Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks

Grošelj, Daniel; Sironi, Lorenzo; Beloborodov, Andrei M.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e

Title: Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks

Abstract

Abstract We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations σ ≲ 10 ⁻⁴ and pair-loading factors Z _± ≲ 10 are studied, where Z _± is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when σ exceeds a critical value σ _L that decreases with Z _± . At σ ≲ σ _L the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of which decrease with Z _± , leading to lower σ _L . (2) The energy fraction carried by the post-shock pairs is robustly in the range between 20% and 50% of the upstream ion energy. The mean energy per post-shock electron scales as ${\bar{E}}_{e} \propto {(Z_{\pm} + 1)}^{- 1}$ . (3) Pair loading suppresses nonthermal ion acceleration at magnetizations as low as σ ≈ 5 × 10 ⁻⁶ . The ions then become essentially thermal with mean energy ${\bar{E}}_{i}$ , while electrons form a nonthermal tail, extending from $E \sim {(Z_{\pm} + 1)}^{- 1} {\bar{E}}_{i}$ to ${\bar{E}}_{i}$ . When σ = 0, particle acceleration is enhanced by the formation of intense magnetic cavities that populate the precursor during the late stages of shock evolution. Here, the maximum energy of the nonthermal ions and electrons keeps growing over the duration of the simulation. Alongside the simulations, we develop theoretical estimates consistent with the numerical results. Our findings have important implications for models of early gamma-ray burst afterglows.

Authors:

;

Publication Date:: Tue Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2022

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 2281424

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1983276

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014664

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Volume: 933 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: American Astronomical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy & Astrophysics; High energy astrophysics; Shocks; Non-thermal radiation sources; Plasma astrophysics; Gamma-ray bursts

Citation Formats


                    Grošelj, Daniel, Sironi, Lorenzo, and Beloborodov, Andrei M. Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e.

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                    Grošelj, Daniel, Sironi, Lorenzo, & Beloborodov, Andrei M. Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e

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                    Grošelj, Daniel, Sironi, Lorenzo, and Beloborodov, Andrei M. Tue .  
"Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e.

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@article{osti_2281424,

  title        = {Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks},

  author       = {Grošelj, Daniel and Sironi, Lorenzo and Beloborodov, Andrei M.},

  abstractNote = {Abstract We perform particle-in-cell simulations to elucidate the microphysics of relativistic weakly magnetized shocks loaded with electron-positron pairs. Various external magnetizations σ ≲ 10 −4 and pair-loading factors Z ± ≲ 10 are studied, where Z ± is the number of loaded electrons and positrons per ion. We find the following: (1) The shock becomes mediated by the ion Larmor gyration in the mean field when σ exceeds a critical value σ L that decreases with Z ± . At σ ≲ σ L the shock is mediated by particle scattering in the self-generated microturbulent fields, the strength and scale of which decrease with Z ± , leading to lower σ L . (2) The energy fraction carried by the post-shock pairs is robustly in the range between 20% and 50% of the upstream ion energy. The mean energy per post-shock electron scales as E ¯ e ∝ Z ± + 1 − 1 . (3) Pair loading suppresses nonthermal ion acceleration at magnetizations as low as σ ≈ 5 × 10 −6 . The ions then become essentially thermal with mean energy E ¯ i , while electrons form a nonthermal tail, extending from E ∼ Z ± + 1 − 1 E ¯ i to E ¯ i . When σ = 0, particle acceleration is enhanced by the formation of intense magnetic cavities that populate the precursor during the late stages of shock evolution. Here, the maximum energy of the nonthermal ions and electrons keeps growing over the duration of the simulation. Alongside the simulations, we develop theoretical estimates consistent with the numerical results. Our findings have important implications for models of early gamma-ray burst afterglows.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4357/ac713e},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 933,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2022},

  month        = {Tue Jul 05 00:00:00 EDT 2022}

}

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Title: Microphysics of Relativistic Collisionless Electron-ion-positron Shocks

Abstract

Citation Formats

Mechanism for Instability of Transverse Plasma Waves journal, January 1959

Spontaneously Growing Transverse Waves in a Plasma Due to an Anisotropic Velocity Distribution journal, February 1959

Saturation of the asymmetric current filamentation instability under conditions relevant to relativistic shock precursors journal, March 2022

Nonlinear dynamics of the ion Weibel-filamentation instability: An analytical model for the evolution of the plasma and spectral properties journal, March 2015

Nonlinear collisionless damping of Weibel turbulence in relativistic blast waves journal, October 2014

Electron heating by filamentary instability journal, January 2012

A self-consistent analytical model for the upstream magnetic-field and ion-beam properties in Weibel-mediated collisionless shocks journal, April 2017

Stability analysis of a periodic system of relativistic current filaments journal, July 2018

MEASURING AMBIENT DENSITIES AND LORENTZ FACTORS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS FROM GeV AND OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS journal, October 2015

Magnetic Field Evolution in Relativistic Unmagnetized Collisionless Shocks journal, February 2009

Exploiting multi-scale parallelism for large scale numerical modelling of laser wakefield accelerators journal, November 2013

Dispersion and thermal effects on electromagnetic instabilities in the precursor of relativistic shocks: Instabilities at relativistic shock waves journal, September 2011

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Relativistic Collisionless Ion-Electron Shocks journal, September 2011

ON THE ORIGIN OF GeV EMISSION IN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS journal, May 2014

Current-driven filamentation upstream of magnetized relativistic collisionless shocks journal, March 2014

Simulations of relativistic collisionless shocks: shock structure and particle acceleration conference, January 2005

Towards Understanding the Physics of Collisionless Relativistic Shocks: Relativistic Collisionless Shocks journal, April 2017

Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars journal, September 2007

Interpenetrating Plasma Shells: Near-Equipartition Magnetic Field Generation and Nonthermal Particle Acceleration journal, September 2003

Perpendicular relativistic shocks in magnetized pair plasma journal, April 2018

On the Structure of Relativistic Collisionless Shocks in Electron-Ion Plasmas journal, December 2007

OSIRIS: A Three-Dimensional, Fully Relativistic Particle in Cell Code for Modeling Plasma Based Accelerators book, January 2002

On electromagnetic instabilities at ultra-relativistic shock waves: Instabilities at ultra-relativistic shock waves journal, November 2009

Impact of continuous particle injection on generation and decay of the magnetic field in collisionless shocks journal, June 2016

Stream Instabilities in Relativistically hot Plasma journal, December 2011

Acceleration in Perpendicular Relativistic Shocks for Plasmas Consisting of Leptons and Hadrons journal, July 2012

Are Gamma‐Ray Burst Shocks Mediated by the Weibel Instability? journal, August 2006

Magnetic Field Amplification by a Plasma Cavitation Instability in Relativistic Shock Precursors journal, January 2022

Relativistic Winds from Compact Gamma‐Ray Sources. II. Pair Loading and Radiative Acceleration in Gamma‐Ray Bursts journal, July 2000

Long-Time Evolution of Magnetic Fields in Relativistic Gamma-Ray Burst Shocks journal, December 2004

Particle acceleration by ultrarelativistic shocks: theory and simulations journal, December 2001

Weibel Instability and Associated Strong Fields in a Fully Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Relativistic Shock journal, May 2009

The role of plasma instabilities in relativistic radiation-mediated shocks: stability analysis and particle-in-cell simulations journal, February 2022

Collisionless Weibel shocks: Full formation mechanism and timing journal, July 2014

Plasma kinetic effects in relativistic radiation-mediated shocks journal, December 2020

Saturation mechanism of the Weibel instability in weakly magnetized plasmas journal, August 2005

e + Pair Cascades and Precursors in Gamma‐Ray Bursts journal, June 2001

Relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in synchrotron sources - Shock structure and nonthermal acceleration of positrons journal, May 1992

Electron Heating in a Relativistic, Weibel-Unstable Plasma journal, June 2015

Magnetic Field Saturation of the Ion Weibel Instability in Interpenetrating Relativistic Plasmas journal, June 2018

A systematic approach to numerical dispersion in Maxwell solvers journal, March 2018

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation for magnetized transport of ultra-high relativistic currents in plasma journal, April 2000

Preferential positron heating and acceleration by synchrotron maser instabilities in relativistic positron–electron–proton plasmas journal, March 1991

Weibel-mediated collisionless shocks in laser-irradiated dense plasmas: Prevailing role of the electrons in generating the field fluctuations journal, August 2015

Radiation Front Sweeping the Ambient Medium of Gamma‐Ray Bursts journal, February 2002

Physics of relativistic collisionless shocks. II. Dynamics of the background plasma journal, September 2019

Physics of Weibel-Mediated Relativistic Collisionless Shocks journal, July 2019

Particle acceleration, magnetization and radiation in relativistic shocks journal, May 2016

Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks: Fermi Process at Last? journal, July 2008

Heating and Nonthermal Particle Acceleration in Relativistic, Transverse Magnetosonic Shock Waves in Proton‐Electron‐Positron Plasmas journal, December 2006

Physics and Phenomenology of Weakly Magnetized, Relativistic Astrophysical Shock Waves journal, April 2020

Numerical stability of relativistic beam multidimensional PIC simulations employing the Esirkepov algorithm journal, September 2013

Ion Dynamics and Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks journal, April 2009

On Fermi acceleration and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities at ultra-relativistic magnetized shock waves journal, February 2009

Particle transport and heating in the microturbulent precursor of relativistic shocks journal, January 2013

The Weibel instability in relativistic plasmas: II. Nonlinear theory and stabilization mechanism journal, August 2007

The Weibel instability in relativistic plasmas: I. Linear theory journal, August 2007

Generation of Magnetic Fields in the Relativistic Shock of Gamma‐Ray Burst Sources journal, December 1999

Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin journal, October 1987

The Maximum Energy of Accelerated Particles in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks journal, June 2013

Growth and propagation of self-generated magnetic dipole vortices in collisionless shocks produced by interpenetrating plasmas journal, January 2018

e + Pair Loading and the Origin of the Upstream Magnetic Field in GRB Shocks journal, December 2007

Long‐Term Evolution of Magnetic Turbulence in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks: Electron‐Positron Plasmas journal, February 2008

THE FIRST FERMI -LAT GAMMA-RAY BURST CATALOG journal, October 2013

Physics of relativistic collisionless shocks: The scattering-center frame journal, July 2019

Numerical Cherenkov instabilities in electromagnetic particle codes journal, August 1974

Nonlinear Development of Electromagnetic Instabilities in Anisotropic Plasmas journal, January 1972

Particle transport in intense small-scale magnetic turbulence with a mean field journal, July 2011

Shock Formation in Electron–Ion Plasmas: Mechanism and Timing journal, April 2015

Weibel-Instability-Mediated Collisionless Shocks in the Laboratory with Ultraintense Lasers journal, June 2012

Mechanism for Instability of Transverse Plasma Waves
journal, January 1959

Spontaneously Growing Transverse Waves in a Plasma Due to an Anisotropic Velocity Distribution
journal, February 1959

Saturation of the asymmetric current filamentation instability under conditions relevant to relativistic shock precursors
journal, March 2022

Nonlinear dynamics of the ion Weibel-filamentation instability: An analytical model for the evolution of the plasma and spectral properties
journal, March 2015

Nonlinear collisionless damping of Weibel turbulence in relativistic blast waves
journal, October 2014

Electron heating by filamentary instability
journal, January 2012

A self-consistent analytical model for the upstream magnetic-field and ion-beam properties in Weibel-mediated collisionless shocks
journal, April 2017

Stability analysis of a periodic system of relativistic current filaments
journal, July 2018

MEASURING AMBIENT DENSITIES AND LORENTZ FACTORS OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS FROM GeV AND OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS
journal, October 2015

Magnetic Field Evolution in Relativistic Unmagnetized Collisionless Shocks
journal, February 2009

Exploiting multi-scale parallelism for large scale numerical modelling of laser wakefield accelerators
journal, November 2013

Dispersion and thermal effects on electromagnetic instabilities in the precursor of relativistic shocks: Instabilities at relativistic shock waves
journal, September 2011

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Relativistic Collisionless Ion-Electron Shocks
journal, September 2011

ON THE ORIGIN OF GeV EMISSION IN GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
journal, May 2014

Current-driven filamentation upstream of magnetized relativistic collisionless shocks
journal, March 2014

Simulations of relativistic collisionless shocks: shock structure and particle acceleration
conference, January 2005

Towards Understanding the Physics of Collisionless Relativistic Shocks: Relativistic Collisionless Shocks
journal, April 2017

Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars
journal, September 2007

Interpenetrating Plasma Shells: Near-Equipartition Magnetic Field Generation and Nonthermal Particle Acceleration
journal, September 2003

Perpendicular relativistic shocks in magnetized pair plasma
journal, April 2018

On the Structure of Relativistic Collisionless Shocks in Electron-Ion Plasmas
journal, December 2007

OSIRIS: A Three-Dimensional, Fully Relativistic Particle in Cell Code for Modeling Plasma Based Accelerators
book, January 2002

On electromagnetic instabilities at ultra-relativistic shock waves: Instabilities at ultra-relativistic shock waves
journal, November 2009

Impact of continuous particle injection on generation and decay of the magnetic field in collisionless shocks
journal, June 2016

Stream Instabilities in Relativistically hot Plasma
journal, December 2011

Acceleration in Perpendicular Relativistic Shocks for Plasmas Consisting of Leptons and Hadrons
journal, July 2012

Are Gamma‐Ray Burst Shocks Mediated by the Weibel Instability?
journal, August 2006

Magnetic Field Amplification by a Plasma Cavitation Instability in Relativistic Shock Precursors
journal, January 2022

Relativistic Winds from Compact Gamma‐Ray Sources. II. Pair Loading and Radiative Acceleration in Gamma‐Ray Bursts
journal, July 2000

Long-Time Evolution of Magnetic Fields in Relativistic Gamma-Ray Burst Shocks
journal, December 2004

Particle acceleration by ultrarelativistic shocks: theory and simulations
journal, December 2001

Weibel Instability and Associated Strong Fields in a Fully Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Relativistic Shock
journal, May 2009

The role of plasma instabilities in relativistic radiation-mediated shocks: stability analysis and particle-in-cell simulations
journal, February 2022

Collisionless Weibel shocks: Full formation mechanism and timing
journal, July 2014

Plasma kinetic effects in relativistic radiation-mediated shocks
journal, December 2020

Saturation mechanism of the Weibel instability in weakly magnetized plasmas
journal, August 2005

e ⁺ Pair Cascades and Precursors in Gamma‐Ray Bursts
journal, June 2001

Relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in synchrotron sources - Shock structure and nonthermal acceleration of positrons
journal, May 1992

Electron Heating in a Relativistic, Weibel-Unstable Plasma
journal, June 2015

Magnetic Field Saturation of the Ion Weibel Instability in Interpenetrating Relativistic Plasmas
journal, June 2018

A systematic approach to numerical dispersion in Maxwell solvers
journal, March 2018

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation for magnetized transport of ultra-high relativistic currents in plasma
journal, April 2000

Preferential positron heating and acceleration by synchrotron maser instabilities in relativistic positron–electron–proton plasmas
journal, March 1991

Weibel-mediated collisionless shocks in laser-irradiated dense plasmas: Prevailing role of the electrons in generating the field fluctuations
journal, August 2015

Radiation Front Sweeping the Ambient Medium of Gamma‐Ray Bursts
journal, February 2002

Physics of relativistic collisionless shocks. II. Dynamics of the background plasma
journal, September 2019

Physics of Weibel-Mediated Relativistic Collisionless Shocks
journal, July 2019

Particle acceleration, magnetization and radiation in relativistic shocks
journal, May 2016

Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks: Fermi Process at Last?
journal, July 2008

Heating and Nonthermal Particle Acceleration in Relativistic, Transverse Magnetosonic Shock Waves in Proton‐Electron‐Positron Plasmas
journal, December 2006

Physics and Phenomenology of Weakly Magnetized, Relativistic Astrophysical Shock Waves
journal, April 2020

Numerical stability of relativistic beam multidimensional PIC simulations employing the Esirkepov algorithm
journal, September 2013

Ion Dynamics and Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks
journal, April 2009

On Fermi acceleration and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities at ultra-relativistic magnetized shock waves
journal, February 2009

Particle transport and heating in the microturbulent precursor of relativistic shocks
journal, January 2013

The Weibel instability in relativistic plasmas: II. Nonlinear theory and stabilization mechanism
journal, August 2007

The Weibel instability in relativistic plasmas: I. Linear theory
journal, August 2007

Generation of Magnetic Fields in the Relativistic Shock of Gamma‐Ray Burst Sources
journal, December 1999

Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin
journal, October 1987

The Maximum Energy of Accelerated Particles in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks
journal, June 2013

Growth and propagation of self-generated magnetic dipole vortices in collisionless shocks produced by interpenetrating plasmas
journal, January 2018

e ⁺ Pair Loading and the Origin of the Upstream Magnetic Field in GRB Shocks
journal, December 2007

Long‐Term Evolution of Magnetic Turbulence in Relativistic Collisionless Shocks: Electron‐Positron Plasmas
journal, February 2008

THE FIRST FERMI -LAT GAMMA-RAY BURST CATALOG
journal, October 2013

Physics of relativistic collisionless shocks: The scattering-center frame
journal, July 2019

Numerical Cherenkov instabilities in electromagnetic particle codes
journal, August 1974

Nonlinear Development of Electromagnetic Instabilities in Anisotropic Plasmas
journal, January 1972

Particle transport in intense small-scale magnetic turbulence with a mean field
journal, July 2011

Shock Formation in Electron–Ion Plasmas: Mechanism and Timing
journal, April 2015

Weibel-Instability-Mediated Collisionless Shocks in the Laboratory with Ultraintense Lasers
journal, June 2012