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Title: Differentiating Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric Electromechanical Effects with Scanning Probe Microscopy

Abstract

Ferroelectricity in functional materials remains one of the most fascinating areas of modern science in the past several decades. In the last several years, the rapid development of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and spectroscopy revealed the presence of electromechanical hysteresis loops and bias-induced remnant polar states in a broad variety of materials including many inorganic oxides, polymers, and biosystems. In many cases, this behavior was interpreted as the ample evidence for ferroelectric nature of the system. Here, we systematically analyze PFM responses on ferroelectric and nonferroelectric materials and demonstrate that mechanisms unrelated to ferroelectricity can induce ferroelectric-like characteristics through charge injection and electrostatic forces on the tip. In this paper, we will focus on similarities and differences in various PFM measurement characteristics to provide an experimental guideline to differentiate between ferroelectric material properties and charge injection. In conclusion, we apply the developed measurement protocols to an unknown ferroelectric material.

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [1];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [1]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Inst. for Functional Imaging of Materials
  2. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division
  3. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Materials Science and Engineering
  4. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
  5. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China). State Key Lab. of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics. Dept. of Physics; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing (China); RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako (Japan)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Basic Research Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
OSTI Identifier:
1265570
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
ACS Nano
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 1936-0851
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats

Balke, Nina, Maksymovych, Petro, Jesse, Stephen, Herklotz, Andreas, Tselev, Alexander, Eom, Chang-Beom, Kravchenko, Ivan I., Yu, Pu, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Differentiating Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric Electromechanical Effects with Scanning Probe Microscopy. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b02227.
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Balke, Nina, Maksymovych, Petro, Jesse, Stephen, Herklotz, Andreas, Tselev, Alexander, Eom, Chang-Beom, Kravchenko, Ivan I., Yu, Pu, & Kalinin, Sergei V. Differentiating Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric Electromechanical Effects with Scanning Probe Microscopy. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02227
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Balke, Nina, Maksymovych, Petro, Jesse, Stephen, Herklotz, Andreas, Tselev, Alexander, Eom, Chang-Beom, Kravchenko, Ivan I., Yu, Pu, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Tue . "Differentiating Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric Electromechanical Effects with Scanning Probe Microscopy". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02227. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1265570.
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@article{osti_1265570,
title = {Differentiating Ferroelectric and Nonferroelectric Electromechanical Effects with Scanning Probe Microscopy},
author = {Balke, Nina and Maksymovych, Petro and Jesse, Stephen and Herklotz, Andreas and Tselev, Alexander and Eom, Chang-Beom and Kravchenko, Ivan I. and Yu, Pu and Kalinin, Sergei V.},
abstractNote = {Ferroelectricity in functional materials remains one of the most fascinating areas of modern science in the past several decades. In the last several years, the rapid development of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and spectroscopy revealed the presence of electromechanical hysteresis loops and bias-induced remnant polar states in a broad variety of materials including many inorganic oxides, polymers, and biosystems. In many cases, this behavior was interpreted as the ample evidence for ferroelectric nature of the system. Here, we systematically analyze PFM responses on ferroelectric and nonferroelectric materials and demonstrate that mechanisms unrelated to ferroelectricity can induce ferroelectric-like characteristics through charge injection and electrostatic forces on the tip. In this paper, we will focus on similarities and differences in various PFM measurement characteristics to provide an experimental guideline to differentiate between ferroelectric material properties and charge injection. In conclusion, we apply the developed measurement protocols to an unknown ferroelectric material.},
doi = {10.1021/acsnano.5b02227},
journal = {ACS Nano},
number = 6,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Tue Jun 02 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b02227
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    • Figueiras, Fábio G.; Fernandes, J. Ramiro A.; Silva, J. P. B.
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 17
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta09425j

    Investigation of ferrimagnetism and ferroelectricity in Al x Fe 2−x O 3 thin films
    journal, January 2020

    • Rao, Badari Narayana; Yasui, Shintaro; Katayama, Tsukasa
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9tc05390e

    Quantification of in-contact probe-sample electrostatic forces with dynamic atomic force microscopy
    journal, January 2017

    Effect of epitaxial strain and vacancies on the ferroelectric-like response of CaTiO 3 thin films
    journal, October 2018

    • Sarantopoulos, A.; Ong, Wee-Liat; Malen, Jonathan A.
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 18
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5053857

    Electroresistance of Pt/BaTiO 3 /LaNiO 3 ferroelectric tunnel junctions and its dependence on BaTiO 3 thickness
    journal, January 2019

    Determination of ferroelectric contributions to electromechanical response by frequency dependent piezoresponse force microscopy
    journal, July 2016

    • Seol, Daehee; Park, Seongjae; Varenyk, Olexandr V.
    • Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1038/srep30579

    Accurate electromechanical characterization of soft molecular monolayers using piezo force microscopy
    journal, January 2019

    • Miller, Nathaniel C.; Grimm, Haley M.; Horne, W. Seth
    • Nanoscale Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 12
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9na00638a

    Ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in soft biological tissue: Porcine aortic walls revisited
    journal, September 2017

    • Lenz, Thomas; Hummel, Regina; Katsouras, Ilias
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 13
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.4998228

    A new technique based on current measurement for nanoscale ferroelectricity assessment: Nano-positive up negative down
    journal, February 2017

    • Martin, Simon; Baboux, Nicolas; Albertini, David
    • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 88, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.4974953

    Scaling Effects in Perovskite Ferroelectrics: Fundamental Limits and Process-Structure-Property Relations
    journal, July 2016

    • Ihlefeld, Jon F.; Harris, David T.; Keech, Ryan
    • Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 99, Issue 8
    • DOI: 10.1111/jace.14387

    Ion movement in thin Nafion films under an applied electric field
    journal, September 2018

    • Dugger, Jason W.; Collins, Liam; Welbourn, Rebecca J. L.
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5042211

    Ionic Gating of Ultrathin and Leaky Ferroelectrics
    journal, January 2019

    • Sharma, Yogesh; Wong, Anthony T.; Herklotz, Andreas
    • Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1002/admi.201801723

    Phase-field simulations of surface charge-induced polarization switching
    journal, March 2019

    • Liu, Di; Zhao, Ru; Jafri, Hasnain Mehdi
    • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.5083126

    The influence of the local oxygen vacancy concentration on the piezoresponse of strontium titanate thin films
    text, January 2015

    Aligning in-plane polarization multiplies piezoresponse in P(VDF-TrFE) films on graphite
    text, January 2018

    Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: why so many materials exhibit ferroelectricity on the nanoscale
    preprint, January 2017

    Giant Electroresistance in Ferroionic Tunnel Junctions
    journal, June 2019

    Tunable Ferroelectricity in Ruddlesden–Popper Halide Perovskites
    journal, March 2019

    • Zhang, Qiannan; Solanki, Ankur; Parida, Kaushik
    • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 11, Issue 14
    • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21579

    Direct observation of room-temperature out-of-plane ferroelectricity and tunneling electroresistance at the two-dimensional limit
    journal, August 2018

    Converse flexoelectricity yields large piezoresponse force microscopy signals in non-piezoelectric materials
    journal, March 2019

    Piezoresponse force microscopy and nanoferroic phenomena
    journal, April 2019

    Room temperature ferroelectricity in fluoroperovskite thin films
    journal, August 2017

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