Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites

Lukens, Wayne W.; Magnani, Nicola; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Pearce, Carolyn I.; Shuh, David K.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04209

Title: Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites

Abstract

Technetium (⁹⁹Tc) is a problematic fission product for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and to the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, the stable species in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing ⁹⁹Tc contamination is using sufficiently durable waste forms. We report the incorporation of technetium into a family of synthetic spinel ferrites that have environmentally durable natural analogs. A combination of X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and chemical analysis reveals that Tc(IV) replaces Fe(III) in octahedral sites and illustrates how the resulting charge mismatch is balanced. When a large excess of divalent metal ions is present, the charge is predominantly balanced by substitution of Fe(III) by M(II). When a large excess of divalent metal ions is absent, the charge is largely balanced by creation of vacancies among the Fe(III) sites (maghemitization). In most samples, Tc is present in Tc-rich regions rather than being homogeneously distributed.

Authors:

Lukens, Wayne W. ^[1]; Magnani, Nicola ^[2]; Tyliszczak, Tolek ^[3]; Pearce, Carolyn I. ^[4]; Shuh, David K. ^[1]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Chemical Sciences Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Chemical Sciences Division; European Commission, Karlsruhe (Germany). Joint Research Centre, Inst. for Transuranium Elements
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Advanced Light Source (ALS)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Geosciences Group

Publication Date:: Mon Nov 21 00:00:00 EST 2016

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1482510

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Environmental Science and Technology

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 50; Journal Issue: 23; Journal ID: ISSN 0013-936X

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Lukens, Wayne W., Magnani, Nicola, Tyliszczak, Tolek, Pearce, Carolyn I., and Shuh, David K. Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04209.

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                    Lukens, Wayne W., Magnani, Nicola, Tyliszczak, Tolek, Pearce, Carolyn I., & Shuh, David K. Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04209

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                    Lukens, Wayne W., Magnani, Nicola, Tyliszczak, Tolek, Pearce, Carolyn I., and Shuh, David K. Mon .  
"Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04209.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1482510.

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@article{osti_1482510,

  title        = {Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites},

  author       = {Lukens, Wayne W. and Magnani, Nicola and Tyliszczak, Tolek and Pearce, Carolyn I. and Shuh, David K.},

  abstractNote = {Technetium (99Tc) is a problematic fission product for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and to the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, the stable species in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing 99Tc contamination is using sufficiently durable waste forms. We report the incorporation of technetium into a family of synthetic spinel ferrites that have environmentally durable natural analogs. A combination of X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and chemical analysis reveals that Tc(IV) replaces Fe(III) in octahedral sites and illustrates how the resulting charge mismatch is balanced. When a large excess of divalent metal ions is present, the charge is predominantly balanced by substitution of Fe(III) by M(II). When a large excess of divalent metal ions is absent, the charge is largely balanced by creation of vacancies among the Fe(III) sites (maghemitization). In most samples, Tc is present in Tc-rich regions rather than being homogeneously distributed.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acs.est.6b04209},

  journal      = {Environmental Science and Technology},

  number       = 23,

  volume       = 50,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Nov 21 00:00:00 EST 2016},

  month        = {Mon Nov 21 00:00:00 EST 2016}

}

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Works referenced in this record:

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Icenhower, J. P.; Qafoku, N. P.; Zachara, J. M.
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margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Berry, Frank J.; Greaves, Colin; Helgason, Örn</span> </li> <li> Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 151, Issue 2</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1999.8605" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1006/jssc.1999.8605<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/12/17/310" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">An investigation of the local environments of tin in tin-doped α-Fe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub><span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2000-05-01">May 2000</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Berry, Frank J.; Bohórquez, Alberto; Helgason, Örn</span> </li> <li> Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 12, Issue 17</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/12/17/310" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1088/0953-8984/12/17/310<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/a803861i" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Synthesis and characterisation of tin-doped iron oxides<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1999-01-01">January 1999</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; 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margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Berry, Frank J.; Skinner, Stephen J.; Helgason, Orn</span> </li> <li> Polyhedron, Vol. 17, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5387(97)00212-X" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1016/S0277-5387(97)00212-X<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1107/S0567740880002993" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">The structure of ammonium pertechnetate at 295, 208 and 141 K<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1980-02-01">February 1980</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; 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I.; Liu, J.; Baer, D. 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float:none;">[ × clear filter / sort ]</a> </div> <input type="submit" id="sort_submit_citations" name="submit" aria-label="submit" style="display: none;"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="biblio-related" class="tab-content tab-content-sec " data-tab="biblio"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 order-sm-9"> <section id="biblio-similar" class="tab-content tab-content-sec active" data-tab="related"> <div class="padding"> <p class="lead text-muted" style="font-size: 18px; margin-top:0px;">Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:</p> <aside> <ul class="item-list" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ItemList" style="padding-left:0; list-style-type: none;"> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="0" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1406815-incorporation-technetium-spinel-ferrites" itemprop="url">Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lukens, Wayne W.</span> ; <span class="author">Magnani, Nicola</span> ; <span class="author">Tyliszczak, Tolek</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Environmental Science and Technology</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Technetium (99Tc) is a problematic fission product for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and to the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, the stable species in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing 99Tc contamination is using sufficiently durable waste forms. We report the incorporation of technetium into a family of synthetic spinel ferrites that have environmentally durable natural analogs. A combination of X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and chemical analysis reveals that Tc(IV) replaces Fe(III) in octahedral sites and illustrates how the resulting charge mismatch is balanced. When a large excess<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> of divalent metal ions is present, the charge is predominantly balanced by substitution of Fe(III) by M(II). When a large excess of divalent metal ions is absent, the charge is largely balanced by creation of vacancies among the Fe(III) sites (maghemitization). In most samples, Tc is present in Tc-rich regions rather than being homogeneously distributed.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04209" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1406815" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04209</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1485476-facile-incorporation-technetium-magnetite-magnesioferrite-hematite-formation-ferrous-nitrate-situ-precursors-iron-oxide-nuclear-waste-forms" itemprop="url">Facile incorporation of technetium into magnetite, magnesioferrite, and hematite by formation of ferrous nitrate <em>in situ</em> : precursors to iron oxide nuclear waste forms</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lukens, Wayne W.</span> ; <span class="author">Saslow, Sarah A.</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Dalton Transactions</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Technetium (<sup>99</sup>Tc) is a problematic fission product for the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and to the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, the stable Tc species in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing <sup>99</sup>Tc contamination is using durable waste forms based on environmentally stable natural analogs such as hematite (-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) or magnesioferrite (MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). The incorporation of Tc into hematite, magnesioferrite, and magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) by means of simple, aqueous chemistry is presented starting from TcO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> in 5 M nitric acid. A combination of X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy reveals that Tc(IV)<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> replaces Fe(III) within the iron oxide structures. Following incorporation, Tc doped samples were suspended in deionized water under aerobic conditions, and the release rate of Tc under these conditions was determined. The results of this work show that Tc leaches more quickly from Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> than from -Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> or MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT01356J" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1485476" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1039/C8DT01356J</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1482527-aqueous-synthesis-technetium-doped-titanium-dioxide-direct-oxidation-titanium-powder-precursor-ceramic-nuclear-waste-forms" itemprop="url">Aqueous Synthesis of Technetium-Doped Titanium Dioxide by Direct Oxidation of Titanium Powder, a Precursor for Ceramic Nuclear Waste Forms</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lukens, Wayne W.</span> ; <span class="author">Saslow, Sarah A.</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Chemistry of Materials</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Technetium-99 (Tc) is a problematic fission product that complicates the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, its stable form in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing Tc contamination is through incorporation into durable waste forms based on weathering-resistant minerals such as rutile (titanium dioxide). Here, the incorporation of technetium into titanium dioxide by means of simple, aqueous chemistry - direct oxidation of titanium powder in the presence of ammonium fluoride - is achieved. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicate that Tc(IV) replaces Ti(IV)<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> within the structure. Rather than being incorporated as isolated Tc(IV) ions, Tc is present as pairs of edge-sharing Tc(IV) octahedra similar to molecular Tc(IV) complexes such as [(H<sub>2</sub>EDTA)TcIV](μ-O)<sub>2</sub>. Technetium-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> was suspended in deionized water under aerobic conditions, and the Tc leached under these conditions was followed for 8 months. The normalized release rate of Tc (LR<sub>Tc</sub>) from the TiO<sub>2</sub> particles is low (3 × 10<sup>-6</sup>g m<sup>-2</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>), which illustrates the potential utility of TiO<sub>2</sub> as waste form. However, the small size of the as-prepared TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles results in an estimated retention of Tc of 10<sup>4</sup> years, which is only a fraction of the half-life of Tc (2.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> years).</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 11<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03567" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1482527" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03567</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/pages/servlets/purl/1482527" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="1482527" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1422329-aqueous-synthesis-technetium-doped-titanium-dioxide-direct-oxidation-titanium-powder-precursor-ceramic-nuclear-waste-forms" itemprop="url">Aqueous Synthesis of Technetium-Doped Titanium Dioxide by Direct Oxidation of Titanium Powder, a Precursor for Ceramic Nuclear Waste Forms</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lukens, Wayne W.</span> ; <span class="author">Saslow, Sarah A.</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Chemistry of Materials</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Technetium-99 (Tc) is a problematic fission product that complicates the long-term disposal of nuclear waste due to its long half-life, high fission yield, and the environmental mobility of pertechnetate, its stable form in aerobic environments. One approach to preventing Tc contamination is through incorporation into durable waste forms based on weathering-resistant minerals such as rutile (titanium dioxide). Here, the incorporation of technetium into titanium dioxide by means of simple, aqueous chemistry is presented. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicate that Tc(IV) replaces Ti(IV) within the structure. Rather than being incorporated as isolated Tc(IV) ions, Tc is<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> present as pairs of edge-sharing Tc(IV) octahedra similar to molecular Tc(IV) complexes such as [(H2EDTA)TcIV](u-O)2. Technetium-doped TiO2 was suspended in deionized water under aerobic conditions, and the Tc leached under these conditions was followed for 8 months. The normalized release rate of Tc (LRTc) from the TiO2 particles is low (3×10-6 g m-2 d-1), which illustrates the potential utility of TiO2 as waste form. However, the small size of the as-prepared TiO2 nanoparticles results in estimated retention of Tc for 104 years, which is only a fraction of the half-life of Tc (2×10-5 years).</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03567" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1422329" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03567</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1337267-computational-investigation-technetium-iv-incorporation-inverse-spinels-magnetite-fe-trevorite-nife" itemprop="url">Computational Investigation of Technetium(IV) Incorporation into Inverse Spinels: Magnetite (Fe <sub>3</sub> O <sub>4</sub> ) and Trevorite (NiFe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>4</sub> )</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Smith, Frances N.</span> ; <span class="author">Um, Wooyong</span> ; <span class="author">Taylor, Christopher D.</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Environmental Science and Technology</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides play an important role in minimizing the mobility of redox-sensitive elements in engineered and natural environments. For the radionuclide technetium-99 (Tc), these phases hold promise as primary hosts for increasing Tc loading into glass waste form matrices, or as secondary sinks during the long-term storage of nuclear materials. Recent experiments show that the inverse spinel, magnetite [Fe(II)Fe(III)2O4], can incorporate Tc(IV) into its octahedral sub-lattice, and in that same class of materials, trevorite [Ni(II)Fe(III)2O4] is also being investigated for its ability to host Tc(IV). However, questions remain regarding the most energetically favorable charge-compensation mechanism for Tc(IV) incorporation<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> in each structure, which will affect Tc behavior under changing waste processing or storage conditions. Here, quantum-mechanical methods were used to evaluate incorporation energies and optimized lattice bonding environments for three different, charge-balanced Tc(IV) incorporation mechanisms in magnetite and trevorite. In both cases, the removal of two octahedral Fe(II) or Ni(II) ions upon the addition of Tc(IV) to an octahedral site is the most stable mechanism, relative to the creation of octahedral Fe(III) defects or increasing octahedral Fe(II) content. Following hydration-energy corrections, Tc(IV) incorporation into magnetite is energetically favorable while an energy barrier exists for trevorite.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00200" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1337267" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00200</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a class="tab-nav disabled" data-tab="related" style="color: #636c72 !important; opacity: 1;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Similar Records</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <div class="footer-minor"> <div class="container"> <hr class="footer-separator"/> <br/> <div class="col text-center mt-3"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal"> <ul class="pure-menu-list" id="footer-org-menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://energy.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-us-doe-min" alt="U.S. Department of Energy" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-office-of-science-min" alt="Office of Science" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.osti.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-osti-min" alt="Office of Scientific and Technical Information" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col text-center small" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom:2.0rem;"> <div class="row justify-content-center" style="color:white"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal" style='white-space:normal'> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="https://www.osti.gov/disclaim" class="pure-menu-link" target="_blank" ref="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-institution"></span> Website Policies <span class="d-none d-sm-inline d-print-none" style="color:#737373;">/ Important Links</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a href="/pages/contact" class="pure-menu-link"><span class="fa fa-comments-o"></span>Contact Us</a></li> <li class="d-block d-md-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a target="_blank" title="Vulnerability Disclosure Program" class="pure-menu-link" href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li class="d-block d-lg-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://twitter.com/OSTIgov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-youtube-play" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <link href="/pages/css/pages.fonts.240327.0205.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/pages/js/pages.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/pages.biblio.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/lity.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script async type="text/javascript" src="/pages/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOE" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script><noscript></noscript> </body>  </html>

Title: Incorporation of Technetium into Spinel Ferrites

Abstract

Citation Formats

The biogeochemistry of technetium: A review of the behavior of an artificial element in the natural environment journal, October 2010

The solubility of technetium in the near-field environment of a radioactive waste repository journal, July 1990

Studies on the Immobilization of Technetium under Near Field Geochemical Conditions journal, January 1996

The biogeochemistry of technetium: A review of the behavior of an artificial element in the natural environment
journal, October 2010

The solubility of technetium in the near-field environment of a radioactive waste repository
journal, July 1990

Studies on the Immobilization of Technetium under Near Field Geochemical Conditions
journal, January 1996