The composition of gases from a diffusion flame above longleaf pine needle fuel beds

Weise, David R.; Fletcher, Thomas H.; Johnson, Timothy J.; Hao, WeiMin; Tonkyn, Russell G.; Banach, Catherine A.; Palarea-Albaladejo, Javier; Alizadeh, Mahsa; Baker, Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136681

The composition of gases from a diffusion flame above longleaf pine needle fuel beds

Journal Article · Mon Sep 22 20:00:00 EDT 2025 · Fuel

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136681· OSTI ID:3006462

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[3]; ^[3]; ^[5]; ^[2]; Baker, Stephen ^[4]

USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA (United States). Pacific Southwest Research Station
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT (United States). Rocky Mountain Research Station
University of Girona (Spain)

The gas and tar composition of a diffusion flame from longleaf pine needles is currently poorly understood and more data are needed to fill in the gap between pyrolysis data and smoke plume data, thus improving physical and chemical modeling of wildland smoke formation. A pilot experiment to measure light gas and tar composition of such a flame is described for three flame regions: persistent flame (flame base), intermittent flame, and smoke plume. Flame gases from 24 experimental fires were collected in canisters and analyzed using EPA method TO-14A for CO₂, CO, H₂, CH₄, and C₂ to C₇ hydrocarbon gases. Condensed gas (tar) samples were collected and analyzed using GC/MS. Other light gases were measured using FTIR spectroscopy. Results from compositional data analysis suggest significant differences in (relative) concentration of compounds detected in the three regions of the flame. Statistical tests for differences in flame zones were performed using the canister data: Concentration of hydrocarbons relative to CO and CO₂ decreased from the persistent flame zone above the pyrolyzing needles through the intermittent flame region into the flame-free plume. This was likely due to both chemical reactions (oxidation) occurring in the flame as well as the introduction of air into the flame/plume by entrainment.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 3006462

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--210263

Journal Information:: Fuel, Journal Name: Fuel Journal Issue: Part A Vol. 406; ISSN 0016-2361

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (85)

Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) Anderson, Marti J. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841	reference-book	November 2017
A kinetic model for pyrolysis of cellulose Bradbury, Allan G. W.; Sakai, Yoshio; Shafizadeh, Fred Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070231112	journal	June 1979
lrSVD: An efficient imputation algorithm for incomplete high‐throughput compositional data Palarea‐Albaladejo, Javier; Antoni Martín‐Fernández, Josep; Ruiz‐Gazen, Anne Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 36, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.3459	journal	November 2022
Laboratory characterization of PM emissions from combustion of wildland biomass fuels: PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING Hosseini, S.; Urbanski, S. P.; Dixit, P. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50481	journal	September 2013
Linear flame heights for various fuels Steward, F. R. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(64)90063-X	journal	September 1964
Prediction of laminar flame properties of methanol-air mixtures Westbrook, Charles K.; Dryer, Frederick L. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(80)90084-X	journal	January 1980
A model for the wind-blown flame from a line fire☆ Albini, F. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(81)90014-6	journal	January 1981
Chemical effects on molecular species concentrations in turbulent fires Orloff, L.; de Ris, J.; Delichatsios, M. A. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 69, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(87)90121-0	journal	September 1987
Major chemical species in buoyant turbulent diffusion flames Smith, D. A.; Cox, G. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 91, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90055-T	journal	December 1992
Introduction to pyrolysis of biomass Shafizadeh, F. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(82)80017-X	journal	April 1982
Influence of moisture and wind upon the characteristics of free-burning fires Anderson, H. E.; Rothermel, R. C. Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(65)80243-0	journal	January 1965
Visible structure of buoyant diffusion flames Zukoski, E. E.; Cetegen, B. M.; Kubota, T. Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(85)80522-1	journal	January 1985
On the flame structure at the base of a pool fire Bouhafid, A.; Vantelon, J. P.; Joulain, P. Symposium (International) on Combustion, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(89)80140-7	journal	January 1989
Characterization of sewage sludges by primary and secondary pyrolysis Caballero, J. A.; Front, R.; Marcilla, A. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 40-41 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(97)00045-4	journal	May 1997
Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals Demirbaş, Ayhan Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 42, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00137-0	journal	July 2001
Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass Demirbaş, A. Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 41, Issue 6, p. 633-646 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00130-2	journal	April 2000
Modeling of bare and aspirated thermocouples in compartment fires Blevins, Linda G.; Pitts, William M. Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(99)00034-X	journal	November 1999
Distinguishing primary and secondary reactions of cellulose pyrolysis Patwardhan, Pushkaraj R.; Dalluge, Dustin L.; Shanks, Brent H. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.018	journal	April 2011
Numerical simulation and experiments of burning douglas fir trees Mell, William; Maranghides, Alexander; McDermott, Randall Combustion and Flame, Vol. 156, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.015	journal	October 2009
A simplified model for soot formation and oxidation in CFD simulation of non-premixed hydrocarbon flames Lautenberger, Christopher W.; de Ris, John L.; Dembsey, Nicholas A. Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.10.002	journal	March 2005
Determination of the main parameters influencing forest fuel combustion dynamics Bartoli, P.; Simeoni, A.; Biteau, H. Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 46, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.05.002	journal	January 2011
Experimental investigation of the impact of oxygen flux on the burning dynamics of forest fuel beds Thomas, Jan C.; Hadden, Rory M.; Simeoni, Albert Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.086	journal	July 2017
Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin Sharma, Ramesh K.; Wooten, Jan B.; Baliga, Vicki L. Fuel, Vol. 83, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2003.11.015	journal	August 2004
Characterization of pyrolysis products from fast pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the Southern United States Safdari, Mohammad-Saeed; Rahmati, Mahmood; Amini, Elham Fuel, Vol. 229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.166	journal	October 2018
Characterization of pyrolysis products from slow pyrolysis of live and dead vegetation native to the southern United States Amini, Elham; Safdari, Mohammad-Saeed; DeYoung, Jonathan T. Fuel, Vol. 235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.112	journal	January 2019
Formation of the heavy tar during bio-oil pyrolysis: A study based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry Xiong, Zhe; Han, Hengda; Azis, Muhammad Mufti Fuel, Vol. 239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.151	journal	March 2019
Heating rate and temperature effects on pyrolysis products from live wildland fuels Safdari, Mohammad-Saeed; Amini, Elham; Weise, David R. Fuel, Vol. 242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.040	journal	April 2019
Specific heat capacity of wildland foliar fuels to 434 °C Boardman, Charles R.; Dietenberger, Mark A.; Weise, David R. Fuel, Vol. 292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120396	journal	May 2021
A comprehensive review on lignin pyrolysis: Mechanism, modeling and the effects of inherent metals in biomass Leng, Erwei; Guo, Yilin; Chen, Jingwei Fuel, Vol. 309 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122102	journal	February 2022
Structures and burning velocity of biomass derived gas flames Liu, C.; Yan, B.; Chen, G. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.020	journal	January 2010
Laminar burning velocities of H2/CO/CH4/CO2/N2 -air mixtures at elevated temperatures Varghese, Robin John; Kolekar, Harshal; Kumar, Sudarshan International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.103	journal	May 2019
Experimental study of laminar flames obtained by the homogenization of three forest fuels Tihay, Virginie; Simeoni, Albert; Santoni, Paul-Antoine International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol. 48, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2008.03.018	journal	March 2009
Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood Zhang, Liming; Larsson, Anette; Moldin, Annelie Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115432	journal	November 2022
Review on biofuel production: Sustainable development scenario, environment, and climate change perspectives − A sustainable approach Prasad, Shiv; Yadav, Krishna Kumar; Kumar, Sandeep Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.111996	journal	April 2024
The HITRAN2016 molecular spectroscopic database Gordon, I. E.; Rothman, L. S.; Hill, C. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2017.06.038	journal	December 2017
Improved assignments of the vibrational fundamental modes of ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene using gas- and liquid-phase infrared and Raman spectra combined with ab initio calculations: Quantitative gas-phase infrared spectra for detection Lindenmaier, Rodica; Scharko, Nicole K.; Tonkyn, Russell G. Journal of Molecular Structure, Vol. 1149 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.053	journal	December 2017
Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels Demirbas, A. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2003.10.004	journal	January 2004
Advances and challenges in laminar flame experiments and implications for combustion chemistry Egolfopoulos, F. N.; Hansen, N.; Ju, Y. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.04.004	journal	August 2014
Combustion Chemistry and Decomposition Kinetics of Forest Fuels Korobeinichev, Oleg P.; Paletsky, Alexander A.; Gonchikzhapov, Munko B. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.054	journal	January 2013
A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin Collard, François-Xavier; Blin, Joël Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.013	journal	October 2014
Soot formation during biomass gasification: A critical review He, Qing; Guo, Qinghua; Umeki, Kentaro Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110710	journal	April 2021
An infrared spectral database for detection of gases emitted by biomass burning Johnson, Timothy J.; Profeta, Luisa T. M.; Sams, Robert L. Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol. 53, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2010.02.010	journal	May 2010
Summative and Ultimate Analysis of Live Leaves from Southern U.S. Forest Plants for Use in Fire Modeling Matt, Frederick J.; Dietenberger, Mark A.; Weise, David R. Energy & Fuels, Vol. 34, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b04107	journal	February 2020
A Review of Terminology Used to Describe Soot Formation and Evolution under Combustion and Pyrolytic Conditions Michelsen, Hope A.; Colket, Meredith B.; Bengtsson, Per-Erik ACS Nano, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c06226	journal	September 2020
Effect of the Fast Pyrolysis Temperature on the Primary and Secondary Products of Lignin Zhou, Shuai; Garcia-Perez, Manuel; Pecha, Brennan Energy & Fuels, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef4001677	journal	September 2013
Wind tunnel modeling of atmospheric emissions from agricultural burning: influence of operating configuration on flame structure and particle emission factor for a spreading-type fire Jenkins, Bryan M.; Kennedy, Ian M.; Turn, Scott Q. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00046a002	journal	September 1993
Flame ionization detection of carbon oxides and hydrocarbon oxygenates Colket, Meredith B.; Naegeli, David W.; Dryer, Frederick L. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/es60086a007	journal	January 1974
Primary and secondary lignin pyrolysis reaction pathways Jegers, Harold E.; Klein, Michael T. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/i200028a030	journal	January 1985
Heterogeneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) on soot aerosol particles Kalberer, M.; Ammann, M.; Arens, F. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 104, Issue D11 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900141	journal	June 1999
Emissions of major gaseous and particulate species during experimental burns of southern African biomass Keene, William C.; Lobert, Jürgen M.; Crutzen, Paul J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 111, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006319	journal	February 2006
Measurements of gas-phase inorganic and organic acids from biomass fires by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry Veres, Patrick; Roberts, James M.; Burling, Ian R. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 115, Issue D23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014033	journal	January 2010
Analyzing Wildland Fire Smoke Emissions Data Using Compositional Data Techniques Weise, David R.; Palarea‐Albaladejo, Javier; Johnson, Timothy J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 125, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032128	journal	March 2020
Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires Yokelson, Robert J.; Griffith, David W. T.; Ward, Darold E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 101, Issue D15 https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01800	journal	September 1996
Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H2, N2O, NO, CH3Cl and COS Crutzen, Paul J.; Heidt, Leroy E.; Krasnec, Joseph P. Nature, Vol. 282, Issue 5736 https://doi.org/10.1038/282253a0	journal	November 1979
The reactivity of NO2 and HONO on flame soot at ambient temperature: The influence of combustion conditions Stadler, Dominik; Rossi, Michel J. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/b005680o	journal	January 2000
Entrainment regimes and flame characteristics of wildland fires Nelson, Ralph M.; Butler, Bret W.; Weise, David R. International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10034	journal	January 2012
Flame temperature and residence time of fires in dry eucalypt forest Wotton, B. Mike; Gould, James S.; McCaw, W. Lachlan International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10127	journal	January 2012
Fire behaviour and smoke modelling: model improvement and measurement needs for next-generation smoke research and forecasting systems Liu, Yongqiang; Kochanski, Adam; Baker, Kirk R. International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 28, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18204	journal	January 2019
Wildland fire emission factors in North America: synthesis of existing data, measurement needs and management applications Prichard, Susan J.; O'Neill, Susan M.; Eagle, Paige International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19066	journal	January 2020
Application of compositional data analysis to determine the effects of heating mode, moisture status and plant species on pyrolysates Weise, David R.; Fletcher, Thomas H.; Safdari, Mohammad-Saeed International Journal of Wildland Fire https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20126	journal	January 2021
Comparison of fire-produced gases from wind tunnel and small field experimental burns Weise, David R.; Hao, Wei Min; Baker, Stephen International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF21141	journal	April 2022
Comparing two methods to measure oxidative pyrolysis gases in a wind tunnel and in prescribed burns Weise, David R.; Johnson, Timothy J.; Myers, Tanya L. International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 32, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF22079	journal	November 2022
Comparing gas composition from fast pyrolysis of live foliage measured in bench-scale and fire-scale experiments Weise, David R.; Fletcher, Thomas H.; Johnson, Timothy J. International Journal of Wildland Fire, Vol. 33, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF23200	journal	August 2024
Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread Finney, Mark A.; Cohen, Jack D.; Forthofer, Jason M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504498112	journal	July 2015
Contribution of Burning of Agricultural Wastes to Photochemical Air Pollution Darley, E. F.; Burleson, F. R.; Mateer, E. H. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1966.10468533	journal	December 1966
A Global Kinetic Model for the Combustion of the Evolved Gases in Wildland Fires Pérez-Ramirez, Y.; Santoni, P.; Darabiha, N. Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 184, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.691585	journal	September 2012
Influence of Pyrolysis Gas Composition and Reaction Kinetics on Leaf-Scale Fires Rahimi Borujerdi, Peyman; Shotorban, Babak; Mahalingam, Shankar Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 196, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2022.2135995	journal	October 2022
Composition of particulate matter during a wildfire smoke episode in an urban area Sparks, Tamara L.; Wagner, Jeff Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 55, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2021.1895429	journal	March 2021
Biplots of compositional data Aitchison, John; Greenacre, Michael Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics), Vol. 51, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9876.00275	journal	October 2002
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing Benjamini, Yoav; Hochberg, Yosef Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x	journal	January 1995
Measurements of radiant emissive power and temperatures in crown fires Butler, B. W.; Cohen, J.; Latham, D. J. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 34, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-060	journal	August 2004
Cardiovascular health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure Chen, Hao; Samet, James M.; Bromberg, Philip A. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-020-00394-8	journal	January 2021
Gas-Phase Databases for Quantitative Infrared Spectroscopy Sharpe, Steven W.; Johnson, Timothy J.; Sams, Robert L. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702042641281	journal	December 2004
Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public Adetona, Olorunfemi; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Domitrovich, Joe Inhalation Toxicology, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771	journal	February 2016
Critical review of the role of ash content and composition in biomass pyrolysis Puri, Lokeshwar; Hu, Yulin; Naterer, Greg Frontiers in Fuels, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffuel.2024.1378361	journal	March 2024
Characteristics of Pyrolysis Products of California Chaparral and Their Potential Effect on Wildland Fires Alizadeh, Mahsa; Weise, David R.; Fletcher, Thomas H. Fire, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7080271	journal	August 2024
Co/co2 Ratios In Fire Tsuchiya, Y. Fire Safety Science, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.4-515	journal	January 1994
Laboratory measurements of trace gas emissions from biomass burning of fuel types from the southeastern and southwestern United States Burling, I. R.; Yokelson, R. J.; Griffith, D. W. T. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11115-2010	journal	January 2010
Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires Yokelson, R. J.; Burling, I. R.; Gilman, J. B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-89-2013	journal	January 2013
High- and low-temperature pyrolysis profiles describe volatile organic compound emissions from western US wildfire fuels Sekimoto, Kanako; Koss, Abigail R.; Gilman, Jessica B. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9263-2018	journal	January 2018
Gas-phase pyrolysis products emitted by prescribed fires in pine forests with a shrub understory in the southeastern United States Scharko, Nicole K.; Oeck, Ashley M.; Myers, Tanya L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9681-2019	journal	January 2019
Identification of gas-phase pyrolysis products in a prescribed fire: first detections using infrared spectroscopy for naphthalene, methyl nitrite, allene, acrolein and acetaldehyde Scharko, Nicole K.; Oeck, Ashley M.; Tonkyn, Russell G. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-763-2019	journal	January 2019
Dynamic infrared gas analysis from longleaf pine fuel beds burned in a wind tunnel: observation of phenol in pyrolysis and combustion phases Banach, Catherine A.; Bradley, Ashley M.; Tonkyn, Russell G. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2359-2021	journal	March 2021
Measurement of HONO, HNCO, and other inorganic acids by negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS): application to biomass burning emissions Roberts, J. M.; Veres, P.; Warneke, C. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-981-2010	journal	January 2010
Pitfalls with the use of enhancement ratios or normalized excess mixing ratios measured in plumes to characterize pollution sources and aging Yokelson, R. J.; Andreae, M. O.; Akagi, S. K. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2155-2013	journal	January 2013

Similar Records

First Look at Smoke Emissions from Prescribed Burns in Long-unburned Longleaf Pine Forests

Conference · Fri Feb 21 23:00:00 EST 2014 · OSTI ID:1148624

Dynamic infrared gas analysis from longleaf pine fuel beds burned in a wind tunnel: observation of phenol in pyrolysis and combustion phases

Journal Article · Fri Mar 26 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (Online) · OSTI ID:1787479

Comparing gas composition from fast pyrolysis of live foliage measured in bench-scale and fire-scale experiments

Journal Article · Tue Aug 27 00:00:00 EDT 2024 · International Journal of Wildland Fire · OSTI ID:2484337

Related Subjects

Biomass
Compositional data analysis
Flame
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Gas chromatography
Pyrolysis
Tars
Wildland fire

The composition of gases from a diffusion flame above longleaf pine needle fuel beds

Citation Formats

References (85)

Similar Records

Related Subjects