Imaging propagative exciton polaritons in atomically thin WSe2 waveguides

Hu, F.; Luan, Y.; Speltz, J.; Zhong, D.; Liu, C. H.; Yan, J.; Mandrus, D. G.; Xu, X.; Fei, Z.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.100.121301

Title: Imaging propagative exciton polaritons in atomically thin ${WSe}_{2}$ waveguides

Journal Article · Wed Sep 04 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Physical Review B

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.121301· OSTI ID:1562530

Hu, F. ^[1]; Luan, Y. ^[2]; Speltz, J. ^[3]; Zhong, D. ^[4]; Liu, C. H. ^[4]; Yan, J. ^[5]; Mandrus, D. G. ^[5]; Xu, X. ^[6]; Fei, Z. ^[2]

Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Ames Lab. and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Ames Lab. and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Dept. of Physics
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Dept. of Physics, and Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

The exciton polariton (EP) is a half-light and half-matter quasiparticle that is promising for exploring both fundamental quantum phenomena as well as photonic applications. Van der Waals materials, such as transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD), emerge as a promising nanophotonics platform due to its support of long propagative EPs even at room temperature. However, real-space studies have been limited to bulk crystal waveguides with a thickness no less than 60 nm. Here we report the nano-optical imaging of the transverse-electric EPs in WSe₂ nanoflakes down to a few atomic layers, which can be turned on and off by tuning the polarization state of the excitation laser. Unlike previously studied transverse-magnetic modes that exist only in bulk TMD waveguides, we found that the transverse-electric EPs could reside in ultrathin WSe₂ samples, owing to the alignment of the electric field with the in-plane dipole orientation of two-dimensional excitons. Furthermore, we show that the EP wavelength and propagation length can be largely controlled by varying laser energy and sample thickness. These findings open opportunities to realize near-infrared polaritonic devices and circuits truly at the atomically thin limit.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: FA9550-18-1-0104; AC02-07CH11358; AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1562530

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1560310; OSTI ID: 1564120

Report Number(s):: IS-J-10033; PRBMDO; TRN: US2000756

Journal Information:: Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 12; ISSN 2469-9950

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 25 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (48)

Femtosecond photo-switching of interface polaritons in black phosphorus heterostructures Huber, Markus A.; Mooshammer, Fabian; Plankl, Markus Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.261	journal	December 2016
Broadly tunable graphene plasmons using an ion-gel top gate with low control voltage Hu, Hai; Zhai, Feng; Hu, Debo Nanoscale, Vol. 7, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR05175D	journal	January 2015
Two-dimensional material nanophotonics Xia, Fengnian; Wang, Han; Xiao, Di Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.271	journal	November 2014
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation Deng, Hui; Haug, Hartmut; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 82, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489	journal	May 2010
Highly confined low-loss plasmons in graphene–boron nitride heterostructures Woessner, Achim; Lundeberg, Mark B.; Gao, Yuanda Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4169	journal	December 2014
Highly Confined and Tunable Hyperbolic Phonon Polaritons in Van Der Waals Semiconducting Transition Metal Oxides Zheng, Zebo; Chen, Jianing; Wang, Yu Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705318	journal	February 2018
Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials Ju, Long; Geng, Baisong; Horng, Jason Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.146	journal	September 2011
Transient exciton-polariton dynamics in WSe ₂ by ultrafast near-field imaging Mrejen, M.; Yadgarov, L.; Levanon, A. Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat9618	journal	February 2019
Exciton–polariton light–semiconductor coupling effects Gibbs, H. M.; Khitrova, G.; Koch, S. W. Nature Photonics, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2011.15	journal	March 2011
Mid-infrared plasmonic biosensing with graphene Rodrigo, D.; Limaj, O.; Janner, D. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6244 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2051	journal	July 2015
Imaging exciton–polariton transport in MoSe2 waveguides Hu, F.; Luan, Y.; Scott, M. E. Nature Photonics, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.65	journal	May 2017
Excitonic resonances in thin films of WSe ₂ : from monolayer to bulk material Arora, Ashish; Koperski, Maciej; Nogajewski, Karol Nanoscale, Vol. 7, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR01536G	journal	January 2015
Room-temperature Tamm-plasmon exciton-polaritons with a WSe2 monolayer Lundt, Nils; Klembt, Sebastian; Cherotchenko, Evgeniia Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13328	journal	October 2016
Far-field nanoscale infrared spectroscopy of vibrational fingerprints of molecules with graphene plasmons Hu, Hai; Yang, Xiaoxia; Zhai, Feng Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12334	journal	July 2016
Valley-polarized exciton–polaritons in a monolayer semiconductor Chen, Yen-Jung; Cain, Jeffrey D.; Stanev, Teodor K. Nature Photonics, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.86	journal	June 2017
Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials Low, Tony; Chaves, Andrey; Caldwell, Joshua D. Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4792	journal	November 2016
Fundamental limits to graphene plasmonics Ni, G. X.; McLeod, A. S.; Sun, Z. Nature, Vol. 557, Issue 7706 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0136-9	journal	May 2018
Gated Tunability and Hybridization of Localized Plasmons in Nanostructured Graphene Fang, Zheyu; Thongrattanasiri, Sukosin; Schlather, Andrea ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3055835	journal	February 2013
Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons Kasprzak, J.; Richard, M.; Kundermann, S. Nature, Vol. 443, Issue 7110 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05131	journal	September 2006
Photonic-crystal exciton-polaritons in monolayer semiconductors Zhang, Long; Gogna, Rahul; Burg, Will Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03188-x	journal	February 2018
Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride Caldwell, Joshua D.; Kretinin, Andrey V.; Chen, Yiguo Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6221	journal	October 2014
Direct observation of ultraslow hyperbolic polariton propagation with negative phase velocity Yoxall, Edward; Schnell, Martin; Nikitin, Alexey Y. Nature Photonics, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.166	journal	September 2015
Highly Confined Tunable Mid-Infrared Plasmonics in Graphene Nanoresonators Brar, Victor W.; Jang, Min Seok; Sherrott, Michelle Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl400601c	journal	May 2013
Direct observation of strong light-exciton coupling in thin WS_2 flakes Wang, Qi; Sun, Liaoxin; Zhang, Bo Optics Express, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.007151	journal	January 2016
Tunable Phonon Polaritons in Atomically Thin van der Waals Crystals of Boron Nitride Dai, S.; Fei, Z.; Ma, Q. Science, Vol. 343, Issue 6175 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246833	journal	March 2014
Exciton–polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities Dufferwiel, S.; Schwarz, S.; Withers, F. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9579	journal	October 2015
Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals Liu, Xiaoze; Galfsky, Tal; Sun, Zheng Nature Photonics, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.304	journal	December 2014
Optical nano-imaging of gate-tunable graphene plasmons Chen, Jianing; Badioli, Michela; Alonso-González, Pablo Nature, Vol. 487, Issue 7405 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11254	journal	June 2012
Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging Fei, Z.; Rodin, A. S.; Andreev, G. O. Nature, Vol. 487, Issue 7405 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11253	journal	June 2012
Room-temperature exciton-polaritons with two-dimensional WS2 Flatten, L. C.; He, Z.; Coles, D. M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33134	journal	September 2016
Phase-Resolved Surface Plasmon Interferometry of Graphene Gerber, Justin A.; Berweger, Samuel; O’Callahan, Brian T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.055502	journal	July 2014
Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals Hopfield, J. J. Physical Review, Vol. 112, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555	journal	December 1958
In-plane anisotropic and ultra-low-loss polaritons in a natural van der Waals crystal Ma, Weiliang; Alonso-González, Pablo; Li, Shaojuan Nature, Vol. 562, Issue 7728 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0618-9	journal	October 2018
Tunable infrared plasmonic devices using graphene/insulator stacks Yan, Hugen; Li, Xuesong; Chandra, Bhupesh Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.59	journal	April 2012
Amplitude- and Phase-Resolved Nanospectral Imaging of Phonon Polaritons in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Shi, Zhiwen; Bechtel, Hans A.; Berweger, Samuel ACS Photonics, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00007	journal	June 2015
Excitons in 2H-WSe ₂ and 3R-WS ₂ Beal, A. R.; Liang, W. Y. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/9/12/029	journal	June 1976
Polaritons in van der Waals materials Basov, D. N.; Fogler, M. M.; Garcia de Abajo, F. J. Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6309 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag1992	journal	October 2016
Kramers-Kronig analysis of the reflectivity spectra of 3R-WS ₂ and 2H-WSe ₂ Beal, A. R.; Liang, W. Y.; Hughes, H. P. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/9/12/027	journal	June 1976
Valley-addressable polaritons in atomically thin semiconductors Dufferwiel, S.; Lyons, T. P.; Solnyshkov, D. D. Nature Photonics, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.125	journal	July 2017
Dispersion curves of surface phonon-polaritons with backbending Schuller, E.; Falge, H. J.; Borstel, G. Physics Letters A, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(75)90275-3	journal	September 1975
Temperature-dependent exciton linewidths in semiconductors Rudin, S.; Reinecke, T. L.; Segall, B. Physical Review B, Vol. 42, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.42.11218	journal	December 1990
Two-Dimensional Material Nanophotonics Xia, Fengnian; Wang, Han; Xiao, Di Figshare https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6509447.v1	text	January 2018
Femtosecond photo-switching of interface polaritons in black phosphorus heterostructures Huber, Markus A.; Mooshammer, Fabian; Plankl, Markus Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.35076	text	January 2017
Two-Dimensional Material Nanophotonics Xia, Fengnian; Wang, Han; Xiao, Di Carnegie Mellon University https://doi.org/10.1184/r1/6509447	text	January 2014
Sub-diffractional, volume-confined polaritons in a natural hyperbolic material: hexagonal boron nitride Caldwell, Joshua D.; Kretinin, Andrey; Chen, Yiguo arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1404.0494	text	January 2014
Excitonic resonances in thin films of WSe2: From monolayer to bulk material Arora, Ashish; Koperski, Maciej; Nogajewski, Karol arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1503.01682	preprint	January 2015
Valley-Polarized Exciton-Polaritons in a Monolayer Semiconductor Chen, Yen-Jung; Cain, Jeffrey D.; Stanev, Teodor K. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1701.05579	text	January 2017
Photonic-Crystal Exciton-Polaritons in Monolayer Semiconductors Zhang, Long; Gogna, Rahul; Burg, Will arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1706.08464	text	January 2017

Similar Records

Recent Progress on Exciton Polaritons in Layered Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides

Journal Article · Thu Sep 05 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Advanced Optical Materials · OSTI ID:1562530

Hu, Fengrui; Fei, Zhe

Infrared Interlayer Exciton Emission in

{MoS}_{2} / {WSe}_{2}

Heterostructures

Journal Article · Fri Dec 13 00:00:00 EST 2019 · Physical Review Letters · OSTI ID:1562530

Karni, Ouri; Barré, Elyse; Lau, Sze Cheung; +9 more

Gate-Controlled Spin-Valley Locking of Resident Carriers in

{WSe}_{2}

Monolayers

Journal Article · Wed Sep 27 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Physical Review Letters · OSTI ID:1562530

Crooker, Scott A.; Yang, Luyi; Robert, Cedric; +4 more

Related Subjects

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY

Title: Imaging propagative exciton polaritons in atomically thin WSe 2 waveguides

Citation Formats

References (48)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Title: Imaging propagative exciton polaritons in atomically thin ${WSe}_{2}$ waveguides