Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: I. Impact of Impurities, Measurement Protocols and Applied Corrections

Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Richards, Ryan M.; Pivovar, Bryan S.; Kocha, Shyam S.

doi:10.1149/2.1071509jes

Title: Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: I. Impact of Impurities, Measurement Protocols and Applied Corrections

Journal Article · Wed Jul 22 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1071509jes· OSTI ID:1233151

Shinozaki, Kazuma ^[1]; Zack, Jason W. ^[2]; Richards, Ryan M. ^[3]; Pivovar, Bryan S. ^[2]; Kocha, Shyam S. ^[2]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States); Toyota Central R&D Labs. Inc., Aichi (Japan)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)

The rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique is being extensively used as a screening tool to estimate the activity of novel PEMFC electrocatalysts synthesized in lab-scale (mg) quantities. Discrepancies in measured activity attributable to glassware and electrolyte impurity levels, as well as conditioning, protocols and corrections are prevalent in the literature. Moreover, the electrochemical response to a broad spectrum of commercially sourced perchloric acid and the effect of acid molarity on impurity levels and solution resistance were also assessed. Our findings reveal that an area specific activity (SA) exceeding 2.0 mA/cm² (20 mV/s, 25°C, 100 kPa, 0.1 M HClO₄) for polished poly-Pt is an indicator of impurity levels that do not impede the accurate measurement of the ORR activity of Pt based catalysts. After exploring various conditioning protocols to approach maximum utilization of the electrochemical area (ECA) and peak ORR activity without introducing catalyst degradation, an investigation of measurement protocols for ECA and ORR activity was conducted. Down-selected protocols were based on the criteria of reproducibility, duration of experiments, impurity effects and magnitude of pseudo-capacitive background correction. In sum, statistical reproducibility of ORR activity for poly-Pt and Pt supported on high surface area carbon was demonstrated.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1233151

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5900-65124

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10; Related Information: original submit date: 12/21/2015; Journal of the Electrochemical Society; ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 239 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (162)

Identification and Quantification of Oxygen Species Adsorbed on Pt(111) Single-Crystal and Polycrystalline Pt Electrodes by Photoelectron Spectroscopy Wakisaka, Mitsuru; Suzuki, Hirokazu; Mitsui, Satoshi Langmuir, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/la803050r	journal	February 2009
Studying the oxygen reduction and hydrogen oxidation reactions under realistic fuel cell conditions Kucernak, Anthony R.; Toyoda, Eishiro Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.001	journal	November 2008
Measurement of hydrogen adsorption by the multipulse potentiodynamic (mpp) method Gilman, S. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry (1959), Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(64)80026-7	journal	May 1964
Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt/C for Nafion-free, Thin, Uniform Films in Rotating Disk Electrode Studies Shinozaki, K.; Pivovar, B. S.; Kocha, S. S. ECS Transactions, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/05801.0015ecst	journal	August 2013
Platinum-alloy nanostructured thin film catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction van der Vliet, Dennis; Wang, Chao; Debe, Mark Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.063	journal	October 2011
Three Phase Interfaces at Electrified Metal−Solid Electrolyte Systems 1. Study of the Pt( hkl )−Nafion Interface Subbaraman, Ram; Strmcnik, Dusan; Stamenkovic, Vojislav The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp100814x	journal	April 2010
Examination of the activity and durability of PEMFC catalysts in liquid electrolytes Takahashi, Ikuma; Kocha, Shyam S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.052	journal	October 2010
H2 and CO Electrooxidation on Well-Characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 1. Rotating Disk Electrode Studies of the Pure Gases Including Temperature Effects Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Markovic, Nenad M.; Ross, Philip N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 99, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100020a063	journal	May 1995
Oxygen Reduction at Nafion Film‐Coated Platinum Electrodes: Transport and Kinetics Lawson, Del R.; Whiteley, Lisa D.; Martin, Charles R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2096247	journal	September 1988
The effects of anions on hydrogen electrosorption on platinum single-crystal electrodes Markovic, N.; Hanson, M.; McDougall, G. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 214, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(86)80124-3	journal	December 1986
Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate at low concentration on coinage and transition-metal electrodes in acid solutions Dima, G. E.; de Vooys, A. C. A.; Koper, M. T. M. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 554-555 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(02)01443-2	journal	September 2003
Structure of Dealloyed PtCu ₃ Thin Films and Catalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Yang, Ruizhi; Leisch, Jennifer; Strasser, Peter Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm101090p	journal	August 2010
Electrocatalytic performance of fuel cell reactions at low catalyst loading and high mass transport Zalitis, Christopher M.; Kramer, Denis; Kucernak, Anthony R. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp44431g	journal	January 2013
Temperature-dependence of oxygen reduction activity at a platinum electrode in an acidic electrolyte solution investigated with a channel flow double electrode Wakabayashi, Noriaki; Takeichi, Masayuki; Itagaki, Masayuki Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 574, Issue 2, p. 339-346 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.013	journal	January 2005
Electrochemical impedance characterisation of a nanostructured (mesoporous) platinum film Elliott, Joanne M.; Owen, John R. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/b006462i	journal	January 2000
Analysis and modeling of PEMFC degradation: Effect on oxygen transport Jomori, Shinji; Nonoyama, Nobuaki; Yoshida, Toshihiko Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.069	journal	October 2012
The Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen on Electrodes Partially Immersed in Phosphoric Acid Roethlein, R. J.; Maget, H. J. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 113, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2424031	journal	January 1966
The kinetics of the electrochemical formation and reduction of monomolecular oxide layers on platinum in 0.5 M H2SO4 Vetter, K. J.; Schultze, J. W. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(72)80509-6	journal	January 1972
H2 and CO Electrooxidation on Well-Characterized Pt, Ru, and Pt-Ru. 2. Rotating Disk Electrode Studies of CO/H2 Mixtures at 62 .degree.C Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Markovic, Nenad M.; Ross, Philip N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 99, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100045a042	journal	November 1995
Experimental Methods for Quantifying the Activity of Platinum Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Garsany, Yannick; Baturina, Olga A.; Swider-Lyons, Karen E. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100306c	journal	August 2010
An accurate evaluation for the activity of nano-sized electrocatalysts by a thin-film rotating disk electrode: Oxygen reduction on Pt/C Ke, Ke; Hiroshima, Kazutaka; Kamitaka, Yuji Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.004	journal	June 2012
On the Kinetics and Mechanism of O[sub 2] Reduction at Oxide Film Covered Pt Electrodes Damjanovic, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2096250	journal	January 1988
Rational Development of Ternary Alloy Electrocatalysts Wang, Chao; Li, Dongguo; Chi, Miaofang The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz300563z	journal	June 2012
Electrocatalytic Activity Analysis of PEFC Cathode by 1-D Macrohomogeneous Model of Catalyst Layer Sugawara, Seiho; Suzuki, Yosuke; Kocha, Shyam S. Electrochemistry, Vol. 79, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.79.404	journal	January 2011
Kinetics of oxygen evolution and dissolution on platinum electrodes Damjanovic, A.; Dey, A.; Bockris, J. O'M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(66)87056-1	journal	July 1966
The Impact of Geometric and Surface Electronic Properties of Pt-Catalysts on the Particle Size Effect in Electrocatalysis Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Blizanac, B. B.; Arenz, M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp051735z	journal	August 2005
Oxygen Reduction Kinetics on a Platinum RDE Coated with a Recast Nafion Film Gottesfeld, S.; Raistrick, I. D.; Srinivasan, S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2100689	journal	June 1987
Improved Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt₃Ni(111) via Increased Surface Site Availability Stamenkovic, V. R.; Fowler, B.; Mun, B. S. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5811, p. 493-497 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1135941	journal	January 2007
The effect of specific adsorption of ions and underpotential deposition of copper on the electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum single-crystal surfaces Markovic, Nenad; Ross, Philip N. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 330, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80327-Z	journal	July 1992
Ion association at liquid\|liquid interfaces Pereira, C. M.; Schmickler, W.; Silva, F. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 436, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00283-0	journal	October 1997
Oxygen Reduction on Oxide-Free Platinum in 85%Orthophosphoric Acid: Temperature and Impurity Dependence Appleby, A. J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 117, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2407503	journal	January 1970
Size effects of platinum particles on the electroreduction of oxygen Takasu, Y.; Ohashi, N.; Zhang, X. -G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 41, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(96)00081-3	journal	January 1996
Transient Platinum Oxide Formation and Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Platinum and Platinum-Cobalt Alloy Electrocatalysts Huang, Yan; Zhang, Junliang; Kongkanand, Anusorn Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.018401jes	journal	October 2013
Influence of Ink Composition on the Electrochemical Properties of Pt/C Electrocatalysts Kocha, S. S.; Zack, J. W.; Alia, S. M. ECS Transactions, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/05002.1475ecst	journal	March 2013
Elucidation of the effects of competitive adsorption of Cl−and Br− ions on the initial stages of Pt surface oxidation by means of electrochemical nanogravimetry Zolfaghari, A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00841-6	journal	February 2002
Effect of loading level in platinum-dispersed carbon black electrocatalysts on oxygen reduction activity evaluated by rotating disk electrode Higuchi, Eiji; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 583, Issue 1, p. 69-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.01.041	journal	September 2005
Catalytic Activity of Pt/TaB ₂ (0001) for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Toyoda, Eishiro; Jinnouchi, Ryosuke; Ohsuna, Tetsu Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 52, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209413	journal	March 2013
Examination of the ionomer/electrode interface using the ferric/ferrous redox couple Chu, D.; Tryk, D.; Gervasio, D. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 272, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)87089-5	journal	November 1989
Surface Composition Effects in Electrocatalysis: Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on Well-Defined Pt ₃ Ni and Pt ₃ Co Alloy Surfaces Stamenković, V.; Schmidt, T. J.; Ross, P. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 106, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp021182h	journal	November 2002
Electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction on oxide-free platinum electrodes Damjanovic, A.; Brusic, V. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(67)85030-8	journal	June 1967
Effect of Particle Size on the Kinetics of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Pt Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles Ye, Heechang; Crooks, John A.; Crooks, Richard M. Langmuir, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/la702297m	journal	November 2007
The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Oxygen Reduction at Platinum in H[sub 2]SO[sub 4] Solution Damjanovic, A.; Genshaw, M. A.; Bockris, J. O'M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 114, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2426629	journal	January 1967
Platinum crystallite size considerations for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction—I Bett, J.; Lundquist, J.; Washington, E. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 18, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(73)85002-9	journal	April 1973
Investigation of H 2 Gas Transport in Recast Nafion Films Coated on Platinum in Hydrogen Saturated 85% Phosphoric Acid Fritts, S. D.; Gervasio, D.; Zeller, R. L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2085412	journal	November 1991
Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Strmcnik, D.; Blizanac, B. B. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.057	journal	February 2008
Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces Stamenkovic, Vojislav R.; Mun, Bongjin Simon; Arenz, Matthias Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 241-247 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1840	journal	February 2007
On the adsorption and reduction of NO−3 ions at Au and Pt electrodes studied by in situ FTIR spectroscopy da Cunha, M. C. P. M.; Weber, M.; Nart, F. C. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 414, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04697-9	journal	January 1996
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Analysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt-Based Electrodes. Part 1: Effect of Adsorbed Anions on the Oxygen Reduction Activities of Pt in HF, HClO ₄ , and H ₂ SO ₄ Solutions Omura, Jun; Yano, Hiroshi; Watanabe, Masahiro Langmuir, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/la200694a	journal	May 2011
Nafion®-stabilised Pt/C electrocatalysts with efficient catalyst layer ionomer distribution for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Curnick, Oliver J.; Pollet, Bruno G.; Mendes, Paula M. RSC Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21071a	journal	January 2012
Relative Humidity Dependence of Pt Utilization in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrodes: Effects of Electrode Thickness, Ionomer-to-Carbon Ratio, Ionomer Equivalent Weight, and Carbon Support Shinozaki, Kazuma; Yamada, Haruhiko; Morimoto, Yu Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3556906	journal	January 2011
Influence of Nafion® film on oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen peroxide formation on Pt electrode for proton exchange membrane fuel cell Ohma, Atsushi; Fushinobu, Kazuyoshi; Okazaki, Ken Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.005	journal	December 2010
Oxygen Reduction Activity of Vapor-Grown Platinum Nanotubes Papandrew, Alexander B.; Atkinson, Robert W.; Goenaga, Gabriel A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.090308jes	journal	January 2013
Oxygen Electroreduction Activity and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Platinum and Early Transition Metal Alloys Stephens, Ifan E. L.; Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Bech, Lone ChemCatChem, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201100343	journal	February 2012
Oxygen Reduction Activity of PtxNi1-x Alloy Nanoparticles on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Kim, Junhyung; Lee, Seung Woo; Carlton, Christopher Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3613677	journal	January 2011
Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure Stamenkovic, Vojislav; Mun, Bongjin Simon; Mayrhofer, Karl J. J. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 45, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504386	journal	April 2006
The impact of spectator species on the interaction of H2O2 with platinum – implications for the oxygen reduction reaction pathways Katsounaros, Ioannis; Schneider, Wolfgang B.; Meier, Josef C. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp50649e	journal	January 2013
Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Kocha, Shyam S.; Sompalli, Bhaskar Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 56, Issue 1-2, p. 9-35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021	journal	March 2005
The Impact of Cycle Profile on PEMFC Durability Uchimura, Masanobu; Kocha, Shyam S. 212th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2781035	conference	January 2007
Analytical Procedure for Accurate Comparison of Rotating Disk Electrode Results for the Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt/C Garsany, Yannick; Ge, Junjie; St-Pierre, Jean Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.036405jes	journal	January 2014
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF CARBON MONOXIDE ADSORPTION ON PLATINUM BY A NEW ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCEDURE ¹ Gilman, S. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100795a018	journal	January 1963
Analysis of the Relation between Oxidation State and ORR Activity of Pt by Linear Sweep Voltammetry Nagai, Tomoyuki; Murata, Hajime; Morimoto, Yu 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484509	conference	January 2010
Size Influence on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Instability of Supported Pt Nanoparticles Sheng, Wenchao; Chen, Shuo; Vescovo, Elio Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.009202jes	journal	January 2011
A surface‐electrochemical basis for the direct logarithmic growth law for initial stages of extension of anodic oxide films formed at noble metals Conway, B. E.; Barnett, B.; Angerstein‐Kozlowska, H. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 93, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.459319	journal	December 1990
Oxygen Reduction Kinetics in Low and Medium Temperature Acid Environment: Correlation of Water Activation and Surface Properties in Supported Pt and Pt Alloy Electrocatalysts Murthi, Vivek S.; Urian, R. Craig; Mukerjee, Sanjeev The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 108, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp048985k	journal	July 2004
Nitrate reduction on single-crystal platinum electrodes Dima, G. E.; Beltramo, G. L.; Koper, M. T. M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 50, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.093	journal	August 2005
Structure Sensitivity in the Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt: I . Hydrogen Adsorption on Low Index Single Crystals and the Role of Steps Ross, Philip N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2128990	journal	January 1979
Structure Sensitivity in Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt: II . Oxygen Reduction on Low Index Single Crystals and the Role of Steps Ross, Philip N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 126, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2128991	journal	January 1979
The oxygen reduction reaction on a Pt/carbon fuel cell catalyst in the presence of chloride anions Schmidt, T. J.; Paulus, U. A.; Gasteiger, H. A. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 508, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(01)00499-5	journal	July 2001
Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on Pt(hkl) Electrodes: Implications for the Crystallite Size Effect with Supported Pt Electrocatalysts Markovic, Nenad Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 144, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837646	journal	January 1997
Design and Synthesis of Bimetallic Electrocatalyst with Multilayered Pt-Skin Surfaces Wang, Chao; Chi, Miaofang; Li, Dongguo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 36, p. 14396-14403 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2047655	journal	September 2011
On the Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction at Oxide Film‐Covered Pt Electrodes in Acid Solutions: II . Electron Transfer Through the Oxide Film and Mechanism of the Reduction Damjanovic, A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2085967	journal	August 1991
The effect of surface coverage by adsorbed oxygen on the kinetics of oxygen reduction at oxide free platinum Paucirova, Marta; Drazic, D. M.; Damjanovic, A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(73)87026-4	journal	December 1973
Elucidating the oxide growth mechanism on platinum at the cathode in PEM fuel cells Redmond, Erin L.; Setzler, Brian P.; Alamgir, Faisal M. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp54740j	journal	January 2014
Impact of film drying procedures on RDE characterization of Pt/VC electrocatalysts Garsany, Yannick; Singer, Irwin L.; Swider-Lyons, Karen E. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 662, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.09.016	journal	November 2011
Unprecedented Structural Sensitivity toward Average Terrace Width: Nafion Adsorption at Pt{ hkl } Electrodes Ahmed, Mujib; Morgan, David; Attard, Gary Anthony The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 115, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2044042	journal	August 2011
Errors in the use of the Koutecky–Levich plots Vidal-Iglesias, Francisco J.; Solla-Gullón, José; Montiel, Vicente Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2011.11.017	journal	February 2012
In Situ and Real-Time Monitoring of Oxide Growth in a Few Monolayers at Surfaces of Platinum Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media Imai, Hideto; Izumi, Koichi; Matsumoto, Masashi Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja810036h	journal	May 2009
Electroreduction of nitrate ions on Pt(111) electrodes modified by copper adatoms Molodkina, E. B.; Ehrenburg, M. R.; Polukarov, Yu. M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.105	journal	December 2010
On the importance of correcting for the uncompensated Ohmic resistance in model experiments of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction van der Vliet, Dennis; Strmcnik, Dusan S.; Wang, Chao Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 647, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.05.016	journal	August 2010
A Microelectrode Study of Oxygen Reduction at the Platinum/Recast‐Nafion Film Interface Uribe, Francisco A.; Springer, Thomas E.; Gottesfeld, Shimshon Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2069299	journal	March 1992
Oxygen Reduction on Carbon-Supported Pt−Ni and Pt−Co Alloy Catalysts Paulus, U. A.; Wokaun, A.; Scherer, G. G. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 106, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp013442l	journal	April 2002
The Use of Large Anodic Galvanostatic Transients to Evaluate the Maximum Adsorption on Platinum from Formic Acid Solutions Brummer, S. B. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100886a034	journal	February 1965
O[sub 2] Reduction on an Ink-Type Rotating Disk Electrode Using Pt Supported on High-Area Carbons Gojković, S. Lj. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838864	journal	January 1998
The effect of particle proximity on the oxygen reduction rate of size-selected platinum clusters Nesselberger, Markus; Roefzaad, Melanie; Fayçal Hamou, R. Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3712	journal	July 2013
Low Cost Electrodes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Ralph, T. R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 144, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838101	journal	January 1997
Enhancement of the electrocatalytic O₂ reduction on Pt–Fe alloys Toda, Takako; Igarashi, Hiroshi; Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 460, Issue 1-2, p. 258-262 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00361-1	journal	January 1999
Oxygen reduction on high surface area Pt-based alloy catalysts in comparison to well defined smooth bulk alloy electrodes Paulus, U. A.; Wokaun, A.; Scherer, G. G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, Issue 22-23, p. 3787-3798 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00349-3	journal	August 2002
New understanding of the nature of OH adsorption on Pt(111) electrodes Berna, A.; Climent, V.; Feliu, J. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.09.018	journal	December 2007
Surface-oxide growth at platinum electrodes in aqueous H2SO4 Jerkiewicz, Gregory; Vatankhah, Gholamreza; Lessard, Jean Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 49, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2003.11.008	journal	April 2004
Platinum-Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts Wu, Jianbo; Yang, Hong Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300359w	journal	April 2013
PtSn Intermetallic, Core-Shell, and Alloy Nanoparticles as CO-Tolerant Electrocatalysts for H ₂ Oxidation Liu, Zhufang; Jackson, Greg S.; Eichhorn, Bryan W. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 49, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200907019	journal	April 2010
The Effect of Size on the Oxygen Electroreduction Activity of Mass-Selected Platinum Nanoparticles Perez-Alonso, Francisco J.; McCarthy, David N.; Nierhoff, Anders Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201200586	journal	March 2012
First principles based mean field model for oxygen reduction reaction Jinnouchi, Ryosuke; Kodama, Kensaku; Hatanaka, Tatsuya Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp21349k	journal	January 2011
Performance decay of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells under open circuit conditions induced by membrane decomposition Sugawara, Seiho; Maruyama, Takao; Nagahara, Yoshiki Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 187, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.021	journal	February 2009
Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopic Studies of Adsorbed Nitrate, Nitric Oxide, and Related Compounds 2: Nitrate Ion Adsorption at a Platinum Electrode Nakata, Kou; Kayama, Yota; Shimazu, Katsuaki Langmuir, Vol. 24, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/la703476m	journal	April 2008
Artifacts in Measuring Electrode Catalyst Area of Fuel Cells through Cyclic Voltammetry Carter, Robert N.; Kocha, Shyam S.; Wagner, Frederick 212th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2780954	conference	January 2007
Ultrapurification of water for electrochemical and surface chemical work by catalytic pyrodistillation Conway, B. E.; Angerstein-Kozlowska, H.; Sharp, W. B. A. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60330a025	journal	July 1973
Kinetics of O 2 Reduction on a Pt Electrode Covered with a Thin Film of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Zecevic, S. K.; Wainright, J. S.; Litt, M. H. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 144, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837946	journal	September 1997
Investigations of the O 2 Reduction Reaction at the Platinum/Nafion® Interface Using a Solid‐State Electrochemical Cell Parthasarathy, Arvind; Martin, Charles R.; Srinivasan, Supramaniam Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2085747	journal	April 1991
In‐situ x‐ray reflectivity study of incipient oxidation of Pt(111) surface in electrolyte solutions You, H.; Zurawski, D. J.; Nagy, Z. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 100, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.466254	journal	March 1994
Surface oxidation and reduction of platinum electrodes: Coverage, kinetic and hysteresis studies Gilroy, D.; Conway, B. E. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1139/v68-149	journal	March 1968
Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurement of Oxygen Reduction and Pt Oxide Formation/Reduction on Pt Nanoparticle Surface Sugawara, Seiho; Tsujita, Kohei; Mitsushima, Shigenori Electrocatalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-010-0036-8	journal	December 2010
The Particle Size Effect on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt Catalysts: Influence of Electrolyte and Relation to Single Crystal Models Nesselberger, Markus; Ashton, Sean; Meier, Josef C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207016u	journal	November 2011
On the adsorption and reduction of NO3− ions at Au and Pt electrodes studied by in situ FTIR spectroscopy da Cunha, M. C. P. M.; Weber, M.; Nart, F. C. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 414, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(96)04697-9	journal	January 1996
Electrochemical surface area measurements of platinum- and palladium-based nanoparticles Shao, Minhua; Odell, Jonathan H.; Choi, Sang-Il Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.011	journal	June 2013
Oxygen Dissolution and Evolution on Platinum in 85% Orthophosphoric Acid at Elevated Temperatures Appleby, A. J.; Borucka, Alina Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 116, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2412281	journal	January 1969
Measurement of Platinum Oxide Coverage in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Liu, Yuxiu; Mathias, Mark; Zhang, Junliang Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3257595	journal	January 2010
Electroreduction mechanism of oxygen investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Itagaki, Masayuki; Hasegawa, Hajime; Watanabe, Kunihiro Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 557 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00349-8	journal	October 2003
The rest potential of platinum electrodes in oxygensaturated 1 M sulphuric acid Rand, D. A. J.; Woods, R. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(73)80461-9	journal	October 1973
The real condition of oxidized pt electrodes Tilak, B. V.; Conway, B. E.; Angerstein-Kozlowska, H. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(73)80290-6	journal	November 1973
Limiting oxygen coverage on smooth platinum anodes in acid solution Biegler, T.; Woods, R. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(69)80008-2	journal	January 1969
CO monolayer oxidation at Pt nanoparticles supported on glassy carbon electrodes Cherstiouk, O. V.; Simonov, P. A.; Zaikovskii, V. I. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 554-555 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00198-0	journal	September 2003
Capacitance of the double-layer at polycrystalline Pt electrodes bearing a surface-oxide film Pell, Wendy G.; Zolfaghari, Alireza; Conway, Brian E. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 532, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(02)00676-9	journal	September 2002
Influence of Nafion® film on the kinetics of anodic hydrogen oxidation Maruyama, Jun; Inaba, Minoru; Katakura, Katsumi Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 447, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00004-7	journal	April 1998
Surface science studies of model fuel cell electrocatalysts Markovic, N. Surface Science Reports, Vol. 45, Issue 4-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(01)00022-X	journal	April 2002
Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells Mukerjee, Sanjeev; Srinivasan, Supramaniam Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 357, Issue 1-2, p. 201-224 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(93)80380-Z	journal	October 1993
Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal—Noble Metal Core—Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O2 Reduction. Zhang, J.; Lima, F. H. B.; Shao, M. H. ChemInform, Vol. 37, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200609023	journal	February 2006
Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Three-Phase Interfaces Subbaraman, Ram; Strmcnik, Dusan; Paulikas, Arvydas P. ChemPhysChem, Vol. 11, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201000190	journal	July 2010
Electrochemical Evaluation of Porous Non-Platinum Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Olson, T. S.; Blizanac, B.; Piela, B. Fuel Cells, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200800089	journal	October 2009
An experimental prediction of the preparation condition of Nafion-coated catalyst layers for PEFCs Watanabe, Masahiro; Igarashi, Hiroshi; Yosioka, Koji Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 40, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(94)00271-2	journal	February 1995
Structural effects in electrocatalysis: oxygen reduction on platinum low index single-crystal surfaces in perchloric acid solutions Marković, N. M.; Adžić, R. R.; Cahan, B. D. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 377, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(94)03467-2	journal	October 1994
Particle size effect for oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation on Pt/C inside a proton exchange membrane Kabbabi, A.; Gloaguen, F.; Andolfatto, F. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, Issue 1-2, p. 251-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(94)03503-2	journal	August 1994
Hollow core supported Pt monolayer catalysts for oxygen reduction Zhang, Yu; Ma, Chao; Zhu, Yimei Catalysis Today, Vol. 202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.040	journal	March 2013
Anion-adsorption-related frequency-dependent double layer capacitance of the platinum-group metals in the double layer region Pajkossy, T.; Kolb, D. M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.068	journal	October 2008
Tantalum oxide-based compounds as new non-noble cathodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell Ishihara, Akimitsu; Tamura, Motoko; Matsuzawa, Koichi Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.063	journal	November 2010
The importance of ultrasonic parameters in the preparation of fuel cell catalyst inks Pollet, Bruno G.; Goh, Jonathan T. E. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 128 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.160	journal	May 2014
Effects of Nafion® ionomer and carbon particles on structure formation in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layer fabricated by the decal-transfer method Suzuki, Takahiro; Tsushima, Shohji; Hirai, Shuichiro International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.06.090	journal	September 2011
PtCo/C cathode catalyst for improved durability in PEMFCs Yu, Ping; Pemberton, Marianne; Plasse, Paul Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 144, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.11.067	journal	June 2005
Development of group 4 and 5 metal oxide-based cathodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell Ota, Ken-ichiro; Ohgi, Yoshiro; Nam, Kyung-Don Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.021	journal	June 2011
Membrane-covered, rotated disk electrode Gough, David A.; Leypoldt, John K. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50039a028	journal	March 1979
Oxygen Reduction on Platinum Low-Index Single-Crystal Surfaces in Sulfuric Acid Solution: Rotating Ring-Pt(hkl) Disk Studies Markovic, Nenad M.; Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Ross, Philip N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 99, Issue 11, p. 3411-3415 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100011a001	journal	March 1995
Spectroelectrochemical Studies of the Pt(111)/Nafion Interface Cast Electrode Gómez-Marín, Ana M.; Berná, Antonio; Feliu, Juan M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp107641r	journal	November 2010
O ₂ Reduction Mechanism on Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells. Part II: A Porous-Electrode Model To Predict the Quantity of H ₂ O ₂ Detected by Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Jaouen, Frédéric The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 113, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp900838x	journal	July 2009
Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions Yunker, Peter J.; Still, Tim; Lohr, Matthew A. Nature, Vol. 476, Issue 7360 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10344	journal	August 2011
Three-dimensional analysis of Nafion layers in fuel cell electrodes Lopez-Haro, M.; Guétaz, L.; Printemps, T. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6229	journal	October 2014
High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt Wu, G.; More, K. L.; Johnston, C. M. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6028, p. 443-447 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200832	journal	April 2011
Characterization of High-Surface-Area Electrocatalysts Using a Rotating Disk Electrode Configuration Schmidt, T. J.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Stäb, G. D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 7, p. 2354-2358 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838642	journal	January 1998
Platinum-Iridium Alloys as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Ioroi, Tsutomu; Yasuda, Kazuaki ECS Transactions, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2214482	journal	July 2006
Effect of Core Size on Activity and Durability of Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for PEFCs Inaba, Minoru; Ito, Hiroyuki; Tsuji, Hiroaki 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484520	conference	January 2010
Analysis of Oxygen-Transport Diffusion Resistance in Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells Nonoyama, Nobuaki; Okazaki, Shinobu; Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3546038	journal	January 2011
Modeling Low-Platinum-Loading Effects in Fuel-Cell Catalyst Layers Yoon, Wonseok; Weber, Adam Z. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3597644	journal	January 2011
Probing Degradation by IL-TEM: The Influence of Stress Test Conditions on the Degradation Mechanism Zana, Alessandro; Speder, Jozsef; Roefzaad, Melanie Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.078306jes	journal	January 2013
Core-Protected Platinum Monolayer Shell High-Stability Electrocatalysts for Fuel-Cell Cathodes Sasaki, Kotaro; Naohara, Hideo; Cai, Yun Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 49, Issue 46, p. 8602-8607 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004287	journal	October 2010
Steady-State and Nonsteady-State Transport through Membranes Using Rotating-Disk Electrode Polarography: Description and Properties of a Rapid Response New Technique Chien, Yie Wen; Olson, Carter L.; Sokoloski, Theodore D. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 62, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600620316	journal	March 1973
The use of porous electrodes to obtain kinetic rate constants for rapid reactions and adsorption isotherms of poisons Stonehart, Paul; Ross, Philip N. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(76)85123-7	journal	June 1976
Fuel cell catalyst degradation on the nanoscale Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.; Meier, Josef C.; Ashton, Sean J. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.032	journal	August 2008
Relationship between gas transport resistance in the catalyst layer and effective surface area of the catalyst Iden, Hiroshi; Takaichi, Satoshi; Furuya, Yoshihisa Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 694 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.02.008	journal	April 2013
Characterization of Ionic Conductivity Profiles within Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Electrodes by Impedance Spectroscopy Lefebvre, Mark C. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1390804	journal	January 1999
Development of Highly Active and Durable Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Inaba, Minoru; Daimon, Hideo ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2012-02, Issue 13, p. 1281-1281 https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2012-02/13/1281	journal	June 2012
Adsorbate-Induced Surface Segregation for Core-Shell Nanocatalysts Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.; Juhart, Viktorija; Hartl, Katrin Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 48, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200806209	journal	April 2009
An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of fuel cell electrodes Easton, E. Bradley; Pickup, Peter G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 50, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.10.074	journal	April 2005
Analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layers for reduction of platinum loading at Nissan Ohma, Atsushi; Mashio, Tetsuya; Sato, Kazuyuki Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.058	journal	December 2011
Mass-selected nanoparticles of PtxY as model catalysts for oxygen electroreduction Hernandez-Fernandez, Patricia; Masini, Federico; McCarthy, David N. Nature Chemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2001	journal	July 2014
Ionic Conductivity of PEMFC Electrodes Li, Guangchun; Pickup, Peter G. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1611493	journal	January 2003
The Solubility and Diffusivity of Oxygen in Electrolytic Solutions Gubbins, Keith E.; Walker, Robert D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 112, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2423575	journal	January 1965
Proton Conduction and Oxygen Reduction Kinetics in PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes: Effects of Ionomer-to-Carbon Ratio and Relative Humidity Liu, Yuxiu; Murphy, Michael W.; Baker, Daniel R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3143965	journal	January 2009
Corrosion-Resistant PEMFC Cathode Catalysts Based on a Magnéli-Phase Titanium Oxide Support Synthesized by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation Ioroi, Tsutomu; Akita, Tomoki; Yamazaki, Shin-ichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3622297	journal	January 2011
Impact of Platinum Loading and Catalyst Layer Structure on PEMFC Performance Owejan, Jon P.; Owejan, Jeanette E.; Gu, Wenbin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.072308jes	journal	January 2013
PtSn Intermetallic, Core-Shell, and Alloy Nanoparticles as CO-Tolerant Electrocatalysts for H ₂ Oxidation Liu, Zhufang; Jackson, Greg S.; Eichhorn, Bryan W. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 122, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.200907019	journal	April 2010
Catalytic Activity of Pt/TaB ₂ (0001) for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Toyoda, Eishiro; Jinnouchi, Ryosuke; Ohsuna, Tetsu Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 125, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201209413	journal	March 2013
The Pt(111)/Electrolyte Interface under Oxygen Reduction Reaction Conditions: An Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Stephens, Ifan E. L.; Hansen, Heine A. Langmuir, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/la1042475	journal	March 2011
Analysis of the Relation between Oxidation State and ORR Activity of Pt by Linear Sweep Voltammetry Nagai, Tomoyuki; Murata, Hajime; Morimoto, Yu ECS Meeting Abstracts, Vol. MA2010-02, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2010-02/10/649	journal	July 2010

Cited By (37)

Design of Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Electrocatalyst: Recent Advances and Perspectives Huang, Zhen-Feng; Wang, Jiong; Peng, Yuecheng Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700544	journal	July 2017
Tailoring the morphology of Ni–Pt nanocatalysts through the variation of oleylamine and oleic acid: a study on oxygen reduction from synthesis to fuel cell application Reyes-Rodríguez, J. L.; Velázquez-Osorio, A.; Bahena-Uribe, D. Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00419j	journal	January 2019
Effect of modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with nitrogen-containing polymers on the electrochemical performance of Pt/CNT catalysts in PEMFC Gribov, E. N.; Kuznetsov, A. N.; Golovin, V. A. Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40243-019-0143-2	journal	February 2019
Activity targets for nanostructured platinum-group-metal-free catalysts in hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells Setzler, Brian P.; Zhuang, Zhongbin; Wittkopf, Jarrid A. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.265	journal	December 2016
Self-assembly of noble metal monolayers on transition metal carbide nanoparticle catalysts Hunt, S. T.; Milina, M.; Alba-Rubio, A. C. Science, Vol. 352, Issue 6288 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8471	journal	May 2016
Frequent Pitfalls in the Characterization of Electrodes Designed for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Zeradjanin, Aleksandar R. ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702287	journal	March 2018
Engineering Ru@Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for Enhanced Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Mass Activity and Stability Jackson, Ariel; Strickler, Alaina; Higgins, Drew Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8010038	journal	January 2018
Novel highly active carbon supported ternary PdNiBi nanoparticles as anode catalyst for the alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell Cermenek, Bernd; Ranninger, Johanna; Feketeföldi, Birgit Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2277-z	journal	January 2019
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: II. Influence of Ink Formulation, Catalyst Layer Uniformity and Thickness Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Pylypenko, Svitlana Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0551512jes	journal	January 2015
Ultra-low loading Pt-sputtered gas diffusion electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction Sievers, Gustav; Vidakovic-Koch, Tanja; Walter, Christian Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-018-1149-7	journal	January 2018
Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and oxygen Perry, Samuel C.; Pangotra, Dhananjai; Vieira, Luciana Nature Reviews Chemistry, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0110-6	journal	June 2019
Pt‐Based Nanocrystal for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Zhao, Zipeng; Chen, Changli; Liu, Zeyan Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808115	journal	December 2018
Nanoscale kinetics of asymmetrical corrosion in core-shell nanoparticles Shan, Hao; Gao, Wenpei; Xiong, Yalin Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03372-z	journal	March 2018
Print-Light-Synthesis of Platinum Nanostructured Indium-Tin-Oxide Electrodes for Energy Research Lesch, Andreas Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700201	journal	December 2017
Experimental Protocol for HOR and ORR in Alkaline Electrochemical Measurements Campos-Roldán, C. A.; González-Huerta, R. G.; Alonso-Vante, N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0011815jes	journal	January 2018
Improved Accelerated Stress Tests for ORR Catalysts Using a Rotating Disk Electrode Nagai, Tomoyuki; Jahn, Christine; Jia, Hongfei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0161907jes	journal	January 2019
Synthesis and Characterization of Platinum-Cerium Oxide Nanocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation Valk, P.; Nerut, J.; Kanarbik, R. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0781805jes	journal	January 2018
Key Considerations for High Current Fuel Cell Catalyst Testing in an Electrochemical Half-Cell Pinaud, Blaise A.; Bonakdarpour, Arman; Daniel, Lius Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0891704jes	journal	January 2017
Iridium Oxygen Evolution Activity and Durability Baselines in Rotating Disk Electrode Half-Cells Alia, Shaun M.; Anderson, Grace C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0731904jes	journal	January 2019
Evaluating Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation in Alkaline Media to Establish Baselines Alia, Shaun M.; Pivovar, Bryan S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0361807jes	journal	January 2018
Evaluating Electrocatalysts at Relevant Currents in a Half-Cell: The Impact of Pt Loading on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Ehelebe, Konrad; Seeberger, Dominik; Paul, Mike T. Y. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0911915jes	journal	January 2019
Composite Carbon Nanotube Microsphere Coatings for Use as Electrode Supports Fraser, Alison; Zhang, Zishuai; Merle, Geraldine Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201803713	journal	September 2018
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part I: High‐loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface George, Thomas Y.; Asset, Tristan; Avid, Arezoo ChemPhysChem, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202000136	journal	February 2020
Microporous Solids En Route to Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis: The Oxygen Reduction Reaction Haikal, Rana R.; Hassan, Mohamed H.; Alkordi, Mohamed H. Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900964	journal	December 2019
Electrochemical noise of a hydrogen-air polymer electrolyte fuel cell operating at different loads Astafev, E. A.; Ukshe, A. E.; Gerasimova, E. V. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-3892-4	journal	January 2018
Fabrication of microporous layer – free hierarchical gas diffusion electrode as a low Pt-loading PEMFC cathode by direct growth of helical carbon nanofibers Sandström, Robin; Ekspong, Joakim; Annamalai, Alagappan RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 72 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07569g	journal	January 2018
First-principles study of the effect of compressive strain on oxygen adsorption in Pd/Ni/Cu-alloy-core@Pd/Ir-alloy-shell catalysts De Lile, Jeffrey Roshan; Lee, So Young; Kim, Hyoung-Juhn New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01705d	journal	January 2019
Stability of Pt Nanoparticles on Alternative Carbon Supports for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Schonvogel, Dana; Hülstede, Julia; Wagner, Peter Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1611709jes	journal	January 2017
Medium Modulated Oxygen Reduction Activity of Fe/Co Active Centre‐engrafted Electrocatalysts Kashyap, Varchaswal; Anand, Aljo; Soni, Roby ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900260	journal	May 2019
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part I: High‐loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface George, Thomas Y.; Asset, Tristan; Avid, Arezoo ChemPhysChem, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201901091	journal	February 2020
Extending the limits of Pt/C catalysts with passivation-gas-incorporated atomic layer deposition Xu, Shicheng; Kim, Yongmin; Park, Joonsuk Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0118-1	journal	July 2018
Fuel-Cell Catalyst-Layer Resistance via Hydrogen Limiting-Current Measurements Schuler, Tobias; Chowdhury, Anamika; Freiberg, Anna T. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0031907jes	journal	January 2019
The Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Medium: An Overview Campos-Roldán, Carlos Augusto; Alonso-Vante, Nicolas Electrochemical Energy Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-019-00034-6	journal	March 2019
Benchmarking high surface area electrocatalysts in a gas diffusion electrode: measurement of oxygen reduction activities under realistic conditions Inaba, Masanori; Jensen, Anders Westergaard; Sievers, Gustav Wilhelm Royal Society of Chemistry https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.122191	text	January 2018
Exceptional Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Durability of Platinum–Nickel Nanowires through Synthesis and Post-Treatment Optimization Alia, Shaun M.; Ngo, Chilan; Shulda, Sarah ACS Omega, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00054	journal	April 2017
Accurate Assessment of the Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalytic Activity of Mn/Polypyrrole Nanocomposites Based on Rotating Disk Electrode Measurements, Complemented with Multitechnique Structural Characterizations Bocchetta, Patrizia; Sánchez, Carolina Ramírez; Taurino, Antonietta Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Vol. 2016 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2030675	journal	January 2016
Preparation of Pt-Catalyst by Poly(p-phenylenediamine) Nanocomposites Assisted by Microwave Radiation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Wang, Yen-Zen; Ko, Tsung-Han; Huang, Wen -Yao Polymers, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121388	journal	December 2018

Similar Records

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: II. Influence of Ink Formulation, Catalyst Layer Uniformity and Thickness

Journal Article · Thu Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1233151

Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Pylypenko, Svitlana; +2 more

Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Journal Article · Tue May 02 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Electrocatalysis · OSTI ID:1233151

Kocha, Shyam S.; Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; +7 more