Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion

Giridharagopal, Rajiv; Precht, Jake T.; Jariwala, Sarthak; Collins, Liam F.; Jesse, Stephen; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Ginger, David S.

doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b08390

Title: Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion

Abstract

We study light-induced dynamics in thin films comprising Ruddlesden–Popper phases of the layered 2D perovskite (C4H9NH3)2PbI4. We probe ionic and electronic carrier dynamics using two complementary scanning probe methods, time-resolved G-mode Kelvin probe force microscopy and fast free time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy, as a function of position, time, and illumination. We show that the average surface photovoltage sign is dominated by the band bending at the buried perovskite–substrate interface. However, the film exhibits substantial variations in the spatial and temporal response of the photovoltage. Under illumination, the photovoltage equilibrates over hundreds of microseconds, a time scale associated with ionic motion and trapped electronic carriers. Surprisingly, we observe that the surface photovoltage of the 2D grain centers evolves more rapidly in time than at the grain boundaries. We propose that the slower evolution at grain boundaries is due to a combination of ion migration occurring between PbI4 planes, as well as electronic carriers traversing grain boundary traps, thereby changing the time-dependent band unbending at grain boundaries. These results provide a model for the photoinduced dynamics in 2D perovskites and are a useful basis for interpreting photovoltage dynamics on hybrid 2D/3D structures.

Authors:

^[1]; Precht, Jake T. ^[1]; Jariwala, Sarthak ^[1];

^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1545224

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1712697

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0013957

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ACS Nano

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 13; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1936-0851

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 14 SOLAR ENERGY; layered perovskites; time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy; G-Mode; Kelvin probe force microscopy; big data microscopy; Ruddlesden−Popper; layered perovskites time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy G-Mode Kelvin probe force microscopy big data microscopy Ruddlesden−Popper

Citation Formats


                    Giridharagopal, Rajiv, Precht, Jake T., Jariwala, Sarthak, Collins, Liam F., Jesse, Stephen, Kalinin, Sergei V., and Ginger, David S. Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b08390.

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                    Giridharagopal, Rajiv, Precht, Jake T., Jariwala, Sarthak, Collins, Liam F., Jesse, Stephen, Kalinin, Sergei V., & Ginger, David S. Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08390

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                    Giridharagopal, Rajiv, Precht, Jake T., Jariwala, Sarthak, Collins, Liam F., Jesse, Stephen, Kalinin, Sergei V., and Ginger, David S. Wed .  
"Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08390.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1545224.

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@article{osti_1545224,

  title        = {Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion},

  author       = {Giridharagopal, Rajiv and Precht, Jake T. and Jariwala, Sarthak and Collins, Liam F. and Jesse, Stephen and Kalinin, Sergei V. and Ginger, David S.},

  abstractNote = {We study light-induced dynamics in thin films comprising Ruddlesden–Popper phases of the layered 2D perovskite (C4H9NH3)2PbI4. We probe ionic and electronic carrier dynamics using two complementary scanning probe methods, time-resolved G-mode Kelvin probe force microscopy and fast free time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy, as a function of position, time, and illumination. We show that the average surface photovoltage sign is dominated by the band bending at the buried perovskite–substrate interface. However, the film exhibits substantial variations in the spatial and temporal response of the photovoltage. Under illumination, the photovoltage equilibrates over hundreds of microseconds, a time scale associated with ionic motion and trapped electronic carriers. Surprisingly, we observe that the surface photovoltage of the 2D grain centers evolves more rapidly in time than at the grain boundaries. We propose that the slower evolution at grain boundaries is due to a combination of ion migration occurring between PbI4 planes, as well as electronic carriers traversing grain boundary traps, thereby changing the time-dependent band unbending at grain boundaries. These results provide a model for the photoinduced dynamics in 2D perovskites and are a useful basis for interpreting photovoltage dynamics on hybrid 2D/3D structures.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acsnano.8b08390},

  journal      = {ACS Nano},

  number       = 3,

  volume       = 13,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Wed Feb 06 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Nie, W.; Tsai, H.; Asadpour, R.
Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6221, p. 522-525
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa0472

Photoluminescence Lifetimes Exceeding 8 μs and Quantum Yields Exceeding 30% in Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films by Ligand Passivation
journal, July 2016

deQuilettes, Dane W.; Koch, Susanne; Burke, Sven
ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00236

Multifrequency spectrum analysis using fully digital G Mode-Kelvin probe force microscopy
journal, February 2016

Collins, Liam; Belianinov, Alex; Somnath, Suhas
Nanotechnology, Vol. 27, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/10/105706

Works referencing / citing this record:

Progress of Surface Science Studies on ABX ₃ ‐Based Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2020

Qiu, Longbin; He, Sisi; Ono, Luis K.
Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201902726

Imaging Metal Halide Perovskites Material and Properties at the Nanoscale
journal, December 2019

Howard, John M.; Lahoti, Richa; Leite, Marina S.
Advanced Energy Materials
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201903161

Sensitive Direct Converting X‐Ray Detectors Utilizing Crystalline CsPbBr ₃ Perovskite Films Fabricated via Scalable Melt Processing
journal, January 2020

Matt, Gebhard J.; Levchuk, Ievgen; Knüttel, Judith
Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201901575

High-throughput sequential excitation for nanoscale mapping of electrochemical strain in granular ceria
journal, January 2019

Huang, Boyuan; Esfahani, Ehsan Nasr; Yu, Junxi
Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 48
DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07438d

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Title: Time-Resolved Electrical Scanning Probe Microscopy of Layered Perovskites Reveals Spatial Variations in Photoinduced Ionic and Electronic Carrier Motion

Abstract

Citation Formats

Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices journal, May 2015

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites journal, October 2012

Hybrid perovskite films approaching the radiative limit with over 90% photoluminescence quantum efficiency journal, April 2018

Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells with 14.1% Power Conversion Efficiency and 0.68% External Radiative Efficiency journal, August 2018

Direct Observation and Quantitative Analysis of Mobile Frenkel Defects in Metal Halide Perovskites Using Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy journal, May 2018

Interplay of Mobile Ions and Injected Carriers Creates Recombination Centers in Metal Halide Perovskites under Bias journal, May 2018

Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability journal, January 2016

2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar Cell Applications journal, June 2015

Ruddlesden–Popper Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskite 2D Homologous Semiconductors journal, April 2016

Ligand-Stabilized Reduced-Dimensionality Perovskites journal, February 2016

High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells journal, July 2016

A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability journal, September 2014

2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites for Optoelectronics journal, October 2017

Electrons, Excitons, and Phonons in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites: Connecting Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties journal, February 2018

Atomically thin two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites journal, September 2015

Stable Light-Emitting Diodes Using Phase-Pure Ruddlesden-Popper Layered Perovskites journal, January 2018

Efficient Blue Electroluminescence Using Quantum-Confined Two-Dimensional Perovskites journal, October 2016

Effects of Organic Moieties on Luminescence Properties of Organic–Inorganic Layered Perovskite-Type Compounds journal, April 2014

Realization of a Highly Oriented MAPbBr 3 Perovskite Thin Film via Ion Exchange for Ultrahigh Color Purity Green Light Emission journal, June 2018

Excitonic Many-Body Interactions in Two-Dimensional Lead Iodide Perovskite Quantum Wells journal, March 2015

Bandgap and exciton binding energies in lead-iodide-based natural quantum-well crystals journal, March 2004

Excitons in ultrathin organic-inorganic perovskite crystals journal, July 2015

Scaling law for excitons in 2D perovskite quantum wells journal, June 2018

Electroabsorption Spectroscopy Measurements of the Exciton Binding Energy, Electron–Hole Reduced Effective Mass, and Band Gap in the Perovskite CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 journal, April 2016

Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites journal, August 2017

Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic–inorganic perovskite films journal, May 2016

Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells: Significance of Grain Boundaries, Interface Traps, and Defect Ions journal, April 2017

Photovoltaic Switching Mechanism in Lateral Structure Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells journal, June 2015

Suppressed Ion Migration along the In-Plane Direction in Layered Perovskites journal, February 2018

Suppressed Ion Migration in Low-Dimensional Perovskites journal, June 2017

Extremely Low Operating Current Resistive Memory Based on Exfoliated 2D Perovskite Single Crystals for Neuromorphic Computing journal, October 2016

Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design journal, May 2018

Exciton state in two-dimensional perovskite semiconductor (C10H21NH3)2PbI4 journal, March 1989

Optical properties due to electronic transitions in two-dimensional semiconductors ( C n H 2 n + 1 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 journal, December 1990

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials as Semiconducting Channels in Thin-Film Field-Effect Transistors journal, October 1999

Design, Structure, and Optical Properties of Organic−Inorganic Perovskites Containing an Oligothiophene Chromophore journal, December 1999

Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells journal, August 2006

Submicrosecond Time Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Nanoscale Dynamics journal, January 2012

Imaging Charge Transfer State Excitations in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy journal, July 2015

Morphology-Dependent Trap Formation in Bulk Heterojunction Photodiodes journal, November 2012

Imaging Local Trap Formation in Conjugated Polymer Solar Cells: A Comparison of Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy and Scanning Kelvin Probe Imaging journal, October 2010

Noncontact Imaging of Ion Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy journal, December 2018

Microsecond photocapacitance transients observed using a charged microcantilever as a gated mechanical integrator journal, June 2017

Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy journal, September 2016

Electronic structures of lead iodide based low-dimensional crystals journal, April 2003

Excitonic Properties of Chemically Synthesized 2D Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Nanosheets journal, March 2018

New Type of 2D Perovskites with Alternating Cations in the Interlayer Space, (C(NH 2 ) 3 )(CH 3 NH 3 ) n Pb n I 3 n +1 : Structure, Properties, and Photovoltaic Performance journal, November 2017

Controllable Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper-Type Perovskite Heterostructures journal, December 2017

Extremely efficient internal exciton dissociation through edge states in layered 2D perovskites journal, March 2017

Charge-Carrier Dynamics in 2D Hybrid Metal–Halide Perovskites journal, October 2016

Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion journal, September 2017

Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber journal, October 2013

Surface photovoltage phenomena: theory, experiment, and applications journal, December 1999

Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy Study of Organo-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells journal, June 2014

Work function of indium tin oxide transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy journal, May 1996

Kelvin probe and ultraviolet photoemission measurements of indium tin oxide work function: a comparison journal, June 2000

Characterization of the Valence and Conduction Band Levels of n = 1 2D Perovskites: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation journal, February 2018

Zr Incorporation into TiO 2 Electrodes Reduces Hysteresis and Improves Performance in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells while Increasing Carrier Lifetimes journal, February 2015

The impact of ultra-thin titania interlayers on open circuit voltage and carrier lifetime in thin film solar cells journal, March 2016

Current status of electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells: materials and properties journal, January 2017

Fast, high-resolution surface potential measurements in air with heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy journal, May 2016

Real-Time Nanoscale Open-Circuit Voltage Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells journal, March 2017

Nanoimaging of Open-Circuit Voltage in Photovoltaic Devices journal, September 2015

Local Time-Dependent Charging in a Perovskite Solar Cell journal, July 2016

Observing Ion Motion in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy journal, February 2017

Coupled Slow and Fast Charge Dynamics in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite journal, January 2017

Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM journal, September 2018

Complete information acquisition in dynamic force microscopy journal, March 2015

Full data acquisition in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Mapping dynamic electric phenomena in real space journal, August 2016

Breaking the Time Barrier in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Fast Free Force Reconstruction Using the G-Mode Platform journal, August 2017

Interconversion between Free Charges and Bound Excitons in 2D Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites journal, November 2017

Thermally Activated Point Defect Diffusion in Methylammonium Lead Trihalide: Anisotropic and Ultrahigh Mobility of Iodine journal, June 2016

Compliance-Free Multileveled Resistive Switching in a Transparent 2D Perovskite for Neuromorphic Computing journal, December 2017

Big data and deep data in scanning and electron microscopies: deriving functionality from multidimensional data sets journal, May 2015

Fast time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy: Achieving sub-cycle time resolution journal, May 2016

Ultralow Self-Doping in Two-dimensional Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystals journal, June 2017

Tuning photoconductive properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite nanocomposite device via organic layer's thickness journal, June 2012

Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices
journal, May 2015

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2012

Hybrid perovskite films approaching the radiative limit with over 90% photoluminescence quantum efficiency
journal, April 2018

Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells with 14.1% Power Conversion Efficiency and 0.68% External Radiative Efficiency
journal, August 2018

Direct Observation and Quantitative Analysis of Mobile Frenkel Defects in Metal Halide Perovskites Using Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy
journal, May 2018

Interplay of Mobile Ions and Injected Carriers Creates Recombination Centers in Metal Halide Perovskites under Bias
journal, May 2018

Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability
journal, January 2016

2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar Cell Applications
journal, June 2015

Ruddlesden–Popper Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskite 2D Homologous Semiconductors
journal, April 2016

Ligand-Stabilized Reduced-Dimensionality Perovskites
journal, February 2016

High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2016

A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability
journal, September 2014

2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites for Optoelectronics
journal, October 2017

Electrons, Excitons, and Phonons in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites: Connecting Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties
journal, February 2018

Atomically thin two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites
journal, September 2015

Stable Light-Emitting Diodes Using Phase-Pure Ruddlesden-Popper Layered Perovskites
journal, January 2018

Efficient Blue Electroluminescence Using Quantum-Confined Two-Dimensional Perovskites
journal, October 2016

Effects of Organic Moieties on Luminescence Properties of Organic–Inorganic Layered Perovskite-Type Compounds
journal, April 2014

Realization of a Highly Oriented MAPbBr ₃ Perovskite Thin Film via Ion Exchange for Ultrahigh Color Purity Green Light Emission
journal, June 2018

Excitonic Many-Body Interactions in Two-Dimensional Lead Iodide Perovskite Quantum Wells
journal, March 2015

Bandgap and exciton binding energies in lead-iodide-based natural quantum-well crystals
journal, March 2004

Excitons in ultrathin organic-inorganic perovskite crystals
journal, July 2015

Scaling law for excitons in 2D perovskite quantum wells
journal, June 2018

Electroabsorption Spectroscopy Measurements of the Exciton Binding Energy, Electron–Hole Reduced Effective Mass, and Band Gap in the Perovskite CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃
journal, April 2016

Efficient ambient-air-stable solar cells with 2D–3D heterostructured butylammonium-caesium-formamidinium lead halide perovskites
journal, August 2017

Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic–inorganic perovskite films
journal, May 2016

Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells: Significance of Grain Boundaries, Interface Traps, and Defect Ions
journal, April 2017

Photovoltaic Switching Mechanism in Lateral Structure Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, June 2015

Suppressed Ion Migration along the In-Plane Direction in Layered Perovskites
journal, February 2018

Suppressed Ion Migration in Low-Dimensional Perovskites
journal, June 2017

Extremely Low Operating Current Resistive Memory Based on Exfoliated 2D Perovskite Single Crystals for Neuromorphic Computing
journal, October 2016

Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design
journal, May 2018

Exciton state in two-dimensional perovskite semiconductor (C10H21NH3)2PbI4
journal, March 1989

Optical properties due to electronic transitions in two-dimensional semiconductors ( $C_{n}$ $H_{2 n + 1}$ ${NH}_{3}$ $)_{2}$ ${PbI}_{4}$
journal, December 1990

Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials as Semiconducting Channels in Thin-Film Field-Effect Transistors
journal, October 1999

Design, Structure, and Optical Properties of Organic−Inorganic Perovskites Containing an Oligothiophene Chromophore
journal, December 1999

Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells
journal, August 2006

Submicrosecond Time Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Nanoscale Dynamics
journal, January 2012

Imaging Charge Transfer State Excitations in Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy
journal, July 2015

Morphology-Dependent Trap Formation in Bulk Heterojunction Photodiodes
journal, November 2012

Imaging Local Trap Formation in Conjugated Polymer Solar Cells: A Comparison of Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy and Scanning Kelvin Probe Imaging
journal, October 2010

Noncontact Imaging of Ion Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy
journal, December 2018

Microsecond photocapacitance transients observed using a charged microcantilever as a gated mechanical integrator
journal, June 2017

Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy
journal, September 2016

Electronic structures of lead iodide based low-dimensional crystals
journal, April 2003

Excitonic Properties of Chemically Synthesized 2D Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Nanosheets
journal, March 2018

New Type of 2D Perovskites with Alternating Cations in the Interlayer Space, (C(NH ₂ ) ₃ )(CH ₃ NH ₃ ) _n Pb _n I _{3 n +1} : Structure, Properties, and Photovoltaic Performance
journal, November 2017

Controllable Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper-Type Perovskite Heterostructures
journal, December 2017

Extremely efficient internal exciton dissociation through edge states in layered 2D perovskites
journal, March 2017

Charge-Carrier Dynamics in 2D Hybrid Metal–Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2016

Tracking Photoexcited Carriers in Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors: Trap-Dominated Spatial Heterogeneity and Diffusion
journal, September 2017

Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber
journal, October 2013

Surface photovoltage phenomena: theory, experiment, and applications
journal, December 1999

Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy Study of Organo-Lead Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, June 2014

Work function of indium tin oxide transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy
journal, May 1996

Kelvin probe and ultraviolet photoemission measurements of indium tin oxide work function: a comparison
journal, June 2000

Characterization of the Valence and Conduction Band Levels of n = 1 2D Perovskites: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
journal, February 2018

Zr Incorporation into TiO ₂ Electrodes Reduces Hysteresis and Improves Performance in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells while Increasing Carrier Lifetimes
journal, February 2015

The impact of ultra-thin titania interlayers on open circuit voltage and carrier lifetime in thin film solar cells
journal, March 2016

Current status of electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells: materials and properties
journal, January 2017

Fast, high-resolution surface potential measurements in air with heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy
journal, May 2016

Real-Time Nanoscale Open-Circuit Voltage Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, March 2017

Nanoimaging of Open-Circuit Voltage in Photovoltaic Devices
journal, September 2015

Local Time-Dependent Charging in a Perovskite Solar Cell
journal, July 2016

Observing Ion Motion in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
journal, February 2017

Coupled Slow and Fast Charge Dynamics in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite
journal, January 2017

Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM
journal, September 2018

Complete information acquisition in dynamic force microscopy
journal, March 2015

Full data acquisition in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Mapping dynamic electric phenomena in real space
journal, August 2016

Breaking the Time Barrier in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Fast Free Force Reconstruction Using the G-Mode Platform
journal, August 2017

Interconversion between Free Charges and Bound Excitons in 2D Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites
journal, November 2017

Thermally Activated Point Defect Diffusion in Methylammonium Lead Trihalide: Anisotropic and Ultrahigh Mobility of Iodine
journal, June 2016

Compliance-Free Multileveled Resistive Switching in a Transparent 2D Perovskite for Neuromorphic Computing
journal, December 2017

Big data and deep data in scanning and electron microscopies: deriving functionality from multidimensional data sets
journal, May 2015

Fast time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy: Achieving sub-cycle time resolution
journal, May 2016

Ultralow Self-Doping in Two-dimensional Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystals
journal, June 2017

Tuning photoconductive properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite nanocomposite device via organic layer's thickness
journal, June 2012

Mapping the Photoresponse of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films at the Nanoscale
journal, May 2016

Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells
journal, April 2015

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015