First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring

Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broderick, Avery E.; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi-kwan; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Gómez, José L.; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Ikeda, Shiro; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Mul̈ler, Cornelia; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C.  M.; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L.  J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P.  J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan; Anczarski, Jadyn; Baganoff, Frederick K.; Eckart, Andreas; Farah, Joseph R.; Haggard, Daryl; Meyer-Zhao, Zheng; Michalik, Daniel; Nadolski, Andrew; Neilsen, Joseph; Nishioka, Hiroaki; Nowak, Michael A.; Pradel, Nicolas; Primiani, Rurik A.; Souccar, Kamal; Vertatschitsch, Laura; Yamaguchi, Paul; Zhang, Shuo

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f43

Title: First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring

Journal Article · Wed Apr 10 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f43· OSTI ID:1574760

;

; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi;

;

; Ball, David;

;

; Bintley, Dan;

; Boland, Wilfred;

;

; Bremer, Michael;

;

; Broguiere, Dominique more »

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has mapped the central compact radio source of the elliptical galaxy M87 at 1.3 mm with unprecedented angular resolution. Here we consider the physical implications of the asymmetric ring seen in the 2017 EHT data. To this end, we construct a large library of models based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and synthetic images produced by general relativistic ray tracing. We compare the observed visibilities with this library and confirm that the asymmetric ring is consistent with earlier predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from a hot plasma orbiting near the black hole event horizon. The ring radius and ring asymmetry depend on black hole mass and spin, respectively, and both are therefore expected to be stable when observed in future EHT campaigns. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. If the black hole spin and M87's large scale jet are aligned, then the black hole spin vector is pointed away from Earth. Models in our library of non-spinning black holes are inconsistent with the observations as they do not produce sufficiently powerful jets. At the same time, in those models that produce a sufficiently powerful jet, the latter is powered by extraction of black hole spin energy through mechanisms akin to the Blandford-Znajek process. We briefly consider alternatives to a black hole for the central compact object. Analysis of existing EHT polarization data and data taken simultaneously at other wavelengths will soon enable new tests of the GRMHD models, as will future EHT campaigns at 230 and 345 GHz.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

OSTI ID:: 1574760

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-19-31023; TRN: US2100336

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online), Vol. 875, Issue 1; ISSN 2041-8213

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 422 works

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Silhouette of M87*: A new window to peek into the world of hidden dimensions Banerjee, Indrani; Chakraborty, Sumanta; SenGupta, Soumitra Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.101.041301	journal	February 2020
Rotating black holes with an anisotropic matter field Kim, Hyeong-Chan; Lee, Bum-Hoon; Lee, Wonwoo Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.101.064067	journal	March 2020
Relativistic Aspects of Accreting Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Their Natural Habitat: A Review Gold, Roman Galaxies, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7020063	journal	May 2019
Relativistic Jets from AGN Viewed at Highest Angular Resolution Hada, Kazuhiro Galaxies, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies8010001	journal	December 2019
The Brightest Point in Accretion Disk and Black Hole Spin: Implication to the Image of Black Hole M87* Dokuchaev, Vyacheslav I.; Nazarova, Natalia O. Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5080183	journal	August 2019
Kerr Black Holes within a Modified Theory of Gravity Hess, Peter O.; López-Moreno, Enrique Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5090191	journal	August 2019
EHT Constraint on the Ultralight Scalar Hair of the M87 Supermassive Black Hole Cunha, Pedro; Herdeiro, Carlos; Radu, Eugen Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5120220	journal	November 2019
Black Hole Spin Signature in the Black Hole Shadow of M87 in the Flaring State Kawashima, Tomohisa; Kino, Motoki; Akiyama, Kazunori The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab19c0	journal	June 2019
Toward a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes. I. Framework and a Split Monopole Example Huang, Lei; Pan, Zhen; Yu, Cong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2909	journal	July 2019
EHT-HOPS Pipeline for Millimeter VLBI Data Reduction Blackburn, Lindy; Chan, Chi-kwan; Crew, Geoffrey B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab328d	journal	August 2019
Kinematics of the M87 Jet in the Collimation Zone: Gradual Acceleration and Velocity Stratification Park, Jongho; Hada, Kazuhiro; Kino, Motoki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5584	journal	December 2019
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85	journal	April 2019
Modeling non-thermal emission from the jet-launching region of M 87 with adaptive mesh refinement Davelaar, Jordy; Olivares, Hector; Porth, Oliver Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 632 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936150	journal	November 2019
Dynamical evolutions of $ \newcommand{\e}{{\rm e}} \ell$ -boson stars in spherical symmetry Alcubierre, Miguel; Barranco, Juan; Bernal, Argelia Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 36, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382/ab4726	journal	October 2019
Asymptotic safety casts its shadow Held, Aaron; Gold, Roman; Eichhorn, Astrid Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 06 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/06/029	journal	June 2019
Black hole hair from scalar dark matter Hui, Lam; Kabat, Daniel; Li, Xinyu Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 06 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/06/038	journal	June 2019
Curvature radius and Kerr black hole shadow Wei, Shao-Wen; Zou, Yuan-Chuan; Liu, Yu-Xiao Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/08/030	journal	August 2019
M87 black hole mass and spin estimate through the position of the jet boundary shape break Nokhrina, E. E.; Gurvits, L. I.; Beskin, V. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2116	journal	August 2019
Weak and strong deflection gravitational lensing by a renormalization group improved Schwarzschild black hole Lu, Xu; Xie, Yi The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 79, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7537-2	journal	December 2019
GR-MHD Disk Winds and Jets from Black Holes and Resistive Accretion Disks Vourellis, Christos; Fendt, Christian; Qian, Qian The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab32e2	journal	August 2019
The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project Porth, Oliver; Chatterjee, Koushik; Narayan, Ramesh The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 243, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab29fd	journal	August 2019
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57	journal	April 2019
The Spin of M87* Nemmen, Rodrigo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab2fd3	journal	July 2019
The Shadow of a Spherically Accreting Black Hole Narayan, Ramesh; Johnson, Michael D.; Gammie, Charles F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab518c	journal	November 2019
The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project Porth, Oliver; Chatterjee, Koushik; Narayan, Ramesh Maryland Shared Open Access Repository https://doi.org/10.13016/m2htjg-wbul	collection	January 2019
Black Hole Spin Measurement Based on Time-domain VLBI Observations of Infalling Gas Clouds Moriyama, Kotaro; Mineshige, Shin; Honma, Mareki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab505b	journal	December 2019
ALMA Observations of the Terahertz Spectrum of Sagittarius A* Bower, Geoffrey C.; Dexter, Jason; Asada, Keiichi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3397	journal	August 2019
rPICARD: A CASA-based calibration pipeline for VLBI data: Calibration and imaging of 7 mm VLBA observations of the AGN jet in M 87 Janssen, M.; Goddi, C.; van Bemmel, I. M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 626 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935181	journal	June 2019
Scale-invariance of black hole accretion: modelling emission from a black hole X-ray binary with relativistic accretion flow simulations Mościbrodzka, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2875	journal	November 2019
Testing the Schwarzschild metric in a strong field region with the Event Horizon Telescope Tian, S. X.; Zhu, Zong-Hong Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.100.064011	journal	September 2019
On the Calculation of the Effective Polytropic Index in Space Plasmas Nicolaou, Georgios; Livadiotis, George; Wicks, Robert T. Entropy, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/e21100997	journal	October 2019
Chandra Spectral and Timing Analysis of Sgr A*'s Brightest X-Ray Flares Haggard, Daryl; Nynka, Melania; Mon, Brayden The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a7f	journal	November 2019
Radiative Properties of Magnetically Arrested Disks Xie, Fu-Guo; Zdziarski, Andrzej A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 887, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab5848	journal	December 2019
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141	journal	April 2019
Orientation of the crescent image of M 87* Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Sikora, Marek; Różańska, Agata Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 634 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936586	journal	February 2020
Strong gravitational lensing by wormholes Shaikh, Rajibul; Banerjee, Pritam; Paul, Suvankar Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 07 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/07/028	journal	July 2019
The surprisingly small impact of magnetic fields on the inner accretion flow of Sagittarius A* fueled by stellar winds Ressler, S. M.; Quataert, E.; Stone, J. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3605	journal	December 2019
Observability of spherical photon orbits in near-extremal Kerr black holes Igata, Takahisa; Ishihara, Hideki; Yasunishi, Yu Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.100.044058	journal	August 2019
Gravitational perturbations of a Kerr black hole in $f (R)$ gravity Suvorov, Arthur George Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.99.124026	journal	June 2019
Dissipative Processes and Their Role in the Evolution of Radio Galaxies Perucho, Manel Galaxies, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7030070	journal	July 2019
The Effects of Finite Distance on the Gravitational Deflection Angle of Light Ono, Toshiaki; Asada, Hideki Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5110218	journal	November 2019
Detecting the Hadron-Quark Phase Transition with Gravitational Waves Hanauske, Matthias; Bovard, Luke; Most, Elias Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5060156	journal	June 2019
General-relativistic Resistive Magnetohydrodynamics with Robust Primitive-variable Recovery for Accretion Disk Simulations Ripperda, B.; Bacchini, F.; Porth, O. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 244, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3922	journal	September 2019
The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project Porth, Oliver; Chatterjee, Koushik; Narayan, Ramesh arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.04923	text	January 2019
Testing the rotational nature of the supermassive object M87* from the circularity and size of its first image Bambi, Cosimo; Freese, Katherine; Vagnozzi, Sunny arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.12983	text	January 2019
Image of the Janis-Newman-Winicour naked singularity with a thin accretion disk Gyulchev, Galin; Nedkova, Petya; Vetsov, Tsvetan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.05273	text	January 2019
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole Collaboration, The Event Horizon Telescope arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.11241	text	January 2019
GR-MHD disk winds and jets from black holes and resistive accretion disks Vourellis, Christos; Fendt, Christian; Qian, Qian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.10622	text	January 2019
Chandra Spectral and Timing Analysis of Sgr A*'s Brightest X-ray Flares Haggard, Daryl; Nynka, Melania; Mon, Brayden arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.01781	text	January 2019
Orientation of the crescent image of M 87* Nalewajko, Krzysztof; Sikora, Marek; Różańska, Agata arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.10376	text	January 2019
Testing the Schwarzschild metric in a strong field region with the Event Horizon Telescope Tian, S. X.; Zhu, Zong-Hong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.11794	text	January 2019
Can we distinguish black holes from naked singularities by the images of their accretion disks? Shaikh, Rajibul; Joshi, Pankaj S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.10322	text	January 2019
Lensing by Kerr Black Holes Gralla, Samuel E.; Lupsasca, Alexandru arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.12873	text	January 2019
The Surprisingly Small Impact of Magnetic Fields On The Inner Accretion Flow of Sagittarius A* Fueled By Stellar Winds Ressler, Sean M.; Quataert, Eliot; Stone, James M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.04469	text	January 2020

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