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Title: Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter

Abstract

Many aspects of the large-scale structure of the Universe can be described successfully using cosmological models in which 27 ± 1% of the critical mass-energy density consists of cold dark matter (CDM). However, few—if any—of the predictions of CDM models have been successful on scales of ~10 kpc or less. This lack of success is usually explained by the difficulty of modeling baryonic physics (star formation, supernova and black-hole feedback, etc.). An intriguing alternative to CDM is that the dark matter is an extremely light (m ~10-22 eV) boson having a de Broglie wavelength λ ~1 kpc, often called fuzzy dark matter (FDM). Here we describe the arguments from particle physics that motivate FDM, review previous work on its astrophysical signatures, and analyze several unexplored aspects of its behavior. In particular, (i) FDM halos or subhalos smaller than about 107(m/10-22 eV)-3/2 M⊙ do not form, and the abundance of halos smaller than a few times 1010(m/10-22 eV)-4/3 M⊙ is substantially smaller in FDM than in CDM. (ii) FDM halos are comprised of a central core that is a stationary, minimum-energy solution of the Schrödinger-Poisson equation, sometimes called a “soliton,” surrounded by an envelope that resembles a CDM halo. The solitonmore » can produce a distinct signature in the rotation curves of FDM-dominated systems. (iii) The transition between soliton and envelope is determined by a relaxation process analogous to two-body relaxation in gravitating N-body systems, which proceeds as if the halo were composed of particles with mass ~ ρλ3 where ρ is the halo density. (iv) Relaxation may have substantial effects on the stellar disk and bulge in the inner parts of disk galaxies, but has negligible effect on disk thickening or globular cluster disruption near the solar radius. (v) Relaxation can produce FDM disks but a FDM disk in the solar neighborhood must have a half-thickness of at least ~300 (m/10-22 eV)-2/3 pc and a midplane density less than 0.2(m/10-22 eV)2/3 times the baryonic disk density. (vi) Solitonic FDM subhalos evaporate by tunneling through the tidal radius and this limits the minimum subhalo mass inside ~30 kpc of the Milky Way to a few times 108(m/10- 22 eV)-3/2 M⊙. (vii) If the dark matter in the Fornax dwarf galaxy is composed of CDM, most of the globular clusters observed in that galaxy should have long ago spiraled to its center, and this problem is resolved if the dark matter is FDM. (viii) FDM delays galaxy formation relative to CDM but its galaxy-formation history is consistent with current observations of high-redshift galaxies and the late reionization observed by Planck. If the dark matter is composed of FDM, most observations favor a particle mass ≳ 10-22 eV and the most significant observational consequences occur if the mass is in the range 1 -10 × 10 - 22 eV. There is tension with observations of the Lyman-α forest, which favor m ≳10 - 20 × 10-22 eV and we discuss whether more sophisticated models of reionization may resolve this tension.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [3]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Columbia University, New York, NY (United States)
  2. Columbia University, New York, NY (United States); Princeton University, NJ (United States)
  3. Princeton University, NJ (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Columbia Univ., New York, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)
OSTI Identifier:
1536231
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1345282
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0011941; NNX14AM24G; NXX16AB27G; AST-1406166; PHY-1606531
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review. D.
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 95; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmology; dark matter; large scale structure of the universe

Citation Formats

Hui, Lam, Ostriker, Jeremiah P., Tremaine, Scott, and Witten, Edward. Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1103/physrevd.95.043541.
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Hui, Lam, Ostriker, Jeremiah P., Tremaine, Scott, & Witten, Edward. Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.95.043541
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Hui, Lam, Ostriker, Jeremiah P., Tremaine, Scott, and Witten, Edward. Tue . "Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.95.043541. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1536231.
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@article{osti_1536231,
title = {Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter},
author = {Hui, Lam and Ostriker, Jeremiah P. and Tremaine, Scott and Witten, Edward},
abstractNote = {Many aspects of the large-scale structure of the Universe can be described successfully using cosmological models in which 27 ± 1% of the critical mass-energy density consists of cold dark matter (CDM). However, few—if any—of the predictions of CDM models have been successful on scales of ~10 kpc or less. This lack of success is usually explained by the difficulty of modeling baryonic physics (star formation, supernova and black-hole feedback, etc.). An intriguing alternative to CDM is that the dark matter is an extremely light (m ~10-22 eV) boson having a de Broglie wavelength λ ~1 kpc, often called fuzzy dark matter (FDM). Here we describe the arguments from particle physics that motivate FDM, review previous work on its astrophysical signatures, and analyze several unexplored aspects of its behavior. In particular, (i) FDM halos or subhalos smaller than about 107(m/10-22 eV)-3/2 M⊙ do not form, and the abundance of halos smaller than a few times 1010(m/10-22 eV)-4/3 M⊙ is substantially smaller in FDM than in CDM. (ii) FDM halos are comprised of a central core that is a stationary, minimum-energy solution of the Schrödinger-Poisson equation, sometimes called a “soliton,” surrounded by an envelope that resembles a CDM halo. The soliton can produce a distinct signature in the rotation curves of FDM-dominated systems. (iii) The transition between soliton and envelope is determined by a relaxation process analogous to two-body relaxation in gravitating N-body systems, which proceeds as if the halo were composed of particles with mass ~ ρλ3 where ρ is the halo density. (iv) Relaxation may have substantial effects on the stellar disk and bulge in the inner parts of disk galaxies, but has negligible effect on disk thickening or globular cluster disruption near the solar radius. (v) Relaxation can produce FDM disks but a FDM disk in the solar neighborhood must have a half-thickness of at least ~300 (m/10-22 eV)-2/3 pc and a midplane density less than 0.2(m/10-22 eV)2/3 times the baryonic disk density. (vi) Solitonic FDM subhalos evaporate by tunneling through the tidal radius and this limits the minimum subhalo mass inside ~30 kpc of the Milky Way to a few times 108(m/10- 22 eV)-3/2 M⊙. (vii) If the dark matter in the Fornax dwarf galaxy is composed of CDM, most of the globular clusters observed in that galaxy should have long ago spiraled to its center, and this problem is resolved if the dark matter is FDM. (viii) FDM delays galaxy formation relative to CDM but its galaxy-formation history is consistent with current observations of high-redshift galaxies and the late reionization observed by Planck. If the dark matter is composed of FDM, most observations favor a particle mass ≳ 10-22 eV and the most significant observational consequences occur if the mass is in the range 1 -10 × 10 - 22 eV. There is tension with observations of the Lyman-α forest, which favor m ≳10 - 20 × 10-22 eV and we discuss whether more sophisticated models of reionization may resolve this tension.},
doi = {10.1103/physrevd.95.043541},
journal = {Physical Review. D.},
number = 4,
volume = 95,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 28 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Tue Feb 28 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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Dynamical Friction. I. General Considerations: the Coefficient of Dynamical Friction.
journal, January 1943

  • Chandrasekhar, S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 97
  • DOI: 10.1086/144517

Where Are the Missing Galactic Satellites?
journal, September 1999

  • Klypin, Anatoly; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Valenzuela, Octavio
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 522, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/307643

Galaxy UV-luminosity function and reionization constraints on axion dark matter
journal, April 2015

  • Bozek, Brandon; Marsh, David J. E.; Silk, Joseph
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv624

Model comparison of the dark matter profiles of Fornax, Sculptor, Carina and Sextans
journal, October 2013

CONTRASTING GALAXY FORMATION FROM QUANTUM WAVE DARK MATTER, ψ DM, WITH ΛCDM, USING PLANCK AND HUBBLE DATA
journal, February 2016

Reconciling Dwarf Galaxies with Λcdm Cosmology: Simulating a Realistic Population of Satellites Around a Milky Way–Mass Galaxy
journal, August 2016

Origin of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters and their helium enrichment
journal, November 2008

Origin of the Globular Star Clusters
journal, November 1968

  • Peebles, P. J. E.; Dicke, R. H.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 154
  • DOI: 10.1086/149811

Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
journal, August 2013

Evolution of barred galaxies by dynamical friction
journal, April 1985

  • Weinberg, Martin D.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 213, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/213.3.451

A high Stellar Velocity Dispersion and ∼100 Globular Clusters for the Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44
journal, August 2016

The lifetime of axion stars
journal, May 2016

  • Eby, Joshua; Suranyi, Peter; Wijewardhana, L. C. R.
  • Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 31, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1142/S0217732316500905

Minimum mass of galaxies from BEC or scalar field dark matter
journal, January 2010

The one-dimensional Ly α forest power spectrum from BOSS
journal, November 2013

  • Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Yèche, Christophe; Borde, Arnaud
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 559
  • DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201322130

Eigenstates of the Gravitational SchrÖDinger Equation
journal, September 1998

  • Bernstein, David H.; Giladi, Eldar; Jones, Kingsley R. W.
  • Modern Physics Letters A, Vol. 13, Issue 29
  • DOI: 10.1142/S0217732398002473

How supernova feedback turns dark matter cusps into cores: Supernova feedback and dark matter cores
journal, March 2012

Cores and cusps in warm dark matter halos
journal, March 2011

  • Villaescusa-Navarro, Francisco; Dalal, Neal
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2011, Issue 03
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2011/03/024

Anatomy of the bar Instability in Cuspy dark Matter Halos
journal, May 2009

Two ten-billion-solar-mass black holes at the centres of giant elliptical galaxies
journal, December 2011

  • McConnell, Nicholas J.; Ma, Chung-Pei; Gebhardt, Karl
  • Nature, Vol. 480, Issue 7376
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature10636

New observables for direct detection of axion dark matter
journal, August 2013

Dynamical modelling of NGC 6809: selecting the best model using Bayesian inference
journal, December 2013

  • Diakogiannis, Foivos I.; Lewis, Geraint F.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 437, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stt2093

Can Sterile Neutrinos Be the Dark Matter?
journal, November 2006

Stellar Feedback in Dwarf Galaxy Formation
journal, January 2008

Boson stars from self-interacting dark matter
journal, February 2016

  • Eby, Joshua; Kouvaris, Chris; Nielsen, Niklas Grønlund
  • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1007/JHEP02(2016)028

Ultra-light dark matter in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
journal, May 2016

  • Calabrese, Erminia; Spergel, David N.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 460, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1256

Recovery of the Shape of the Mass Power Spectrum from the Lyα Forest
journal, May 1999

  • Hui, Lam
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 516, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/307134

The Observed Properties of Dwarf Galaxies in and Around the Local Group
journal, June 2012

Regularization of the Coulomb scattering problem
journal, November 2004

Dispersal of Tidal Debris in a Milky-Way-Sized dark Matter halo
journal, February 2016

Fluid dynamical form of the linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations
journal, June 1980

On the mass of ultra-light bosonic dark matter from galactic dynamics
journal, February 2012

  • Lora, V.; Magaña, Juan; Bernal, Argelia
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 02
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2012/02/011

Substructure and Halo Density Profiles in a Warm Dark Matter Cosmology
journal, October 2000

  • Colin, Pedro; Avila‐Reese, Vladimir; Valenzuela, Octavio
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 542, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/317057

Fuzzy Cold Dark Matter: The Wave Properties of Ultralight Particles
journal, August 2000

Dynamical friction in constant density cores: a failure of the Chandrasekhar formula
journal, November 2006

Late-time phase transition and the galactic halo as a Bose liquid
journal, September 1994

Repulsive dark matter
journal, April 2000

Klein-Gordon Geon
journal, August 1968

Dark Matter Substructure and Gamma‐Ray Annihilation in the Milky Way Halo
journal, March 2007

  • Diemand, Jurg; Kuhlen, Michael; Madau, Piero
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 657, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/510736

The structure of cold dark matter halos
journal, September 1991

  • Dubinski, John; Carlberg, R. G.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 378
  • DOI: 10.1086/170451

Bar‐driven Dark Halo Evolution: A Resolution of the Cusp‐Core Controversy
journal, December 2002

  • Weinberg, Martin D.; Katz, Neal
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 580, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/343847

Dark matter in dwarf spheroidals II. Observations and modelling of Draco
journal, March 2002

Axion dark matter, solitons and the cusp–core problem
journal, June 2015

  • Marsh, David J. E.; Pop, Ana-Roxana
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stv1050

On the Stability of Binary Systems.
journal, January 1944

  • Chandrasekhar, S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 99
  • DOI: 10.1086/144589

Globular Clusters in the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
journal, March 2000

  • Oh, K. S.; Lin, D. N. C.; Richer, Harvey B.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 531, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/308477

Dark Matter Substructure within Galactic Halos
journal, October 1999

  • Moore, Ben; Ghigna, Sebastiano; Governato, Fabio
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 524, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/312287

An ultralight pseudoscalar boson
journal, January 2016

Gravitational collapse of small-scale structure as the origin of the Lyman-alpha forest
journal, December 1994

  • Cen, Renyue; Miralda-Escude, Jordi; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 437
  • DOI: 10.1086/187670

The local density of matter mapped by Hipparcos
journal, April 2000

Galactic Dynamics (Second Edition)
book, December 2008

Cosmology of the invisible axion
journal, January 1983

Recent Constraints on Axion-photon and Axion-electron Coupling with the CAST Experiment
journal, January 2015

Cutoff in the Lyman- α forest power spectrum: Warm IGM or warm dark matter?
journal, October 2017

On the Stability of Binary Systems.
journal, January 1944

  • Chandrasekhar, S.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 99
  • DOI: 10.1086/144589

Massive black holes in galactic halos?
journal, December 1985

  • Lacey, C. G.; Ostriker, J. P.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 299
  • DOI: 10.1086/163729

Constraints from Dynamical Friction on the Dark Matter Content of Barred Galaxies
journal, November 2000

  • Debattista, Victor P.; Sellwood, J. A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 543, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/317148

Dark Halos: The Flattening of the Density Cusp by Dynamical Friction
journal, October 2001

  • El‐Zant, Amr; Shlosman, Isaac; Hoffman, Yehuda
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 560, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/322516

The missing satellite problem in 3D
journal, July 2016

  • Nierenberg, A. M.; Treu, T.; Menci, N.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 462, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1860

Jeans analysis for dwarf spheroidal galaxies in wave dark matter
journal, February 2017

  • Chen, Shu-Rong; Schive, Hsi-Yu; Chiueh, Tzihong
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx449

Gaps in globular cluster streams: giant molecular clouds can cause them too
journal, July 2016

  • Amorisco, Nicola C.; Gómez, Facundo A.; Vegetti, Simona
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 463, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slw148

Systems of Self-Gravitating Particles in General Relativity and the Concept of an Equation of State
journal, November 1969

Understanding the Core-Halo Relation of Quantum Wave Dark Matter from 3D Simulations
journal, December 2014

Dynamical friction in constant density cores: a failure of the Chandrasekhar formula
journal, November 2006

Origin of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters and their helium enrichment
journal, November 2008

Dynamical Models for the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal in a ΛCDM Universe
journal, March 2017

  • Strigari, Louis E.; Frenk, Carlos S.; White, Simon D. M.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 838, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa5c8e

Kinematics of Milky Way Satellites in a Lambda Cold Dark Matter Universe
text, January 2010

Cores and Cusps in Warm Dark Matter Halos
text, January 2010

Cores in warm dark matter haloes: a Catch 22 problem
text, January 2012

Cosmic Structure as the Quantum Interference of a Coherent Dark Wave
text, January 2014

Cosmological particle-in-cell simulations with ultralight axion dark matter
text, January 2016

Black hole formation from axion stars
text, January 2016

Regularization of the Coulomb scattering problem
text, January 2004

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