
Formation of optical barriers with excellent thermal stability in single-crystal sapphire by hydrogen ion implantation and thermal annealing
journal, September 2011
- Spratt, William T.; Huang, Mengbing; Jia, Chuanlei
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 11
Damage of Single-Crystal Al2O3 by 14-MeV Neutrons
journal, June 1974
- Bunch, J. M.; Clinard, F. W.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 57, Issue 6
Irradiation temperature dependence of production efficiency of lattice defects in some neutron-irradiated oxides
journal, November 2004
- Okada, Moritami; Atobe, Kozo; Nakagawa, Masuo
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 226, Issue 3
Annealing of the defects and colour centres in unirradiated and in reactor irradiated Al2O3
journal, January 1961
- Levy, Paul W.
- Discussions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 31
High dose neutron irradiation damage in alpha alumina
journal, October 1991
- Youngman, R. A.; Mitchell, T. E.; Clinard, F. W.
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 6, Issue 10
Neutron irradiation damage in MgO, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 ceramics
journal, July 1982
- Clinard, F. W.; Hurley, G. F.; Hobbs, L. W.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 108-109
In situ measurement of phase transformations and residual stress evolution during welding using spatially distributed fiber-optic strain sensors
journal, October 2020
- Petrie, Christian M.; Sridharan, Niyanth
- Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 12
High‐temperature effects on the light transmission through sapphire optical fiber
journal, March 2018
- Wilson, Brandon A.; Petrie, Christian M.; Blue, Thomas E.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 101, Issue 8
Fiber-optic liquid-level sensor
journal, December 1992
- Wang, Anbo; Gunther, Michael F.; Murphy, Kent A.
- Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 35, Issue 2
Effects of neutron-irradiation on MgAl2O4 and Al203
journal, November 1986
- Tucker, D. S.; Zocco, T.; Kise, C. D.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 141-143
Review Paper: Review of Instrumentation for Irradiation Testing of Nuclear Fuels and Materials
journal, November 2011
- Kim, Bong Goo; Rempe, Joy L.; Villard, Jean-François
- Nuclear Technology, Vol. 176, Issue 2
Neutron irradiation of polycrystalline yttrium aluminate garnet, magnesium aluminate spinel and α-alumina.
journal, August 1999
- Neeft, E. A. C.; Konings, R. J. M.; Bakker, K.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 274, Issue 1-2
Optical properties of single-crystal sapphire fibers
journal, January 1997
- Nubling, Rick K.; Harrington, James A.
- Applied Optics, Vol. 36, Issue 24
Scattering effects in crystalline infrared fibers
journal, January 1988
- Sa’ar, A.; Katzir, A.
- Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 5, Issue 6
Embedded sensors in additively manufactured silicon carbide
journal, August 2021
- Petrie, Christian M.; Schrell, Adrian M.; Leonard, Donovan N.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 552
Evaluation of the Performance of Distributed Temperature Measurements With Single-Mode Fiber Using Rayleigh Backscatter up to 1000$^{\circ}{\rm C}$
journal, January 2014
- Wood, Thomas William; Blake, Bryan; Blue, Thomas E.
- IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Sapphire Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Made Using Femtosecond Laser Radiation for Ultrahigh Temperature Applications
journal, November 2004
- Grobnic, D.; Mihailov, S. J.; Smelser, C. W.
- IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 11
In situ reactor radiation-induced attenuation in sapphire optical fibers heated up to 1000 °C
journal, January 2015
- Petrie, Christian M.; Blue, Thomas E.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 342
In Situ Gamma Radiation-Induced Attenuation in Sapphire Optical Fibers Heated to 1000°C
journal, July 2014
- Petrie, Christian M.; Wilson, Brandon; Blue, Thomas E.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 97, Issue 10
Peach bottom unit no. 1: A high performance helium cooled nuclear power plant
journal, January 1978
- Everett, James L.; Kohler, Edward J.
- Annals of Nuclear Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 8-10
In Situ Thermally Induced Attenuation in Sapphire Optical Fibers Heated to 1400°C
journal, October 2014
- Petrie, Christian M.; Blue, Thomas E.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 98, Issue 2
Neutron-irradiation effect in ceramics evaluated from macroscopic property changes in as-irradiated and annealed specimens
journal, March 2008
- Akiyoshi, Masafumi; Yano, Toyohiko
- Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 50, Issue 2-6
Growth of sapphire core-doped fibers
journal, July 1998
- Kurlov, V. N.; Rossolenko, S. N.; Belenko, S. V.
- Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 191, Issue 3
Electron centers in single-crystal
journal, April 1977
- Lee, K. H.; Crawford, J. H.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 15, Issue 8
Coloration and luminescence in pure and chromium-doped Al2O3 single crystals irradiated with X-rays at room temperature
journal, September 1976
- Govinda, S.
- Physica Status Solidi (a), Vol. 37, Issue 1
Liquid level sensing for harsh environment applications using distributed fiber optic temperature measurements
journal, October 2018
- Petrie, Christian M.; McDuffee, Joel L.
- Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 282
On-line monitoring applications in nuclear power plants
journal, March 2011
- Hashemian, H. M.
- Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 53, Issue 2
Quasi-Distributed Temperature Sensing Using Type-II Fiber Bragg Gratings in Sapphire Optical Fiber to Temperatures up to 1300°C
journal, October 2018
- Wilson, Brandon A.; Blue, Thomas E.
- IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 20
Evaluation of the continuous dilatometer method of silicon carbide thermometry for passive irradiation temperature determination
journal, April 2019
- Field, Kevin G.; McDuffee, Joel L.; Geringer, Josina W.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 445
An Adaptive Reference Scheme to Extend the Functional Range of Optical Backscatter Reflectometry in Extreme Environments
journal, January 2021
- Sweeney, Daniel C.; Schrell, Adrian M.; Petrie, Christian M.
- IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 21, Issue 1
Fiber-optic flow sensors for high-temperature environment operation up to 800°C
journal, January 2014
- Chen, Rongzhang; Yan, Aidong; Wang, Qingqing
- Optics Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 13
Fibre-optic gamma-flux monitoring in a fission reactor by means of Cerenkov radiation
journal, September 2007
- Brichard, B.; Fernandez, A. F.; Ooms, H.
- Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue 10
Radiation Damage Effects in Alumina
journal, February 1994
- Pells, George Philip
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 77, Issue 2
The irradiation-induced macroscopic growth of α-Al2O3 single crystals
journal, October 1967
- Wilks, R. S.; Desport, J. A.; Smith, J. A. G.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 1
Thermal- and photo-induced transformations of luminescence centers in αd-Al2O3 anion-defective crystals
journal, April 2012
- Solov’ev, S. V.; Milman, I. I.; Syurdo, A. I.
- Physics of the Solid State, Vol. 54, Issue 4
Long-term thermal stability tests at 1000 °C of silica fibre Bragg gratings made with ultrafast laser radiation
journal, April 2006
- Grobnic, D.; Smelser, C. W.; Mihailov, S. J.
- Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 17, Issue 5
Growth of single‐crystal sapphire‐clad ruby fibers
journal, September 1977
- Burrus, C. A.; Coldren, L. A.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 6
The influence of neutron irradiation on the microstructure of Al2O3, MgAl2O4, Y3Al5O12 and CeO2
journal, April 1998
- Konings, R. J. M.; Bakker, K.; Boshoven, J. G.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 254, Issue 2-3
Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot flow sensor
journal, June 1998
- Fang, J. X.; Taylor, H. F.; Choi, H. S.
- Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 3
The effect of neutron irradiation on aluminium oxide
journal, February 1966
- Hickman, B. S.; Walker, D. G.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 2
Effects of neutron irradiation and subsequent annealing on the optical characteristics of sapphire
journal, February 2011
- Zhang, M. F.; Zhang, H. L.; Han, J. C.
- Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 406, Issue 3
Devitrification in annealed optical fiber
journal, May 1997
- Rose, A. H.
- Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, Issue 5
Mg-Doped Sapphire Crystal Fibers Grown by Laser-Heated Pedestal Growth Method
journal, January 2006
- Liu, Che-Ming; Chen, Jyh-Chen; Chiang, Chang-Hung
- Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 45, Issue 1A
Fiber-optic sensing of pressure and temperature
journal, January 1979
- Hocker, G. B.
- Applied Optics, Vol. 18, Issue 9
Fiber optic pressure sensor
journal, March 1980
- Fields, J. N.; Asawa, C. K.; Ramer, O. G.
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 67, Issue 3
Structural performance of ceramics in a high-fluence fusion environment
journal, May 1984
- Clinard, F. W.; Hurley, G. F.; Hobbs, L. W.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 123, Issue 1-3
Electron irradiation damage in a-Al 2 O 3
journal, July 1981
- Howitt, D. G.; Mitchell, T. E.
- Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 44, Issue 1
A cation vacancy center in crystalline Al 2 O 3
journal, December 1995
- Evans, Bruce D.; Cain, Laurence S.
- Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, Vol. 134, Issue 1-4
Experience with the Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment
journal, February 1970
- Haubenreich, Paul N.; Engel, J. R.
- Nuclear Applications and Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 2
Absorption and photoluminescence study of Al2O3 single crystal irradiated with fast neutrons
journal, October 2010
- Izerrouken, M.; Benyahia, T.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 268, Issue 19
High-dose temperature-dependent neutron irradiation effects on the optical transmission and dimensional stability of amorphous fused silica
journal, December 2019
- Petrie, Christian M.; Birri, Anthony; Blue, Thomas E.
- Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 525