Health and environmental effects document for batteries - 1982: the lead/acid and zinc/halogen batteries
This Health and Environmental Effects Document (HEED) is an assessment of the environmental health effects associated with production of lead/acid and zinc/halogen (zinc/chlorine and zinc/bromine) batteries for electric vehicle and utility load-leveling applications. Emissions are estimated for those industries required for production, use, and recycling of batteries, starting with mining and milling of raw materials. Emissions concentrations are estimated in the near field and in the far field for two chosen sites for each required industry. Human health risks associated with exposure to emissions are evaluated using dose-response models for lead, cadmium, and sulfur oxides. Health risks are estimated per industrial site; additional estimates are presented based on a scenario of 20,000 MWh/yr battery production. Comparisons are made of health risks associated with (1) near-field vs. far-field dispersion of emissions, and (2) lead/acid vs. zinc/halogen battery production. Solid and liquid waste disposal and an ingestion route for lead are addressed. Potential health risks of chlorine exposure from accidents involving electric vehicles powered by zinc/chlorine batteries are evaluated.
- Research Organization:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- DOE Contract Number:
- W-31-109-ENG-38
- OSTI ID:
- 5788494
- Report Number(s):
- ANL/ES-129; ON: DE84000964
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
HEALTH HAZARDS
ZINC-BROMINE BATTERIES
ZINC-CHLORINE BATTERIES
CADMIUM
CHLORINE
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS
ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT
GASEOUS WASTES
LEAD
LIQUID WASTES
SOLID WASTES
SULFUR OXIDES
CHALCOGENIDES
ELECTRIC BATTERIES
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
ELEMENTS
HALOGENS
HAZARDS
MASS TRANSFER
METAL-GAS BATTERIES
METAL-NONMETAL BATTERIES
METALS
NONMETALS
OXIDES
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
WASTES
250901* - Energy Storage- Batteries- Design & Development