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A modified version of the macroscopic Maxwell theory is developed with the purpose of removing some of the current contradictions and inconsistencies. One of the crucial problems of the current electromagnetic theory concerns the concept of energy. It appears that energy which has a clearly defined physical significance in all fields of physics has not been properly incorporated into the Maxwell-Lorentz theory. Therefore, the electromagnetic energy in a dissipative system as interpreted in the current version of the theory is not « energy » in the same sense as one usually interprets this concept in classical mechanics. The main objectmore » of this investigation is, therefore, to clarify the meaning of energy and to suggest a revised version in which the concept of energy is incorporated in accordance with the logical requirements of the theory. The proposed version is based on an assumption that the « electrical energy » both in nondissipative and dissipative media has a meaning only to the extent to which the electrical field theory can be developed as a theory of a dynamical system. This assumption leads to a formulation of a principle which states that the energy densityU _e of an electrical field in an absorbing medium is determined solely by the electrical intensityE and is, therefore, independent of any parameter which represents absorption. The proposed version differs from the traditional theory in the interpretation of the dielectric constant and of conductivity. Further, the dielectric constant is considered to be independent of conductivity in the sense that a change in conductivity does not produce a corresponding alteration of the dielectric constant. Part I of this investigation deals with the fundamentals of the proposed reformulated version. These fundamentals are then applied in Part II to the generalization of Brillouin’s theory of wave propagation and group velocity to absorbing media.« less

Using the Maxwellian macroscopic approach and analysing the formulation of the dielectric constant, it is shown that the concept of energy has not been properly incorporated into the current kinetic plasma theory. The difficulties are due to the Boltzmann collisional term (∂F/∂t)_coll which accounts for a change in the velocity distribution due to collisions alone. If one attempts to rephrase the Boltzmann-Vlasov theory in terms of the Maxwellian macroscopic formulation, one obtains an expression for energy which is not consistent with the meaning of this concept in generalized dynamics. In a revised version developed in this analysis the Boltzmann collisionalmore » term has been eliminated and an appropriate collisional operator is introduced which is believed to describe more adequately collisional processes in a plasma. Here, it is assumed that the collisional operator can be applied directly to the electrical intensity of the field interacting with the plasma and is effective in transforming the intensity in a collisionless plasma into a corresponding intensity in a collisional plasma. At the same time the relationship between the electron velocity distribution function and the field intensity is considered to be the same, whether there are collisions or not. In other words, not only a collisionless but also a collisional plasma are assumed to be controlled by a Vlasov type mechanism which does not take into account explicitly the Boltzmann term (∂F/∂t)_coll.« less

Values of the apparent dipole moment of 2.2 to 2.4 D were observed for thioacetoacetic ester dissolved in benzene, n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide. Structural configurations have been assigned to the thioenol and thione tautomeric forms of the ester and their dipole moments calculated from reported bond and group moments. Finally, on the basis of the observed and calculated values, it is postulated that a trans-thione and a trans-thioenol tautomer with the latter exhibiting intramolecular rotation are the predominant configurations of the ester in solution.

The dielectric polarizations of dioxane solutions of lead 8-hydroxyquinolinate and disalicylidenemethylamine copper have been measured at 30°. These compounds, as do the acetylacetonates, are found to have abnormally high atomic polarizations. It is possible that most metallic chelates exhibit this phenomenon. In conclusion, the solubilities of some metallic 8-hydroxyquinolinates in benzene and dioxane at 25° have also been measured.