A common origin for globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarfs in simulations of the first galaxies
Abstract
In this study, the first in a series on galaxy formation before reionization, we focus on understanding what determines the size and morphology of stellar objects in the first low-mass galaxies, using parsec-scale cosmological simulations performed with an adaptive mesh hydrodynamics code. Although the dense gas in which stars are formed tends to have a disk structure, stars are found in spheroids with little rotation. Halos with masses between $${10}^{6}\,{M}_{\odot }$$ and $$5\times {10}^{8}\,{M}_{\odot }$$ form stars stochastically, with stellar masses in the range $${10}^{4}\,{M}_{\odot }$$ to $$2\times {10}^{6}\,{M}_{\odot }$$. We observe, nearly independent of stellar mass, a large range of half-light radii for the stars, from a few parsecs to a few hundred parsecs and surface brightnesses and mass-to-light ratios ranging from those typical of globular clusters to ultra-faint dwarfs. In our simulations, stars form in dense stellar clusters with high gas-to-star conversion efficiencies and rather uniform metallicities. A fraction of these clusters remain bound after the gas is removed by feedback, but others are destroyed, and their stars, which typically have velocity dispersions of 20–40 km s–1, expand until they become bound by the dark matter halo. We thus speculate that the stars in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies may show kinematic and chemical signatures consistent with their origin in a few distinct stellar clusters. On the other hand, some globular clusters may form at the center of primordial dwarf galaxies and may contain dark matter, perhaps detectable in the outer parts.
- Authors:
-
[1];
- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); The Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1331773
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-16-286-A; arXiv:1607.04291
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357; 1476324
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 831; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
- Publisher:
- Institute of Physics (IOP)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; theory; galaxies: evolution; galaxies: formation; methods: numerical
Citation Formats
Ricotti, Massimo, Parry, Owen H., and Gnedin, Nickolay Y. A common origin for globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarfs in simulations of the first galaxies. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/204.
Ricotti, Massimo, Parry, Owen H., & Gnedin, Nickolay Y. A common origin for globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarfs in simulations of the first galaxies. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/204
Ricotti, Massimo, Parry, Owen H., and Gnedin, Nickolay Y. Wed .
"A common origin for globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarfs in simulations of the first galaxies". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/204. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331773.
@article{osti_1331773,
title = {A common origin for globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarfs in simulations of the first galaxies},
author = {Ricotti, Massimo and Parry, Owen H. and Gnedin, Nickolay Y.},
abstractNote = {In this study, the first in a series on galaxy formation before reionization, we focus on understanding what determines the size and morphology of stellar objects in the first low-mass galaxies, using parsec-scale cosmological simulations performed with an adaptive mesh hydrodynamics code. Although the dense gas in which stars are formed tends to have a disk structure, stars are found in spheroids with little rotation. Halos with masses between ${10}^{6}\,{M}_{\odot }$ and $5\times {10}^{8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ form stars stochastically, with stellar masses in the range ${10}^{4}\,{M}_{\odot }$ to $2\times {10}^{6}\,{M}_{\odot }$. We observe, nearly independent of stellar mass, a large range of half-light radii for the stars, from a few parsecs to a few hundred parsecs and surface brightnesses and mass-to-light ratios ranging from those typical of globular clusters to ultra-faint dwarfs. In our simulations, stars form in dense stellar clusters with high gas-to-star conversion efficiencies and rather uniform metallicities. A fraction of these clusters remain bound after the gas is removed by feedback, but others are destroyed, and their stars, which typically have velocity dispersions of 20–40 km s–1, expand until they become bound by the dark matter halo. We thus speculate that the stars in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies may show kinematic and chemical signatures consistent with their origin in a few distinct stellar clusters. On the other hand, some globular clusters may form at the center of primordial dwarf galaxies and may contain dark matter, perhaps detectable in the outer parts.},
doi = {10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/204},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 831,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 09 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Wed Nov 09 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 53 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Simulations of Galaxy Formation in a Λ Cold Dark Matter Universe. I. Dynamical and Photometric Properties of a Simulated Disk Galaxy
journal, July 2003
- Abadi, Mario G.; Navarro, Julio F.; Steinmetz, Matthias
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 591, Issue 2
The Formation and Fragmentation of Primordial Molecular Clouds
journal, September 2000
- Abel, Tom; Bryan, Greg L.; Norman, Michael L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 540, Issue 1
The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
journal, November 2001
- Abel, T.
- Science, Vol. 295, Issue 5552
A possible formation scenario for dwarf spheroidal galaxies – I. Fiducial model
journal, April 2013
- Assmann, P.; Fellhauer, M.; Wilkinson, M. I.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 432, Issue 1
A possible formation scenario for dwarf spheroidal galaxies – II. A parameter study
journal, August 2013
- Assmann, P.; Fellhauer, M.; Wilkinson, M. I.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 435, Issue 3
The Photoevaporation of Dwarf Galaxies during Reionization
journal, September 1999
- Barkana, Rennan; Loeb, Abraham
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 523, Issue 1
Big Fish, Little Fish: two new Ultra-Faint Satellites of the Milky way
journal, March 2010
- Belokurov, V.; Walker, M. G.; Evans, N. W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 712, Issue 1
Cats and Dogs, Hair and a Hero: A Quintet of New Milky Way Companions
journal, January 2007
- Belokurov, V.; Zucker, D. B.; Evans, N. W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 654, Issue 2
Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies—The Lowest-Mass Relics from Before Reionization
journal, July 2015
- Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Sutherland, Ralph; Webster, David
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 807, Issue 2
Pre-Reionization Fossils, Ultra-Faint Dwarfs, and the Missing Galactic Satellite Problem
journal, March 2009
- Bovill, Mia S.; Ricotti, Massimo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 693, Issue 2
Where are the Fossils of the First Galaxies? i. Local Volume maps and Properties of the Undetected Dwarfs
journal, October 2011
- Bovill, Mia S.; Ricotti, Massimo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 741, Issue 1
Where are the Fossils of the First Galaxies? ii. true Fossils, Ghost Halos, and the Missing Bright Satellites
journal, October 2011
- Bovill, Mia S.; Ricotti, Massimo
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 741, Issue 1
The Local Group as a time machine: studying the high-redshift Universe with nearby galaxies
journal, August 2015
- Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Weisz, Daniel R.; Johnson, Benjamin D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 453, Issue 2
Forming the First Stars in the Universe: The Fragmentation of Primordial Gas
journal, December 1999
- Bromm, Volker; Coppi, Paolo S.; Larson, Richard B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 527, Issue 1
The fragmentation of pre-enriched primordial objects
journal, December 2001
- Bromm, V.; Ferrara, A.; Coppi, P. S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 328, Issue 3
The Primeval Populations of the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
journal, June 2012
- Brown, Thomas M.; Tumlinson, Jason; Geha, Marla
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 753, Issue 1
The Quenching of the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies in the Reionization era
journal, November 2014
- Brown, Thomas M.; Tumlinson, Jason; Geha, Marla
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 796, Issue 2
Intrinsic iron spread and a new metallicity scale for globular clusters
journal, October 2009
- Carretta, E.; Bragaglia, A.; Gratton, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 508, Issue 2
Properties of stellar generations in globular clusters and relations with global parameters
journal, June 2010
- Carretta, E.; Bragaglia, A.; Gratton, R. G.
- Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 516
Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
journal, July 2003
- Chabrier, Gilles
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 115, Issue 809
Implementing molecular hydrogen in hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation: Implementing H2 in simulations
journal, September 2012
- Christensen, Charlotte; Quinn, Thomas; Governato, Fabio
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 425, Issue 4
Inhomogeneous reionization of the intergalactic medium regulated by radiative and stellar feedbacks
journal, May 2000
- Ciardi, B.; Ferrara, A.; Governato, F.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 314, Issue 3
The First Stellar Cluster
journal, January 2008
- Clark, Paul C.; Glover, Simon C. O.; Klessen, Ralf S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 672, Issue 2
The evolution of large-scale structure in a universe dominated by cold dark matter
journal, May 1985
- Davis, M.; Efstathiou, G.; Frenk, C. S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 292
Formation and dynamical evolution of multiple stellar generations in globular clusters
journal, December 2008
- D'Ercole, Annibale; Vesperini, Enrico; D'Antona, Francesca
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 391, Issue 2
Eight Ultra-Faint Galaxy Candidates Discovered in year two of the dark Energy Survey
journal, November 2015
- Drlica-Wagner, A.; Bechtol, K.; Rykoff, E. S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 813, Issue 2
Suppressing the formation of dwarf galaxies via photoionization
journal, May 1992
- Efstathiou, G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 256, Issue 1
Filling the gap: a new class of old star cluster?
journal, July 2013
- Forbes, Duncan A.; Pota, Vincenzo; Usher, Christopher
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 435, Issue 1
The effect of gas loss on the formation of bound stellar clusters
journal, May 2001
- Geyer, M. P.; Burkert, A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 323, Issue 4
Cosmological Reionization by Stellar Sources
journal, June 2000
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 535, Issue 2
Are There Enough Ionizing Photons to Reionize the Universe by z ≈ 6?
journal, December 2007
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 673, Issue 1
Multi-dimensional cosmological radiative transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor formalism
journal, October 2001
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom
- New Astronomy, Vol. 6, Issue 7
Environmental Dependence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in Galaxies
journal, January 2011
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 728, Issue 2
Modeling Molecular Hydrogen and star Formation in Cosmological Simulations
journal, April 2009
- Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Tassis, Konstantinos; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 1
THE MASS PROFILE OF THE GALAXY TO 80 kpc
journal, August 2010
- Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Brown, Warren R.; Geller, Margaret J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 720, Issue 1
Abundance Variations within Globular Clusters
journal, September 2004
- Gratton, Raffaele; Sneden, Christopher; Carretta, Eugenio
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 42, Issue 1
Simulations on a Moving Mesh: the Clustered Formation of Population iii Protostars
journal, August 2011
- Greif, Thomas H.; Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 737, Issue 2
A Catalog of Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Milky Way
journal, October 1996
- Harris, William E.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 112
The effect of mass loss on the dynamical evolution of a stellar system - Analytic approximations
journal, February 1980
- Hills, J. G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 235
Dwarf galaxies in voids: suppressing star formation with photoheating: Dwarf galaxies in voids
journal, August 2006
- Hoeft, Matthias; Yepes, Gustavo; Gottlöber, Stefan
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 371, Issue 1
Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): stellar feedback explains cosmologically inefficient star formation
journal, September 2014
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Kereš, Dušan; Oñorbe, José
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 445, Issue 1
The structure of the interstellar medium of star-forming galaxies: Stellar feedback and the ISM
journal, March 2012
- Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot; Murray, Norman
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 421, Issue 4
IMPACT OF H 2 -BASED STAR FORMATION MODEL ON THE z ⩾ 6 LUMINOSITY FUNCTION AND THE IONIZING PHOTON BUDGET FOR REIONIZATION
journal, March 2013
- Jaacks, Jason; Thompson, Robert; Nagamine, Kentaro
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 766, Issue 2
The First Billion Years project: the impact of stellar radiation on the co-evolution of Populations II and III
journal, November 2012
- Johnson, Jarrett L.; Dalla, Vecchia Claudio; Khochfar, Sadegh
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 428, Issue 3
The Chemical Signature of a Relic star Cluster in the Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy—Implications for Near-Field Cosmology
journal, October 2012
- Karlsson, Torgny; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Freeman, Ken C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 759, Issue 2
Two epochs of globular cluster formation from deep field luminosity functions: implications for reionization and the Milky Way satellites
journal, May 2013
- Katz, Harley; Ricotti, Massimo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 432, Issue 4
Clues on the missing sources of reionization from self-consistent modelling of Milky Way and dwarf galaxy globular clusters
journal, September 2014
- Katz, Harley; Ricotti, Massimo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 3
Seeding high-redshift QSOs by collisional runaway in primordial star clusters
journal, June 2015
- Katz, Harley; Sijacki, Debora; Haehnelt, Martin G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 3
Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons During Reionization: Effects due to Supernova Feedback and Runaway ob Stars
journal, May 2014
- Kimm, Taysun; Cen, Renyue
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 788, Issue 2
The transition between star clusters and dwarf galaxies: On the existence of a mass-radius relation for star clusters of masses >$\mathsf{10^7}$ M $_\odot$: are these objects formed in mergers of stellar systems?
journal, March 2006
- Kissler-Patig, M.; Jordán, A.; Bastian, N.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 448, Issue 3
Beasts of the Southern Wild: Discovery of nine Ultra Faint Satellites in the Vicinity of the Magellanic Clouds
journal, May 2015
- Koposov, Sergey E.; Belokurov, Vasily; Torrealba, Gabriel
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 805, Issue 2
On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation
journal, May 2003
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 590, Issue 1
The Size-Virial Radius Relation of Galaxies
journal, February 2013
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 764, Issue 2
The Dark Side of the Halo Occupation Distribution
journal, July 2004
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Wechsler, Risa H.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 609, Issue 1
Adaptive Refinement Tree: A New High‐Resolution N ‐Body Code for Cosmological Simulations
journal, July 1997
- Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Klypin, Anatoly A.; Khokhlov, Alexei M.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 111, Issue 1
DWARF GALAXY FORMATION WITH H 2 -REGULATED STAR FORMATION
journal, March 2012
- Kuhlen, Michael; Krumholz, Mark R.; Madau, Piero
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 749, Issue 1
DWARF GALAXY FORMATION WITH H 2 -REGULATED STAR FORMATION. II. GAS-RICH DARK GALAXIES AT REDSHIFT 2.5
journal, September 2013
- Kuhlen, Michael; Madau, Piero; Krumholz, Mark R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 776, Issue 1
Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds
journal, September 2003
- Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 41, Issue 1
Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
journal, July 1999
- Leitherer, Claus; Schaerer, Daniel; Goldader, Jeffrey D.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 123, Issue 1
The transition from population III to population II-I star formation: Early structures and critical metallicity
journal, June 2010
- Maio, Umberto; Ciardi, Benedetta; Dolag, Klaus
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 407, Issue 2
A Comprehensive Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Structural Properties of Faint Milky Way Satellites
journal, September 2008
- Martin, Nicolas F.; de Jong, Jelte T. A.; Rix, Hans‐Walter
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 684, Issue 2
The Observed Properties of Dwarf Galaxies in and Around the Local Group
journal, June 2012
- McConnachie, Alan W.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 144, Issue 1
Revisiting the First Galaxies: the Effects of Population iii Stars on Their host Galaxies
journal, July 2013
- Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 772, Issue 2
Revisiting the First Galaxies: the Epoch of Population iii Stars
journal, July 2013
- Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 773, Issue 1
Mass loss of galaxies due to an ultraviolet background
journal, November 2008
- Okamoto, Takashi; Gao, Liang; Theuns, Tom
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 390, Issue 3
Probing the Ultraviolet Luminosity Function of the Earliest Galaxies with the Renaissance Simulations
journal, June 2015
- O’Shea, Brian W.; Wise, John H.; Xu, Hao
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 807, Issue 1
The First Galaxies: Assembly of Disks and Prospects for Direct Detection
journal, March 2011
- Pawlik, Andreas H.; Milosavljević, Miloš; Bromm, Volker
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 731, Issue 1
Keeping the Universe ionized: photoheating and the clumping factor of the high-redshift intergalactic medium
journal, April 2009
- Pawlik, Andreas H.; Schaye, Joop; van Scherpenzeel, Eveline
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 394, Issue 4
Constraints on the dark matter particle mass from the number of Milky Way satellites
journal, February 2011
- Polisensky, Emil; Ricotti, Massimo
- Physical Review D, Vol. 83, Issue 4
How to identify and weigh virialized clusters of galaxies in a complete redshift catalog
journal, August 1982
- Press, W. H.; Davis, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 259
Did globular clusters reionize the Universe?
journal, October 2002
- Ricotti, Massimo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 336, Issue 2
Late gas accretion on to primordial minihaloes: a model for Leo T, dark galaxies and extragalactic high-velocity clouds
journal, January 2009
- Ricotti, Massimo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 392, Issue 1
Formation Histories of Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Group
journal, August 2005
- Ricotti, Massimo; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 629, Issue 1
The Fate of the First Galaxies. I. Self‐consistent Cosmological Simulations with Radiative Transfer
journal, August 2002
- Ricotti, Massimo; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Shull, J. Michael
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 575, Issue 1
The Fate of the First Galaxies. II. Effects of Radiative Feedback
journal, August 2002
- Ricotti, Massimo; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Shull, J. Michael
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 575, Issue 1
The Fate of the First Galaxies. III. Properties of Primordial Dwarf Galaxies and Their Impact on the Intergalactic Medium
journal, September 2008
- Ricotti, Massimo; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Shull, J. Michael
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 685, Issue 1
Reionization, chemical enrichment and seed black holes from the first stars: is Population III important?
journal, May 2004
- Ricotti, M.; Ostriker, J. P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 350, Issue 2
Effect of Primordial Black Holes on the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmological Parameter Estimates
journal, June 2008
- Ricotti, Massimo; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Mack, Katherine J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 680, Issue 2
Effects of Baryons and Dissipation on the Matter Power Spectrum
journal, January 2008
- Rudd, Douglas H.; Zentner, Andrew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 672, Issue 1
The Aquila comparison project: the effects of feedback and numerical methods on simulations of galaxy formation: The Aquila comparison project
journal, May 2012
- Scannapieco, C.; Wadepuhl, M.; Parry, O. H.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 423, Issue 2
The Detectability of the First Stars and Their Cluster Enrichment Signatures
journal, May 2003
- Scannapieco, Evan; Schneider, Raffaella; Ferrara, Andrea
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 589, Issue 1
On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations
journal, January 2002
- Schaerer, D.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 382, Issue 1
Constraints on the initial mass function of the first stars: Constraints on the IMF of the first stars
journal, May 2006
- Schneider, Raffaella; Salvaterra, Ruben; Ferrara, Andrea
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 369, Issue 2
The effect of feedback and reionization on star formation in low-mass dwarf galaxy haloes
journal, May 2013
- Simpson, Christine M.; Bryan, Greg L.; Johnston, Kathryn V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 432, Issue 3
The first Population II stars formed in externally enriched mini-haloes
journal, July 2015
- Smith, Britton D.; Wise, John H.; O'Shea, Brian W.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 452, Issue 3
Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at \fontshape{it}{z}=0
journal, December 2001
- Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Tormen, Giuseppe
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 328, Issue 3
Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies as a test of Early Enrichment and Metallicity-Dependent star Formation
journal, December 2011
- Tassis, Konstantinos; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 745, Issue 1
Molecular Hydrogen Regulated star Formation in Cosmological Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations
journal, December 2013
- Thompson, Robert; Nagamine, Kentaro; Jaacks, Jason
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 780, Issue 2
Simulating the H2 content of high-redshift galaxies
journal, December 2014
- Tomassetti, M.; Porciani, C.; Romano-Diaz, E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 4
Population III stars: hidden or disappeared?: Population III stars: hidden or disappeared?
journal, November 2007
- Tornatore, Luca; Ferrara, Andrea; Schneider, Raffaella
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 382, Issue 3
The Relative and Absolute ages of old Globular Clusters in the lcdm Framework
journal, July 2015
- Trenti, Michele; Padoan, Paolo; Jimenez, Raul
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 808, Issue 2
The Jeans Condition: A New Constraint on Spatial Resolution in Simulations of Isothermal Self-gravitational Hydrodynamics
journal, November 1997
- Truelove, J. Kelly; Klein, Richard I.; McKee, Christopher F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 489, Issue 2
The Formation of Population III Binaries from Cosmological Initial Conditions
journal, July 2009
- Turk, M. J.; Abel, T.; O'Shea, B.
- Science, Vol. 325, Issue 5940
yt: A MULTI-CODE ANALYSIS TOOLKIT FOR ASTROPHYSICAL SIMULATION DATA
journal, December 2010
- Turk, Matthew J.; Smith, Britton D.; Oishi, Jeffrey S.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 192, Issue 1
First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the metal abundance pattern of a very iron-poor star
journal, April 2003
- Umeda, Hideyuki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi
- Nature, Vol. 422, Issue 6934
Formation of supermassive black holes
journal, April 2010
- Volonteri, Marta
- The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Segue 1—a Compressed star Formation History Before Reionization
journal, February 2016
- Webster, David; Frebel, Anna; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 818, Issue 1
“Galaxy,” Defined
journal, August 2012
- Willman, B.; Strader, J.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 144, Issue 3
Suppression of H 2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background
journal, December 2007
- Wise, John H.; Abel, Tom
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 671, Issue 2
The birth of a galaxy – II. The role of radiation pressure: Radiation pressure in early dwarf galaxies
journal, October 2012
- Wise, John H.; Abel, Tom; Turk, Matthew J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 427, Issue 1
The Birth of a Galaxy: Primordial Metal Enrichment and Stellar Populations
journal, December 2011
- Wise, John H.; Turk, Matthew J.; Norman, Michael L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 745, Issue 1
The Era of Massive Population III Stars: Cosmological Implications and Self‐Termination
journal, April 2004
- Yoshida, Naoki; Bromm, Volker; Hernquist, Lars
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 605, Issue 2
THE SPECTRAL EVOLUTION OF THE FIRST GALAXIES. I. JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE DETECTION LIMITS AND COLOR CRITERIA FOR POPULATION III GALAXIES
journal, September 2011
- Zackrisson, Erik; Rydberg, Claes-Erik; Schaerer, Daniel
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 740, Issue 1
Works referencing / citing this record:
Embedding globular clusters in dark matter minihaloes solves the cusp–core and timing problems in the Fornax dwarf galaxy
journal, January 2020
- Boldrini, Pierre; Mohayaee, Roya; Silk, Joseph
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3
Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations
journal, November 2017
- Kim, Ji-hoon; Ma, Xiangcheng; Grudić, Michael Y.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 3
The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations
journal, December 2017
- Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 4
Paving the way for the JWST: witnessing globular cluster formation at z > 3
journal, February 2017
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 467, Issue 4
Gas clump formation via thermal instability in high-redshift dwarf galaxy mergers
journal, January 2018
- Arata, Shohei; Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 3
Snake in the Clouds: a new nearby dwarf galaxy in the Magellanic bridge*
journal, July 2018
- Koposov, Sergey E.; Walker, Matthew G.; Belokurov, Vasily
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 479, Issue 4
Globular clusters formed within dark haloes I: present-day abundance, distribution, and kinematics
journal, October 2018
- Creasey, Peter; Sales, Laura V.; Peng, Eric W.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1
Massive star cluster formation under the microscope at z = 6
journal, December 2018
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 3
Tidal stripping and the structure of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group
journal, February 2018
- Fattahi, Azadeh; Navarro, Julio F.; Frenk, Carlos S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 3
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
journal, June 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
Ghostly haloes in dwarf galaxies: constraints on the star formation efficiency before reionization
journal, July 2019
- Kang, Hoyoung D.; Ricotti, Massimo
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2
Radiative properties of the first galaxies: rapid transition between UV and infrared bright phases
journal, July 2019
- Arata, Shohei; Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2
Simulating star clusters across cosmic time – I. Initial mass function, star formation rates, and efficiencies
journal, August 2019
- He, Chong-Chong; Ricotti, Massimo; Geen, Sam
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 2
Ionizing the intergalactic medium by star clusters: the first empirical evidence
journal, August 2019
- Vanzella, E.; Caminha, G. B.; Calura, F.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 491, Issue 1
Stellar envelopes of globular clusters embedded in dark mini-haloes
journal, June 2017
- Peñarrubia, Jorge; Varri, Anna Lisa; Breen, Philip G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 471, Issue 1
Growth of First Galaxies: Impacts of Star Formation and Stellar Feedback
journal, August 2017
- Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro; Zhu, Qirong
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 1
Two Thresholds for Globular Cluster Formation and the Common Occurrence of Massive Clusters in the Early Universe
journal, December 2018
- Elmegreen, Bruce G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
Chemical Abundances in the Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies Grus I and Triangulum II: Neutron-capture Elements as a Defining Feature of the Faintest Dwarfs
journal, January 2019
- Ji, Alexander P.; Simon, Joshua D.; Frebel, Anna
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXIII. Fundamentals of Nuclear Star Clusters over Seven Decades in Galaxy Mass
journal, June 2019
- Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén; Côté, Patrick; Ferrarese, Laura
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1
Revealing the Complicated Story of the Cetus Stream with StarGO
journal, August 2019
- Yuan, Zhen; Smith, M. C.; Xue, Xiang-Xiang
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2
Globular Cluster Formation from Colliding Substructure
journal, February 2020
- Madau, Piero; Lupi, Alessandro; Diemand, Jürg
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 1
Phase-space Correlation in Stellar Streams of the Milky Way Halo: The Clash of Kshir and GD-1
journal, November 2019
- Malhan, Khyati; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Carlberg, Raymond G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1
Exploring the Outskirts of Globular Clusters: The Peculiar Kinematics of NGC 3201
journal, December 2019
- Bianchini, P.; Ibata, R.; Famaey, B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 1
Growth of First Galaxies: Impacts of Star Formation and Stellar Feedback
text, January 2017
- Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro; Zhu, Qirong
- arXiv
Stellar envelopes of globular clusters embedded in dark mini-haloes
text, January 2017
- Peñarrubia, Jorge; Varri, Anna Lisa; Breen, Philip G.
- arXiv
Tidal stripping and the structure of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group
text, January 2017
- Fattahi, Azadeh; Navarro, Julio F.; Frenk, Carlos S.
- arXiv
Gas clump formation via thermal instability in high-redshift dwarf galaxy mergers
text, January 2017
- Arata, Shohei; Yajima, Hidenobu; Nagamine, Kentaro
- arXiv
The E-MOSAICS Project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations
text, January 2017
- Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Crain, Robert A.
- arXiv
Snake in the Clouds: A new nearby dwarf galaxy in the Magellanic bridge
text, January 2018
- Koposov, Sergey E.; Walker, Matthew G.; Belokurov, Vasily
- arXiv
Chemical Abundances in the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies Grus I and Triangulum II: Neutron-Capture Elements as a Defining Feature of the Faintest Dwarfs
text, January 2018
- Ji, Alexander P.; Simon, Joshua D.; Frebel, Anna
- arXiv
Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6
text, January 2018
- Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M.
- arXiv
Ghostly Halos in Dwarf Galaxies: Constraints on the Star Formation Efficiency before Reionization
text, January 2018
- Kang, Hoyoung; Ricotti, Massimo
- arXiv
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXIII. Fundamentals of nuclear star clusters over seven decades in galaxy mass
text, January 2018
- Sánchez-Janssen, R.; Côté, P.; Ferrarese, L.
- arXiv
Simulating Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time: I. Initial Mass Function, Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies
text, January 2019
- He, Chong-Chong; Ricotti, Massimo; Geen, Sam
- arXiv
Ionising the Intergalactic Medium by Star Clusters: The first empirical evidence
text, January 2019
- Vanzella, E.; Caminha, G. B.; Calura, F.
- arXiv
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations
text, January 2019
- Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A.
- arXiv
Exploring the outskirts of globular clusters: the peculiar kinematics of NGC 3201
text, January 2019
- Bianchini, P.; Ibata, R.; Famaey, B.
- arXiv