Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films

Shao, Qiming; Tang, Chi; Yu, Guoqiang; Navabi, Aryan; Wu, Hao; He, Congli; Li, Junxue; Upadhyaya, Pramey; Zhang, Peng; Razavi, Seyed Armin; He, Qing Lin; Liu, Yawen; Yang, Pei; Kim, Se Kwon; Zheng, Cheng; Liu, Yizhou; Pan, Lei; Lake, Roger K.; Han, Xiufeng; Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav; Shi, Jing; Wang, Kang L.

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06059-7

Title: Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films

Abstract

Magnetic insulators (MIs) attract tremendous interest for spintronic applications due to low Gilbert damping and the absence of Ohmic loss. Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on MIs are more intriguing than magnetic metals since SOTs cannot be transferred to MIs through direct injection of electron spins. Understanding of SOTs on MIs remains elusive, especially how SOTs scale with the MI film thickness. Here, we observe the critical role of dimensionality on the SOT efficiency by studying the MI layer thickness-dependent SOT efficiency in tungsten/thulium iron garnet (W/TmIG) bilayers. We show that the TmIG thin film evolves from two-dimensional to three-dimensional magnetic phase transitions as the thickness increases. We report the significant enhancement of the measured SOT efficiency as the TmIG thickness increases, which is attributed to the increase of the magnetic moment density. We demonstrate the current-induced SOT switching in the W/TmIG bilayers with a TmIG thickness up to 15 nm.

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Navabi, Aryan ^[1]; Wu, Hao ^[4]; He, Congli ^[1]; Li, Junxue ^[2]; Upadhyaya, Pramey ^[1]; Zhang, Peng ^[1];

^[1]; He, Qing Lin ^[1]; Liu, Yawen ^[2]; Yang, Pei ^[5]; Kim, Se Kwon ^[1];

^[1]; Liu, Yizhou ^[2]; Pan, Lei ^[1];

^[2]; Han, Xiufeng ^[4]; Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav ^[1] more »

Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Riverside, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States); Nanjing Univ. (China)

Publication Date:: Thu Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Spins and Heat in Nanoscale Electronic Systems (SHINES); Univ. of California, Riverside, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1511446

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012670

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Shao, Qiming, Tang, Chi, Yu, Guoqiang, Navabi, Aryan, Wu, Hao, He, Congli, Li, Junxue, Upadhyaya, Pramey, Zhang, Peng, Razavi, Seyed Armin, He, Qing Lin, Liu, Yawen, Yang, Pei, Kim, Se Kwon, Zheng, Cheng, Liu, Yizhou, Pan, Lei, Lake, Roger K., Han, Xiufeng, Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav, Shi, Jing, and Wang, Kang L. Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06059-7.

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                    Shao, Qiming, Tang, Chi, Yu, Guoqiang, Navabi, Aryan, Wu, Hao, He, Congli, Li, Junxue, Upadhyaya, Pramey, Zhang, Peng, Razavi, Seyed Armin, He, Qing Lin, Liu, Yawen, Yang, Pei, Kim, Se Kwon, Zheng, Cheng, Liu, Yizhou, Pan, Lei, Lake, Roger K., Han, Xiufeng, Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav, Shi, Jing, & Wang, Kang L. Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06059-7

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                    Shao, Qiming, Tang, Chi, Yu, Guoqiang, Navabi, Aryan, Wu, Hao, He, Congli, Li, Junxue, Upadhyaya, Pramey, Zhang, Peng, Razavi, Seyed Armin, He, Qing Lin, Liu, Yawen, Yang, Pei, Kim, Se Kwon, Zheng, Cheng, Liu, Yizhou, Pan, Lei, Lake, Roger K., Han, Xiufeng, Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav, Shi, Jing, and Wang, Kang L. Thu .  
"Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06059-7.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1511446.

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@article{osti_1511446,

  title        = {Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films},

  author       = {Shao, Qiming and Tang, Chi and Yu, Guoqiang and Navabi, Aryan and Wu, Hao and He, Congli and Li, Junxue and Upadhyaya, Pramey and Zhang, Peng and Razavi, Seyed Armin and He, Qing Lin and Liu, Yawen and Yang, Pei and Kim, Se Kwon and Zheng, Cheng and Liu, Yizhou and Pan, Lei and Lake, Roger K. and Han, Xiufeng and Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav and Shi, Jing and Wang, Kang L.},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic insulators (MIs) attract tremendous interest for spintronic applications due to low Gilbert damping and the absence of Ohmic loss. Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on MIs are more intriguing than magnetic metals since SOTs cannot be transferred to MIs through direct injection of electron spins. Understanding of SOTs on MIs remains elusive, especially how SOTs scale with the MI film thickness. Here, we observe the critical role of dimensionality on the SOT efficiency by studying the MI layer thickness-dependent SOT efficiency in tungsten/thulium iron garnet (W/TmIG) bilayers. We show that the TmIG thin film evolves from two-dimensional to three-dimensional magnetic phase transitions as the thickness increases. We report the significant enhancement of the measured SOT efficiency as the TmIG thickness increases, which is attributed to the increase of the magnetic moment density. We demonstrate the current-induced SOT switching in the W/TmIG bilayers with a TmIG thickness up to 15 nm.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41467-018-06059-7},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 9,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Thu Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14924-7

Magnetization switching using topological surface states
journal, August 2019

Li, Peng; Kally, James; Zhang, Steven S. -L.
Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3415

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Title: Role of dimensional crossover on spin-orbit torque efficiency in magnetic insulator thin films

Abstract

Citation Formats

Comparative measurements of inverse spin Hall effects and magnetoresistance in YIG/Pt and YIG/Ta journal, May 2013

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum journal, May 2012

Above 400-K robust perpendicular ferromagnetic phase in a topological insulator journal, June 2017

Spin transfer torque on magnetic insulators journal, September 2011

Spin–orbit-torque engineering via oxygen manipulation journal, March 2015

Current-Induced Switching of Perpendicularly Magnetized Magnetic Layers Using Spin Torque from the Spin Hall Effect journal, August 2012

Anomalous Hall hysteresis in T m 3 F e 5 O 12 / Pt with strain-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy journal, October 2016

Strong Rashba-Edelstein Effect-Induced Spin–Orbit Torques in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide/Ferromagnet Bilayers journal, November 2016

Dependence of the efficiency of spin Hall torque on the transparency of Pt/ferromagnetic layer interfaces journal, August 2015

Enhanced dc spin pumping into a fluctuating ferromagnet near T C journal, May 2014

Magnetism in ultrathin film structures journal, April 2008

Improvement of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications journal, July 2013

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection journal, August 2011

Current-induced switching in a magnetic insulator journal, November 2016

Spin caloritronics journal, April 2012

Theory of spin Hall magnetoresistance journal, April 2013

Layer thickness dependence of the current-induced effective field vector in Ta|CoFeB|MgO journal, December 2012

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten journal, September 2012

Interfacial spin and heat transfer between metals and magnetic insulators journal, April 2015

Symmetry and magnitude of spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures journal, July 2013

Enhancement of Pure Spin Currents in Spin Pumping Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 / Cu / Metal Trilayers through Spin Conductance Matching journal, May 2014

Origin of fieldlike spin-orbit torques in heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide thin film heterostructures journal, October 2016

Magnetization switching through spin-Hall-effect-induced chiral domain wall propagation journal, March 2014

Spin Hall Magnetoresistance Induced by a Nonequilibrium Proximity Effect journal, May 2013

Dimensional crossover in ultrathin Ni(111) films on W(110) journal, February 1992

Role of transparency of platinum–ferromagnet interfaces in determining the intrinsic magnitude of the spin Hall effect journal, April 2015

Deficiency of the bulk spin Hall effect model for spin-orbit torques in magnetic-insulator/heavy-metal heterostructures journal, June 2017

Interplay of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects in ferromagnet/normal-metal bilayers journal, December 2014

Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators journal, October 2010

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect journal, October 2008

Transmission of electrical signals by spin-wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator journal, March 2010

Central role of domain wall depinning for perpendicular magnetization switching driven by spin torque from the spin Hall effect journal, January 2014

Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields journal, May 2014

Spin–orbit torque-assisted switching in magnetic insulator thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy journal, September 2016

“Spin Caloritronics” journal, March 2010

Improvement of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications conference, May 2014

Thickness-Dependent Curie Temperatures of Ultrathin Magnetic Films: Effect of the Range of Spin-Spin Interactions text, January 2001

Spin caloritronics journal, January 2014

Spin Caloritronics text, January 2011

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten text, January 2012

Spin Hall Magnetoresistance Induced by a Non-Equilibrium Proximity Effect text, January 2012

Theory of spin Hall magnetoresistance text, January 2013

Comparative Measurements of Inverse Spin Hall and Magnetoresistance in YIG|Pt and YIG|Ta text, January 2013

Enhancement of Pure Spin Currents in Spin Pumping Y3Fe5O12/Cu/metal Trilayers through Spin Conductance Matching text, January 2014

Interfacial Spin and Heat Transfer between Metals and Magnetic Insulators text, January 2014

Dependence of the Efficiency of Spin Hall Torque on the Transparency of Pt-Ferromagnetic Layer Interfaces text, January 2014

Interplay of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects in ferromagnet/normal metal bilayers text, January 2014

Spin-orbit torque engineering via oxygen manipulation text, January 2015

Enhanced spin-orbit torque via modulation of spin current absorption text, January 2016

Deficiency of the Bulk Spin Hall Effect Model for Spin-Orbit Torques in Magnetic Insulator/Heavy Metal Heterostructures text, January 2017

Above 400 K Robust Perpendicular Ferromagnetic Phase in a Topological Insulator text, January 2017

Strong Rashba-Edelstein Effect-Induced Spin-Orbit Torques in Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide/Ferromagnet Bilayers text, January 2018

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect journal, October 2008

Transmission of electrical signals by spin-wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator journal, March 2010

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection journal, August 2011

Spin–orbit torque-assisted switching in magnetic insulator thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy journal, September 2016

Current-induced switching in a magnetic insulator journal, November 2016

Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields journal, May 2014

Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators journal, October 2010

Magnetism in the few-monolayers limit: A surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect study of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin films of Co, Ni, and Co-Ni alloys on Cu(100) and Cu(111) journal, February 1994

Penetration Depth of Transverse Spin Current in Ultrathin Ferromagnets journal, September 2012

Enhanced Spin-Orbit Torque via Modulation of Spin Current Absorption journal, November 2016

Thickness-Dependent Curie Temperatures of Ultrathin Magnetic Films: Effect of the Range of Spin-Spin Interactions journal, March 2001

Above 400-K robust perpendicular ferromagnetic phase in a topological insulator journal, June 2017

Spin transfer torque on magnetic insulators text, January 2011

Symmetry and magnitude of spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures text, January 2013

Optimization of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications text, January 2013

Enhanced DC Spin Pumping into a Fluctuating Ferromagnet near Tc text, January 2014

The Ultrafast Einstein-De Haas Effect text, January 2018

Efficient Spin‐Orbit Torque Switching of the Semiconducting Van Der Waals Ferromagnet Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6 journal, November 2019

Van der Waals magnets: Wonder building blocks for two‐dimensional spintronics? journal, October 2019

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in compressive strained La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films journal, March 2019

High-speed domain wall racetracks in a magnetic insulator journal, October 2019

Ferromagnetic resonance of perpendicularly magnetized Tm 3 Fe 5 O 12 /Pt heterostructures journal, October 2019

Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and chiral magnetic textures in a ferrimagnetic insulator journal, September 2019

Exploring interfacial exchange coupling and sublattice effect in heavy metal/ferrimagnetic insulator heterostructures using Hall measurements, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and neutron reflectometry journal, March 2019

Mechanism of Néel Order Switching in Antiferromagnetic Thin Films Revealed by Magnetotransport and Direct Imaging journal, October 2019

Comparative measurements of inverse spin Hall effects and magnetoresistance in YIG/Pt and YIG/Ta
journal, May 2013

Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum
journal, May 2012

Above 400-K robust perpendicular ferromagnetic phase in a topological insulator
journal, June 2017

Spin transfer torque on magnetic insulators
journal, September 2011

Spin–orbit-torque engineering via oxygen manipulation
journal, March 2015

Current-Induced Switching of Perpendicularly Magnetized Magnetic Layers Using Spin Torque from the Spin Hall Effect
journal, August 2012

Anomalous Hall hysteresis in $T m_{3} F e_{5} O_{12} / Pt$ with strain-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
journal, October 2016

Strong Rashba-Edelstein Effect-Induced Spin–Orbit Torques in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenide/Ferromagnet Bilayers
journal, November 2016

Dependence of the efficiency of spin Hall torque on the transparency of Pt/ferromagnetic layer interfaces
journal, August 2015

Enhanced dc spin pumping into a fluctuating ferromagnet near $T_{C}$
journal, May 2014

Magnetism in ultrathin film structures
journal, April 2008

Improvement of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications
journal, July 2013

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection
journal, August 2011

Current-induced switching in a magnetic insulator
journal, November 2016

Spin caloritronics
journal, April 2012

Theory of spin Hall magnetoresistance
journal, April 2013

Layer thickness dependence of the current-induced effective field vector in Ta|CoFeB|MgO
journal, December 2012

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten
journal, September 2012

Interfacial spin and heat transfer between metals and magnetic insulators
journal, April 2015

Symmetry and magnitude of spin–orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures
journal, July 2013

Enhancement of Pure Spin Currents in Spin Pumping $Y_{3} {Fe}_{5} O_{12} / Cu / Metal$ Trilayers through Spin Conductance Matching
journal, May 2014

Origin of fieldlike spin-orbit torques in heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide thin film heterostructures
journal, October 2016

Magnetization switching through spin-Hall-effect-induced chiral domain wall propagation
journal, March 2014

Spin Hall Magnetoresistance Induced by a Nonequilibrium Proximity Effect
journal, May 2013

Dimensional crossover in ultrathin Ni(111) films on W(110)
journal, February 1992

Role of transparency of platinum–ferromagnet interfaces in determining the intrinsic magnitude of the spin Hall effect
journal, April 2015

Deficiency of the bulk spin Hall effect model for spin-orbit torques in magnetic-insulator/heavy-metal heterostructures
journal, June 2017

Interplay of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects in ferromagnet/normal-metal bilayers
journal, December 2014

Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators
journal, October 2010

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect
journal, October 2008

Transmission of electrical signals by spin-wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator
journal, March 2010

Central role of domain wall depinning for perpendicular magnetization switching driven by spin torque from the spin Hall effect
journal, January 2014

Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields
journal, May 2014

Spin–orbit torque-assisted switching in magnetic insulator thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
journal, September 2016

“Spin Caloritronics”
journal, March 2010

Improvement of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications
conference, May 2014

Thickness-Dependent Curie Temperatures of Ultrathin Magnetic Films: Effect of the Range of Spin-Spin Interactions
text, January 2001

Spin caloritronics
journal, January 2014

Spin Caloritronics
text, January 2011

Spin transfer torque devices utilizing the giant spin Hall effect of tungsten
text, January 2012

Spin Hall Magnetoresistance Induced by a Non-Equilibrium Proximity Effect
text, January 2012

Theory of spin Hall magnetoresistance
text, January 2013

Comparative Measurements of Inverse Spin Hall and Magnetoresistance in YIG|Pt and YIG|Ta
text, January 2013

Enhancement of Pure Spin Currents in Spin Pumping Y3Fe5O12/Cu/metal Trilayers through Spin Conductance Matching
text, January 2014

Interfacial Spin and Heat Transfer between Metals and Magnetic Insulators
text, January 2014

Dependence of the Efficiency of Spin Hall Torque on the Transparency of Pt-Ferromagnetic Layer Interfaces
text, January 2014

Interplay of spin-orbit torque and thermoelectric effects in ferromagnet/normal metal bilayers
text, January 2014

Spin-orbit torque engineering via oxygen manipulation
text, January 2015

Enhanced spin-orbit torque via modulation of spin current absorption
text, January 2016

Deficiency of the Bulk Spin Hall Effect Model for Spin-Orbit Torques in Magnetic Insulator/Heavy Metal Heterostructures
text, January 2017

Above 400 K Robust Perpendicular Ferromagnetic Phase in a Topological Insulator
text, January 2017

Strong Rashba-Edelstein Effect-Induced Spin-Orbit Torques in Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide/Ferromagnet Bilayers
text, January 2018

Observation of the spin Seebeck effect
journal, October 2008

Transmission of electrical signals by spin-wave interconversion in a magnetic insulator
journal, March 2010

Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection
journal, August 2011

Spin–orbit torque-assisted switching in magnetic insulator thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
journal, September 2016

Current-induced switching in a magnetic insulator
journal, November 2016

Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin–orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields
journal, May 2014

Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators
journal, October 2010

Magnetism in the few-monolayers limit: A surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect study of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin films of Co, Ni, and Co-Ni alloys on Cu(100) and Cu(111)
journal, February 1994

Penetration Depth of Transverse Spin Current in Ultrathin Ferromagnets
journal, September 2012

Enhanced Spin-Orbit Torque via Modulation of Spin Current Absorption
journal, November 2016

Thickness-Dependent Curie Temperatures of Ultrathin Magnetic Films: Effect of the Range of Spin-Spin Interactions
journal, March 2001

Above 400-K robust perpendicular ferromagnetic phase in a topological insulator
journal, June 2017

Spin transfer torque on magnetic insulators
text, January 2011

Symmetry and magnitude of spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic heterostructures
text, January 2013

Optimization of the yttrium iron garnet/platinum interface for spin pumping-based applications
text, January 2013

Enhanced DC Spin Pumping into a Fluctuating Ferromagnet near Tc
text, January 2014

The Ultrafast Einstein-De Haas Effect
text, January 2018

Efficient Spin‐Orbit Torque Switching of the Semiconducting Van Der Waals Ferromagnet Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆
journal, November 2019

Van der Waals magnets: Wonder building blocks for two‐dimensional spintronics?
journal, October 2019

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in compressive strained La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films
journal, March 2019

High-speed domain wall racetracks in a magnetic insulator
journal, October 2019

Ferromagnetic resonance of perpendicularly magnetized Tm ₃ Fe ₅ O ₁₂ /Pt heterostructures
journal, October 2019

Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and chiral magnetic textures in a ferrimagnetic insulator
journal, September 2019

Exploring interfacial exchange coupling and sublattice effect in heavy metal/ferrimagnetic insulator heterostructures using Hall measurements, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and neutron reflectometry
journal, March 2019

Mechanism of Néel Order Switching in Antiferromagnetic Thin Films Revealed by Magnetotransport and Direct Imaging
journal, October 2019

Nonlocal Detection of Out-of-Plane Magnetization in a Magnetic Insulator by Thermal Spin Drag
journal, January 2020

Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems
journal, September 2019

Magnetization switching using topological surface states
journal, August 2019