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Title: Airborne Bacteria in Earth's Lower Stratosphere Resemble Taxa Detected in the Troposphere: Results From a New NASA Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC)

Abstract

Airborne microorganisms in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere remain elusive due to a lack of reliable sample collection systems. To address this problem, we designed, installed, and flight-validated a novel Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC) for NASA's C-20A that can make collections for microbiological research investigations up to altitudes of 13.7 km. Herein we report results from the first set of science flights—four consecutive missions flown over the United States (US) from 30 October to 2 November, 2017. To ascertain how the concentration of airborne bacteria changed across the tropopause, we collected air during aircraft Ascent/Descent (0.3 to 11 km), as well as sustained Cruise altitudes in the lower stratosphere (~12 km). Bioaerosols were captured on DNA-treated gelatinous filters inside a cascade air sampler, then analyzed with molecular and culture-based characterization. Several viable bacterial isolates were recovered from flight altitudes, including Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. from Cruise samples and Brachybacterium sp. from Ascent/Descent samples. Using 16S V4 sequencing methods for a culture-independent analysis of bacteria, the average number of total OTUs was 305 for Cruise samples and 276 for Ascent/Descent samples. Some taxa were more abundant in the flight samples than the ground samples, includingmore » OTUs from families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae as well as the following genera: Clostridium, Mogibacterium, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, and Parabacteroides. Surprisingly, our results revealed a homogeneous distribution of bacteria in the atmosphere up to 12 km. The observation could be due to atmospheric conditions producing similar background aerosols across the western US, as suggested by modeled back trajectories and satellite measurements. However, the influence of aircraft-associated bacterial contaminants could not be fully eliminated and that background signal was reported throughout our dataset. Furthermore considering the tremendous engineering challenge of collecting biomass at extreme altitudes where contamination from flight hardware remains an ever-present issue, we note the utility of using the stratosphere as a proving ground for planned life detection missions across the solar system.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [1];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [9];  [9];  [9];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [6];  [9]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA (United States)
  2. Second Genome Inc., San Francisco, CA (United States)
  3. United States Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL (United States)
  4. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  5. Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA (United States)
  6. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
  7. Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA (United States)
  8. Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL (United States)
  9. NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, Palmdale, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
OSTI Identifier:
1474345
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-756269
Journal ID: ISSN 1664-302X; 942195
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Frontiers in Microbiology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: na; Journal ID: ISSN 1664-302X
Publisher:
Frontiers Research Foundation
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Smith, David J., Ravichandar, Jayamary Divya, Jain, Sunit, Griffin, Dale W., Yu, Hongbin, Tan, Qian, Thissen, James, Lusby, Terry, Nicoll, Patrick, Shedler, Sarah, Martinez, Paul, Osorio, Alejandro, Lechniak, Jason, Choi, Samuel, Sabino, Kayleen, Iverson, Kathryn, Chan, Luisa, Jaing, Crystal, and McGrath, John. Airborne Bacteria in Earth's Lower Stratosphere Resemble Taxa Detected in the Troposphere: Results From a New NASA Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC). United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752.
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Smith, David J., Ravichandar, Jayamary Divya, Jain, Sunit, Griffin, Dale W., Yu, Hongbin, Tan, Qian, Thissen, James, Lusby, Terry, Nicoll, Patrick, Shedler, Sarah, Martinez, Paul, Osorio, Alejandro, Lechniak, Jason, Choi, Samuel, Sabino, Kayleen, Iverson, Kathryn, Chan, Luisa, Jaing, Crystal, & McGrath, John. Airborne Bacteria in Earth's Lower Stratosphere Resemble Taxa Detected in the Troposphere: Results From a New NASA Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC). United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752
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Smith, David J., Ravichandar, Jayamary Divya, Jain, Sunit, Griffin, Dale W., Yu, Hongbin, Tan, Qian, Thissen, James, Lusby, Terry, Nicoll, Patrick, Shedler, Sarah, Martinez, Paul, Osorio, Alejandro, Lechniak, Jason, Choi, Samuel, Sabino, Kayleen, Iverson, Kathryn, Chan, Luisa, Jaing, Crystal, and McGrath, John. Tue . "Airborne Bacteria in Earth's Lower Stratosphere Resemble Taxa Detected in the Troposphere: Results From a New NASA Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC)". United States. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474345.
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@article{osti_1474345,
title = {Airborne Bacteria in Earth's Lower Stratosphere Resemble Taxa Detected in the Troposphere: Results From a New NASA Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC)},
author = {Smith, David J. and Ravichandar, Jayamary Divya and Jain, Sunit and Griffin, Dale W. and Yu, Hongbin and Tan, Qian and Thissen, James and Lusby, Terry and Nicoll, Patrick and Shedler, Sarah and Martinez, Paul and Osorio, Alejandro and Lechniak, Jason and Choi, Samuel and Sabino, Kayleen and Iverson, Kathryn and Chan, Luisa and Jaing, Crystal and McGrath, John},
abstractNote = {Airborne microorganisms in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere remain elusive due to a lack of reliable sample collection systems. To address this problem, we designed, installed, and flight-validated a novel Aircraft Bioaerosol Collector (ABC) for NASA's C-20A that can make collections for microbiological research investigations up to altitudes of 13.7 km. Herein we report results from the first set of science flights—four consecutive missions flown over the United States (US) from 30 October to 2 November, 2017. To ascertain how the concentration of airborne bacteria changed across the tropopause, we collected air during aircraft Ascent/Descent (0.3 to 11 km), as well as sustained Cruise altitudes in the lower stratosphere (~12 km). Bioaerosols were captured on DNA-treated gelatinous filters inside a cascade air sampler, then analyzed with molecular and culture-based characterization. Several viable bacterial isolates were recovered from flight altitudes, including Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. from Cruise samples and Brachybacterium sp. from Ascent/Descent samples. Using 16S V4 sequencing methods for a culture-independent analysis of bacteria, the average number of total OTUs was 305 for Cruise samples and 276 for Ascent/Descent samples. Some taxa were more abundant in the flight samples than the ground samples, including OTUs from families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae as well as the following genera: Clostridium, Mogibacterium, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Pseudomonas, and Parabacteroides. Surprisingly, our results revealed a homogeneous distribution of bacteria in the atmosphere up to 12 km. The observation could be due to atmospheric conditions producing similar background aerosols across the western US, as suggested by modeled back trajectories and satellite measurements. However, the influence of aircraft-associated bacterial contaminants could not be fully eliminated and that background signal was reported throughout our dataset. Furthermore considering the tremendous engineering challenge of collecting biomass at extreme altitudes where contamination from flight hardware remains an ever-present issue, we note the utility of using the stratosphere as a proving ground for planned life detection missions across the solar system.},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752},
journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
number = na,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Aug 14 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Tue Aug 14 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01752
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Abundance of Cellular Material and Proteins in the Atmosphere
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Legal immigrants: invasion of alien microbial communities during winter occurring desert dust storms
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Molecular Evidence for Metabolically Active Bacteria in the Atmosphere
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Waste Not, Want Not: Why Rarefying Microbiome Data is Inadmissible
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Characterization of atmospheric bioaerosols along the transport pathway of Asian dust during the Dust-Bioaerosol 2016 Campaign
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Bacteria in the global atmosphere – Part 1: Review and synthesis of literature data for different ecosystems
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  • Burrows, S. M.; Elbert, W.; Lawrence, M. G.
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  • DOI: 10.5194/acpd-9-10777-2009

Detection and phylogenetic analysis of coastal bioaerosols using culture dependent and independent techniques
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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Beyond the planetary boundary layer: Bacterial and fungal vertical biogeography at Mount Sonnblick, Austria
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    Methods to Investigate the Global Atmospheric Microbiome
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    • Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 10
    • DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00243

    Methods to Investigate the Global Atmospheric Microbiome
    journal, February 2019

    • Dommergue, Aurelien; Amato, Pierre; Tignat-Perrier, Romie
    • Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 10
    • DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00243
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