Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas

Alia, Shaun M.; Hurst, Katherine E.; Kocha, Shyam S.; Pivovar, Bryan S.

doi:10.1149/2.0071611jes

Title: Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas

Abstract

Determining the surface areas of electrocatalysts is critical for separating the key properties of area-specific activity and electrochemical surface area from mass activity. Hydrogen underpotential deposition and carbon monoxide oxidation are typically used to evaluate iridium (Ir) surface areas, but are ineffective on oxides and can be sensitive to surface oxides formed on Ir metals. Mercury underpotential deposition is presented in this study as an alternative, able to produce reasonable surface areas on Ir and Ir oxide nanoparticles, and able to produce similar surface areas prior to and following characterization in oxygen evolution. Reliable electrochemical surface areas allow for comparative studies of different catalyst types and the characterization of advanced oxygen evolution catalysts. Lastly, they also enable the study of catalyst degradation in durability testing, both areas of increasing importance within electrolysis and electrocatalysis.

Authors:

Alia, Shaun M. ^[1]; Hurst, Katherine E. ^[1]; Kocha, Shyam S. ^[1]; Pivovar, Bryan S. ^[1]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical and Materials Science Center

Publication Date:: Thu Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1290786

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5900-66914
Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; SC0007471

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 163; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; electrocatalysis; electrochemical surface area; electrolysis; iridium

Citation Formats


                    Alia, Shaun M., Hurst, Katherine E., Kocha, Shyam S., and Pivovar, Bryan S. Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1149/2.0071611jes.

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                    Alia, Shaun M., Hurst, Katherine E., Kocha, Shyam S., & Pivovar, Bryan S. Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0071611jes

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                    Alia, Shaun M., Hurst, Katherine E., Kocha, Shyam S., and Pivovar, Bryan S. Thu .  
"Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0071611jes.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1290786.

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@article{osti_1290786,

  title        = {Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas},

  author       = {Alia, Shaun M. and Hurst, Katherine E. and Kocha, Shyam S. and Pivovar, Bryan S.},

  abstractNote = {Determining the surface areas of electrocatalysts is critical for separating the key properties of area-specific activity and electrochemical surface area from mass activity. Hydrogen underpotential deposition and carbon monoxide oxidation are typically used to evaluate iridium (Ir) surface areas, but are ineffective on oxides and can be sensitive to surface oxides formed on Ir metals. Mercury underpotential deposition is presented in this study as an alternative, able to produce reasonable surface areas on Ir and Ir oxide nanoparticles, and able to produce similar surface areas prior to and following characterization in oxygen evolution. Reliable electrochemical surface areas allow for comparative studies of different catalyst types and the characterization of advanced oxygen evolution catalysts. Lastly, they also enable the study of catalyst degradation in durability testing, both areas of increasing importance within electrolysis and electrocatalysis.},

  doi          = {10.1149/2.0071611jes},

  journal      = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 163,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Thu Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

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Works referencing / citing this record:

Synthesis of Iridium Nanocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acid: Effect of the Surfactant
journal, January 2020

Arminio‐Ravelo, José Alejandro; Quinson, Jonathan; Pedersen, Mads A.
ChemCatChem, Vol. 12, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902190

Electrolyte Effects on the Electrocatalytic Performance of Iridium‐Based Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution in Rotating Disc Electrodes
journal, November 2019

Arminio‐Ravelo, José Alejandro; Jensen, Anders W.; Jensen, Kim D.
ChemPhysChem, Vol. 20, Issue 22
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Connected iridium nanoparticle catalysts coated onto silica with high density for oxygen evolution in polymer electrolyte water electrolysis
journal, January 2020

Sugita, Yoshiyuki; Tamaki, Takanori; Kuroki, Hidenori
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Iridium Oxygen Evolution Activity and Durability Baselines in Rotating Disk Electrode Half-Cells
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Alia, Shaun M.; Anderson, Grace C.
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The Roles of Oxide Growth and Sub-Surface Facets in Oxygen Evolution Activity of Iridium and Its Impact on Electrolysis
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Alia, Shaun M.; Ha, Mai-Anh; Anderson, Grace C.
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Analysis of Inkjet Printed Catalyst Coated Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Electrolyzers
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Title: Mercury Underpotential Deposition to Determine Iridium and Iridium Oxide Electrochemical Surface Areas

Abstract

Citation Formats

Kinetics of oxygen evolution and dissolution on platinum electrodes journal, July 1966

Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reaction Kinetics on Platinum: Acid vs Alkaline Electrolytes journal, January 2010

Molecular Insight in Structure and Activity of Highly Efficient, Low-Ir Ir–Ni Oxide Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting (OER) journal, September 2015

Oxide-Supported IrNiO x Core-Shell Particles as Efficient, Cost-Effective, and Stable Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting journal, January 2015

Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) on Ru, Ir, and Pt Catalysts: A Comparative Study of Nanoparticles and Bulk Materials journal, July 2012

Oxide-supported Ir nanodendrites with high activity and durability for the oxygen evolution reaction in acid PEM water electrolyzers journal, January 2015

IrO2/Nb–TiO2 electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic medium journal, April 2014

Three-dimensional ordered macroporous IrO2 as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic medium journal, January 2012

Fine-tuning the activity of oxygen evolution catalysts: The effect of oxidation pre-treatment on size-selected Ru nanoparticles journal, March 2016

Bimetallic Ru Electrocatalysts for the OER and Electrolytic Water Splitting in Acidic Media journal, January 2010

The oxygen evolution reaction on platinum, iridium, ruthenium and their alloys at 80°C in acid solutions journal, June 1978

Electrochemical Equilibria book, January 1973

Activity and Durability of Iridium Nanoparticles in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction journal, September 2015

Hydrogen adsorption on platinum, iridium and rhodium electrodes at reduced temperatures and the determination of real surface area journal, January 1974

Hydrogen adsorption on iridium single-crystal surfaces journal, February 1990

Electrochemical Infrared Studies of Monocrystalline Iridium Surfaces. Part 2: Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Adsorption on Ir(110) journal, April 1998

Iridium Oxide Film Electrodes for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry journal, October 2008

Deposition and Stripping Properties of Mercury on Iridium Electrodes journal, January 1986

Solid-state Reactions of Mercury with Pure Noble Metals Part 2. Mercury–iridium system journal, January 2002

An iridium based mercury film electrode journal, January 1988

Calculating the Electrochemically Active Surface Area of Iridium Oxide in Operating Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers journal, January 2015

Determining the Electrochemically Active Area of IrOx Powder Catalysts in an Operating Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer journal, September 2015

Experimental Methods for Quantifying the Activity of Platinum Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction journal, August 2010

Influence of iridium oxide loadings on the performance of PEM water electrolysis cells: Part I–Pure IrO 2 -based anodes journal, March 2016

“Inner” and “outer” active surface of RuO2 electrodes journal, January 1990

Ruthenium dioxide-based film electrodes: III. Effect of chemical composition and surface morphology on oxygen evolution in acid solutions journal, March 1978

Electrocatalysis in water electrolysis with solid polymer electrolyte journal, November 2003

Impedance of hydrated iridium oxide electrodes journal, June 1989

In vitro electrical properties for iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes journal, December 2002

Potential-Biased, Asymmetric Waveforms for Charge-Injection With Activated Iridium Oxide (AIROF) Neural Stimulation Electrodes journal, February 2006

Charge Injection Properties of Thermally-Prepared Iridium Oxide Films journal, January 1985

Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes journal, August 2008

Benchmarking Hydrogen Evolving Reaction and Oxygen Evolving Reaction Electrocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting Devices journal, March 2015

Carbon monoxide electrooxidation on well-characterized platinum-ruthenium alloys journal, January 1994

Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts journal, February 2008

Mechanism of Carbon Monoxide Electrooxidation on Monocrystalline Gold Surfaces: Identification of a Hydroxycarbonyl Intermediate journal, January 1996

Adsorption of carbon monoxide on a smooth palladium electrode: an in-situ infrared spectroscopic study journal, May 1984

Trace determination of mercury by anodic stripping voltammetry at the rotating gold electrode journal, November 2000

Synthesis of Iridium Nanocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acid: Effect of the Surfactant journal, January 2020

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Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reaction Kinetics on Platinum: Acid vs Alkaline Electrolytes
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Molecular Insight in Structure and Activity of Highly Efficient, Low-Ir Ir–Ni Oxide Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting (OER)
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IrO2/Nb–TiO2 electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic medium
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Three-dimensional ordered macroporous IrO2 as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction in acidic medium
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Fine-tuning the activity of oxygen evolution catalysts: The effect of oxidation pre-treatment on size-selected Ru nanoparticles
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Bimetallic Ru Electrocatalysts for the OER and Electrolytic Water Splitting in Acidic Media
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The oxygen evolution reaction on platinum, iridium, ruthenium and their alloys at 80°C in acid solutions
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Electrochemical Equilibria
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Activity and Durability of Iridium Nanoparticles in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
journal, September 2015

Hydrogen adsorption on platinum, iridium and rhodium electrodes at reduced temperatures and the determination of real surface area
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Hydrogen adsorption on iridium single-crystal surfaces
journal, February 1990

Electrochemical Infrared Studies of Monocrystalline Iridium Surfaces. Part 2: Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide Adsorption on Ir(110)
journal, April 1998

Iridium Oxide Film Electrodes for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
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Deposition and Stripping Properties of Mercury on Iridium Electrodes
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Solid-state Reactions of Mercury with Pure Noble Metals Part 2. Mercury–iridium system
journal, January 2002

An iridium based mercury film electrode
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Calculating the Electrochemically Active Surface Area of Iridium Oxide in Operating Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers
journal, January 2015

Determining the Electrochemically Active Area of IrOx Powder Catalysts in an Operating Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer
journal, September 2015

Experimental Methods for Quantifying the Activity of Platinum Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
journal, August 2010

Influence of iridium oxide loadings on the performance of PEM water electrolysis cells: Part I–Pure IrO 2 -based anodes
journal, March 2016

“Inner” and “outer” active surface of RuO2 electrodes
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Ruthenium dioxide-based film electrodes: III. Effect of chemical composition and surface morphology on oxygen evolution in acid solutions
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Electrocatalysis in water electrolysis with solid polymer electrolyte
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Impedance of hydrated iridium oxide electrodes
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In vitro electrical properties for iridium oxide versus titanium nitride stimulating electrodes
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Potential-Biased, Asymmetric Waveforms for Charge-Injection With Activated Iridium Oxide (AIROF) Neural Stimulation Electrodes
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Charge Injection Properties of Thermally-Prepared Iridium Oxide Films
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Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
journal, August 2008

Benchmarking Hydrogen Evolving Reaction and Oxygen Evolving Reaction Electrocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting Devices
journal, March 2015

Carbon monoxide electrooxidation on well-characterized platinum-ruthenium alloys
journal, January 1994

Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts
journal, February 2008

Mechanism of Carbon Monoxide Electrooxidation on Monocrystalline Gold Surfaces: Identification of a Hydroxycarbonyl Intermediate
journal, January 1996

Adsorption of carbon monoxide on a smooth palladium electrode: an in-situ infrared spectroscopic study
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Trace determination of mercury by anodic stripping voltammetry at the rotating gold electrode
journal, November 2000

Synthesis of Iridium Nanocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acid: Effect of the Surfactant
journal, January 2020

Electrolyte Effects on the Electrocatalytic Performance of Iridium‐Based Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution in Rotating Disc Electrodes
journal, November 2019

Connected iridium nanoparticle catalysts coated onto silica with high density for oxygen evolution in polymer electrolyte water electrolysis
journal, January 2020

Iridium Oxygen Evolution Activity and Durability Baselines in Rotating Disk Electrode Half-Cells
journal, January 2019

The Roles of Oxide Growth and Sub-Surface Facets in Oxygen Evolution Activity of Iridium and Its Impact on Electrolysis
journal, January 2019

Analysis of Inkjet Printed Catalyst Coated Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Electrolyzers
journal, January 2018

Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis: Correlating Performance and Porous Transport Layer Structure: Part II. Electrochemical Performance Analysis
journal, January 2019

Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis: Correlating Performance and Porous Transport Layer Structure: Part II. Electrochemical Performance Analysis
text, January 2019

Synthesis of Iridium Nanocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acid: Effect of the Surfactant
text, January 2020

Disposition of Iridium on Ruthenium Nanoparticle Supported on Ketjenblack: Enhancement in Electrocatalytic Activity toward the Electrohydrogenation of Toluene to Methylcyclohexane
journal, January 2020