Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships
Abstract
The scope of the environmentally benign direct C–H arylation polymerization (DARP) process is validated and significantly extended in the synthesis of a high-performance benzodithiophene-based copolymer series, PBDT(Ar)-FTTE, with previously untested and systematically varied heteroaryl (Ar) substituents. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) containing the high-performance nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) ITIC-Th and DARP-derived donors are fabricated and evaluated, yielding PCEs as high as 8%. The relationships between Ar-sensitive copolymer structure, BHJ morphology, and PSC performance are elucidated through in-depth characterization of structural order, phase separation, and charge transport using SCLC, AFM, GIWAXS, R-SoXS, and NEXAFS measurements, which conclusively demonstrate the important effects of Ar-tunable, dimensionally smaller, and well-blended copolymer domains for maximum PSC performance. Smaller BHJ copolymer domains having greater ITIC-Th miscibility definitively correlate with enhanced JSC, FF, and PCE metrics. Surprisingly regarding cell performance durability, while unencapsulated PBDTT-FTTE:ITIC-Th PSCs deliver the highest initial PCE, the unencapsulated PBDTTF-FTTE:ITIC-Th devices exhibit the optimum combination of high initial photovoltaic metrics and stability, retaining nearly 90% of the initial PCE after 51 days in ambient conditions and 83% of initial PCE after 180 min under simulated solar illumination. Importantly, for this PBDT(Ar)-FTTE:ITIC-Th series, PSC photovoltaic stability correlates with the presence of large pure BHJ domains,more »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
[2];
[2];
[2];
[3];
[1];
[1]
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States); Flexterra Corporation, Skokie, IL (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States); Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States); U.S. Department of Commerce
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of Commerce
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1610009
- Grant/Contract Number:
- FG02-08ER46536; SC0001059; AC02-05CH11231; FA9550-18-1-0320; DMR-1720139; 70NANB14H012; ECCS-1542205; DMR-1332208
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Chemistry of Materials
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 31; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0897-4756
- Publisher:
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Citation Formats
Aldrich, Thomas J., Zhu, Weigang, Mukherjee, Subhrangsu, Richter, Lee J., Gann, Eliot, DeLongchamp, Dean M., Facchetti, Antonio, Melkonyan, Ferdinand S., and Marks, Tobin J. Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741.
Aldrich, Thomas J., Zhu, Weigang, Mukherjee, Subhrangsu, Richter, Lee J., Gann, Eliot, DeLongchamp, Dean M., Facchetti, Antonio, Melkonyan, Ferdinand S., & Marks, Tobin J. Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741
Aldrich, Thomas J., Zhu, Weigang, Mukherjee, Subhrangsu, Richter, Lee J., Gann, Eliot, DeLongchamp, Dean M., Facchetti, Antonio, Melkonyan, Ferdinand S., and Marks, Tobin J. Thu .
"Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1610009.
@article{osti_1610009,
title = {Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships},
author = {Aldrich, Thomas J. and Zhu, Weigang and Mukherjee, Subhrangsu and Richter, Lee J. and Gann, Eliot and DeLongchamp, Dean M. and Facchetti, Antonio and Melkonyan, Ferdinand S. and Marks, Tobin J.},
abstractNote = {The scope of the environmentally benign direct C–H arylation polymerization (DARP) process is validated and significantly extended in the synthesis of a high-performance benzodithiophene-based copolymer series, PBDT(Ar)-FTTE, with previously untested and systematically varied heteroaryl (Ar) substituents. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) containing the high-performance nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) ITIC-Th and DARP-derived donors are fabricated and evaluated, yielding PCEs as high as 8%. The relationships between Ar-sensitive copolymer structure, BHJ morphology, and PSC performance are elucidated through in-depth characterization of structural order, phase separation, and charge transport using SCLC, AFM, GIWAXS, R-SoXS, and NEXAFS measurements, which conclusively demonstrate the important effects of Ar-tunable, dimensionally smaller, and well-blended copolymer domains for maximum PSC performance. Smaller BHJ copolymer domains having greater ITIC-Th miscibility definitively correlate with enhanced JSC, FF, and PCE metrics. Surprisingly regarding cell performance durability, while unencapsulated PBDTT-FTTE:ITIC-Th PSCs deliver the highest initial PCE, the unencapsulated PBDTTF-FTTE:ITIC-Th devices exhibit the optimum combination of high initial photovoltaic metrics and stability, retaining nearly 90% of the initial PCE after 51 days in ambient conditions and 83% of initial PCE after 180 min under simulated solar illumination. Importantly, for this PBDT(Ar)-FTTE:ITIC-Th series, PSC photovoltaic stability correlates with the presence of large pure BHJ domains, and moreover rivals or exceeds the stability of the analogous fullerene-based PSCs. Together, the results argue that solar cells prepared with the environmentally benign DARP process and NFAs are promising for both greener and more stable solar energy generation.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741},
journal = {Chemistry of Materials},
number = 11,
volume = 31,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019},
month = {Thu May 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019}
}
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