First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives
Abstract
In this work, we describe the first simulations of stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering using multiple injection locations to meet multiple simultaneous surface temperature objectives. Simulations were performed using CESM1(WACCM), a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model with fully interactive stratospheric chemistry, dynamics (including an internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation), and a sophisticated treatment of sulfate aerosol formation, microphysical growth, and deposition. The objectives are defined as maintaining three temperature features at their 2020 levels against a background of the RCP8.5 scenario over the period 2020-2099. These objectives are met using a feedback mechanism in which the rate of sulfur dioxide injection at each of the four locations is adjusted independently every year of simulation. Even in the presence of uncertainties, nonlinearities, and variability, the objectives are met, predominantly by SO2 injection at 30°N and 30°S. By the last year of simulation, the feedback algorithm calls for a total injection rate of 51 Tg SO2 per year. The injections are not in the tropics, which results in a greater degree of linearity of the surface climate response with injection amount than has been found in many previous studies using injection at the equator. Because the objectives are defined in terms of annual meanmore »
- Authors:
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[1];
[2];
[3];
[3];
[3];
[3];
[3];
[3]
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Atmospheric Science and Global Change Div. (ASGC)
- Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1430438
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-124386
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X; 453040135
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-76RL01830
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 122; Journal Issue: 23; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; geoengineering; feedback; stratospheric aerosols; climate modeling
Citation Formats
Kravitz, Ben, MacMartin, Douglas G., Mills, Michael J., Richter, Jadwiga H., Tilmes, Simone, Lamarque, Jean‐Francois, Tribbia, Joseph J., and Vitt, Francis. First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1002/2017JD026874.
Kravitz, Ben, MacMartin, Douglas G., Mills, Michael J., Richter, Jadwiga H., Tilmes, Simone, Lamarque, Jean‐Francois, Tribbia, Joseph J., & Vitt, Francis. First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026874
Kravitz, Ben, MacMartin, Douglas G., Mills, Michael J., Richter, Jadwiga H., Tilmes, Simone, Lamarque, Jean‐Francois, Tribbia, Joseph J., and Vitt, Francis. Thu .
"First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026874. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430438.
@article{osti_1430438,
title = {First Simulations of Designing Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosol Geoengineering to Meet Multiple Simultaneous Climate Objectives},
author = {Kravitz, Ben and MacMartin, Douglas G. and Mills, Michael J. and Richter, Jadwiga H. and Tilmes, Simone and Lamarque, Jean‐Francois and Tribbia, Joseph J. and Vitt, Francis},
abstractNote = {In this work, we describe the first simulations of stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering using multiple injection locations to meet multiple simultaneous surface temperature objectives. Simulations were performed using CESM1(WACCM), a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model with fully interactive stratospheric chemistry, dynamics (including an internally generated quasi-biennial oscillation), and a sophisticated treatment of sulfate aerosol formation, microphysical growth, and deposition. The objectives are defined as maintaining three temperature features at their 2020 levels against a background of the RCP8.5 scenario over the period 2020-2099. These objectives are met using a feedback mechanism in which the rate of sulfur dioxide injection at each of the four locations is adjusted independently every year of simulation. Even in the presence of uncertainties, nonlinearities, and variability, the objectives are met, predominantly by SO2 injection at 30°N and 30°S. By the last year of simulation, the feedback algorithm calls for a total injection rate of 51 Tg SO2 per year. The injections are not in the tropics, which results in a greater degree of linearity of the surface climate response with injection amount than has been found in many previous studies using injection at the equator. Because the objectives are defined in terms of annual mean temperature, the required geeongineering results in "overcooling" during summer and "undercooling" during winter. The hydrological cycle is also suppressed as compared to the reference values corresponding to the year 2020. The demonstration we describe in this study is an important step toward understanding what geoengineering can do and what it cannot do.},
doi = {10.1002/2017JD026874},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
number = 23,
volume = 122,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Thu Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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