Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Kocha, Shyam S.; Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Myers, Deborah J.; Kariuki, Nancy N.; Nowicki, Tammi; Stamenkovic, Vojislav; Kang, Yijin; Li, Dongguo; Papageorgopoulos, Dimitrios

doi:10.1007/s12678-017-0378-6

Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Journal Article · Tue May 02 04:00:00 EDT 2017 · Electrocatalysis

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-017-0378-6· OSTI ID:1392992

Kocha, Shyam S.; Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Myers, Deborah J.; Kariuki, Nancy N.; Nowicki, Tammi; Stamenkovic, Vojislav; Kang, Yijin; Li, Dongguo; Papageorgopoulos, Dimitrios

Abstract Thin-film-rotating disk electrodes (TF-RDEs) are the half-cell electrochemical system of choice for rapid screening of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of novel Pt supported on carbon black supports (Pt/C) electrocatalysts. It has been shown that the magnitude of the measured ORR activity and reproducibility are highly dependent on the system cleanliness, evaluation protocols, and operating conditions as well as ink formulation, composition, film drying, and the resultant film thickness and uniformity. Accurate benchmarks of baseline Pt/C catalysts evaluated using standardized protocols and best practices are necessary to expedite ultra-low-platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst development that is crucial for the imminent commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. We report results of evaluation in three independent laboratories of Pt/C electrocatalysts provided by commercial fuel cell catalyst manufacturers (Johnson Matthey, Umicore, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo—TKK). The studies were conducted using identical evaluation protocols/ink formulation/film fabrication albeit employing unique electrochemical cell designs specific to each laboratory. The ORR activities reported in this work provide a baseline and criteria for selection and scale-up of novel high activity ORR electrocatalysts for implementation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

DOE Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1392992

Journal Information:: Electrocatalysis, Journal Name: Electrocatalysis Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 8; ISSN 1868-2529

Publisher:: Springer

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (73)

Development of group 4 and 5 metal oxide-based cathodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell Ota, Ken-ichiro; Ohgi, Yoshiro; Nam, Kyung-Don Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 196, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.09.021	journal	June 2011
Hollow core supported Pt monolayer catalysts for oxygen reduction Zhang, Yu; Ma, Chao; Zhu, Yimei Catalysis Today, Vol. 202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.03.040	journal	March 2013
Stabilization of Platinum Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalysts Using Gold Clusters Zhang, J.; Sasaki, K.; Sutter, E. Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5809, p. 220-222 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134569	journal	January 2007
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: II. Influence of Ink Formulation, Catalyst Layer Uniformity and Thickness Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Pylypenko, Svitlana Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0551512jes	journal	January 2015
Surface Composition Effects in Electrocatalysis: Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on Well-Defined Pt ₃ Ni and Pt ₃ Co Alloy Surfaces Stamenković, V.; Schmidt, T. J.; Ross, P. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 106, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp021182h	journal	November 2002
Direct Spectroscopic Observation of the Structural Origin of Peroxide Generation from Co-Based Pyrolyzed Porphyrins for ORR Applications Ziegelbauer, Joseph M.; Olson, Tim S.; Pylypenko, Svitlana The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8001564	journal	May 2008
High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Derived from Polyaniline, Iron, and Cobalt Wu, G.; More, K. L.; Johnston, C. M. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6028, p. 443-447 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200832	journal	April 2011
Kirkendall Effect and Lattice Contraction in Nanocatalysts: A New Strategy to Enhance Sustainable Activity Wang, Jia X.; Ma, Chao; Choi, YongMan Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204518x	journal	August 2011
The Influence of Experimental Conditions on the Catalyst Degradation in the Accelerated Durability Test Using a Rotating Disk Electrode Nagai, T.; Murata, H.; Morimoto, Y. ECS Transactions, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/05002.1539ecst	journal	March 2013
Analysis of the Relation between Oxidation State and ORR Activity of Pt by Linear Sweep Voltammetry Nagai, Tomoyuki; Murata, Hajime; Morimoto, Yu 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484509	conference	January 2010
Examination of the activity and durability of PEMFC catalysts in liquid electrolytes Takahashi, Ikuma; Kocha, Shyam S. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 195, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.052	journal	October 2010
Electrochemically induced nanocluster migration Hartl, Katrin; Nesselberger, Markus; Mayrhofer, Karl J. J. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.005	journal	December 2010
Platinum-Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts Wu, Jianbo; Yang, Hong Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar300359w	journal	April 2013
Trends in electrocatalysis on extended and nanoscale Pt-bimetallic alloy surfaces Stamenkovic, Vojislav R.; Mun, Bongjin Simon; Arenz, Matthias Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 3, p. 241-247 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1840	journal	February 2007
Impact of film drying procedures on RDE characterization of Pt/VC electrocatalysts Garsany, Yannick; Singer, Irwin L.; Swider-Lyons, Karen E. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 662, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.09.016	journal	November 2011
The Particle Size Effect on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt Catalysts: Influence of Electrolyte and Relation to Single Crystal Models Nesselberger, Markus; Ashton, Sean; Meier, Josef C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207016u	journal	November 2011
The effect of particle proximity on the oxygen reduction rate of size-selected platinum clusters Nesselberger, Markus; Roefzaad, Melanie; Fayçal Hamou, R. Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3712	journal	July 2013
Oxygen reduction on a high-surface area Pt/Vulcan carbon catalyst: a thin-film rotating ring-disk electrode study Paulus, U. A.; Schmidt, T. J.; Gasteiger, H. A. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 495, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00407-1	journal	January 2001
The Impact of Geometric and Surface Electronic Properties of Pt-Catalysts on the Particle Size Effect in Electrocatalysis Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Blizanac, B. B.; Arenz, M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp051735z	journal	August 2005
Oxygen Reduction Activity of PtxNi1-x Alloy Nanoparticles on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Kim, Junhyung; Lee, Seung Woo; Carlton, Christopher Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3613677	journal	January 2011
Effect of Core Size on Activity and Durability of Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for PEFCs Inaba, Minoru; Ito, Hiroyuki; Tsuji, Hiroaki 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484520	conference	January 2010
Electrochemical Evaluation of Porous Non-Platinum Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Olson, T. S.; Blizanac, B.; Piela, B. Fuel Cells, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200800089	journal	October 2009
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: I. Impact of Impurities, Measurement Protocols and Applied Corrections Shinozaki, Kazuma; Zack, Jason W.; Richards, Ryan M. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1071509jes	journal	January 2015
Platinum-alloy nanostructured thin film catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction van der Vliet, Dennis; Wang, Chao; Debe, Mark Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 56, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.063	journal	October 2011
Changing the Activity of Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Tuning the Surface Electronic Structure Stamenkovic, Vojislav; Mun, Bongjin Simon; Mayrhofer, Karl J. J. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 45, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504386	journal	April 2006
Rational Development of Ternary Alloy Electrocatalysts Wang, Chao; Li, Dongguo; Chi, Miaofang The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz300563z	journal	June 2012
Temperature-dependence of oxygen reduction activity at a platinum electrode in an acidic electrolyte solution investigated with a channel flow double electrode Wakabayashi, Noriaki; Takeichi, Masayuki; Itagaki, Masayuki Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 574, Issue 2, p. 339-346 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.013	journal	January 2005
Oxygen electrocatalysis on thin porous coating rotating platinum electrodes Perez, Joelma; Gonzalez, E. R.; Ticianelli, E. A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 44, Issue 8-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00255-2	journal	December 1998
Tantalum oxide-based compounds as new non-noble cathodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell Ishihara, Akimitsu; Tamura, Motoko; Matsuzawa, Koichi Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.063	journal	November 2010
Oxygen reduction on high surface area Pt-based alloy catalysts in comparison to well defined smooth bulk alloy electrodes Paulus, U. A.; Wokaun, A.; Scherer, G. G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 47, Issue 22-23, p. 3787-3798 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00349-3	journal	August 2002
Effect of loading level in platinum-dispersed carbon black electrocatalysts on oxygen reduction activity evaluated by rotating disk electrode Higuchi, Eiji; Uchida, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 583, Issue 1, p. 69-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.01.041	journal	September 2005
Active and stable carbon nanotube/nanoparticle composite electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction Chung, Hoon T.; Won, Jong H.; Zelenay, Piotr Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2944	journal	May 2013
Particle size effect for oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation on Pt/C inside a proton exchange membrane Kabbabi, A.; Gloaguen, F.; Andolfatto, F. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, Issue 1-2, p. 251-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(94)03503-2	journal	August 1994
Electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction of Pt nanoparticle catalysts with narrow size distribution prepared from (n=3–8) complexes Higuchi, Eiji; Taguchi, Akihiro; Hayashi, Kiyoaki Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 663, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.09.028	journal	December 2011
Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs Gasteiger, Hubert A.; Kocha, Shyam S.; Sompalli, Bhaskar Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 56, Issue 1-2, p. 9-35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.06.021	journal	March 2005
Platinum–titanium alloy catalysts on a Magnéli-phase titanium oxide support for improved durability in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Ioroi, Tsutomu; Akita, Tomoki; Asahi, Masafumi Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.063	journal	February 2013
Mass-selected nanoparticles of PtxY as model catalysts for oxygen electroreduction Hernandez-Fernandez, Patricia; Masini, Federico; McCarthy, David N. Nature Chemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2001	journal	July 2014
Mesostructured thin films as electrocatalysts with tunable composition and surface morphology van der Vliet, Dennis F.; Wang, Chao; Tripkovic, Dusan Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3457	journal	November 2012
O ₂ Reduction Mechanism on Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells. Part II: A Porous-Electrode Model To Predict the Quantity of H ₂ O ₂ Detected by Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode Jaouen, Frédéric The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 113, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp900838x	journal	July 2009
Electrocatalytic performance of fuel cell reactions at low catalyst loading and high mass transport Zalitis, Christopher M.; Kramer, Denis; Kucernak, Anthony R. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp44431g	journal	January 2013
Structure of Dealloyed PtCu ₃ Thin Films and Catalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Yang, Ruizhi; Leisch, Jennifer; Strasser, Peter Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm101090p	journal	August 2010
Probing Degradation by IL-TEM: The Influence of Stress Test Conditions on the Degradation Mechanism Zana, Alessandro; Speder, Jozsef; Roefzaad, Melanie Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.078306jes	journal	January 2013
Effect of Agglomeration of Pt/C Catalyst on Hydrogen Peroxide Formation Inaba, Minoru; Yamada, Hirohisa; Tokunaga, Junko Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1814595	journal	January 2004
O[sub 2] Reduction on an Ink-Type Rotating Disk Electrode Using Pt Supported on High-Area Carbons Gojković, S. Lj. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838864	journal	January 1998
An accurate evaluation for the activity of nano-sized electrocatalysts by a thin-film rotating disk electrode: Oxygen reduction on Pt/C Ke, Ke; Hiroshima, Kazutaka; Kamitaka, Yuji Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.004	journal	June 2012
Conductive Nanostructured Materials for Supported Metal Catalysts Sansinena, J. -M.; Wilson, M. S.; Garzon, F. H. ECS Transactions, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/05002.1693ecst	journal	March 2013
Core-Protected Platinum Monolayer Shell High-Stability Electrocatalysts for Fuel-Cell Cathodes Sasaki, Kotaro; Naohara, Hideo; Cai, Yun Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 49, Issue 46, p. 8602-8607 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004287	journal	October 2010
Kinetic study of electrochemical reactions at catalyst-recast ionomer interfaces from thin active layer modelling Gloaguen, F.; Andolfatto, F.; Durand, R. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 24, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00348773	journal	September 1994
Non-destructive transmission electron microscopy study of catalyst degradation under electrochemical treatment Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.; Ashton, Sean J.; Meier, Josef C. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 185, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.003	journal	December 2008
Development of Highly Active and Durable Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Inaba, M.; Daimon, H. ECS Transactions, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/05002.0065ecst	journal	March 2013
Adsorbate-Induced Surface Segregation for Core-Shell Nanocatalysts Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.; Juhart, Viktorija; Hartl, Katrin Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 48, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200806209	journal	April 2009
Simultaneous Electrochemical Measurement of Oxygen Reduction and Pt Oxide Formation/Reduction on Pt Nanoparticle Surface Sugawara, Seiho; Tsujita, Kohei; Mitsushima, Shigenori Electrocatalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-010-0036-8	journal	December 2010
Rotating Disk Electrode Investigations of Fuel Cell Catalyst Degradation Due to Potential Cycling in Acid Electrolyte Merzougui, Belabbes; Swathirajan, Swathy Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 153, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2353752	journal	January 2006
Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Properties of Cubic Mn−Pt Nanocrystals (Nanocubes) Kang, Yijin; Murray, Christopher B. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja100705j	journal	June 2010
Nafion®-stabilised Pt/C electrocatalysts with efficient catalyst layer ionomer distribution for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Curnick, Oliver J.; Pollet, Bruno G.; Mendes, Paula M. RSC Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra21071a	journal	January 2012
Oxygen reduction reaction kinetics and mechanism on platinum nanoparticles inside Nafion® Antoine, Olivier; Bultel, Yann; Durand, Robert Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 499, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00492-7	journal	February 2001
The Effect of Size on the Oxygen Electroreduction Activity of Mass-Selected Platinum Nanoparticles Perez-Alonso, Francisco J.; McCarthy, David N.; Nierhoff, Anders Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 51, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201200586	journal	March 2012
Porous Platinum Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions Alia, Shaun M.; Zhang, Gang; Kisailus, David Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201001035	journal	October 2010
Platinum-Iridium Alloys as Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Ioroi, Tsutomu; Yasuda, Kazuaki Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 152, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2006547	journal	January 2005
Oxygen Electroreduction Activity and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Platinum and Early Transition Metal Alloys Stephens, Ifan E. L.; Bondarenko, Alexander S.; Bech, Lone ChemCatChem, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201100343	journal	February 2012
Influence of Nafion® film on oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen peroxide formation on Pt electrode for proton exchange membrane fuel cell Ohma, Atsushi; Fushinobu, Kazuyoshi; Okazaki, Ken Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.005	journal	December 2010
The impact of spectator species on the interaction of H2O2 with platinum – implications for the oxygen reduction reaction pathways Katsounaros, Ioannis; Schneider, Wolfgang B.; Meier, Josef C. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp50649e	journal	January 2013
Corrosion-Resistant PEMFC Cathode Catalysts Based on a Magnéli-Phase Titanium Oxide Support Synthesized by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation Ioroi, Tsutomu; Akita, Tomoki; Yamazaki, Shin-ichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3622297	journal	January 2011
Size Influence on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity and Instability of Supported Pt Nanoparticles Sheng, Wenchao; Chen, Shuo; Vescovo, Elio Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.009202jes	journal	January 2011
Effect of Particle Size on the Kinetics of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Pt Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles Ye, Heechang; Crooks, John A.; Crooks, Richard M. Langmuir, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/la702297m	journal	November 2007
IL-TEM investigations on the degradation mechanism of Pt/C electrocatalysts with different carbon supports Hartl, Katrin; Hanzlik, Marianne; Arenz, Matthias Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00248H	journal	January 2011
Measurement of oxygen reduction activities via the rotating disc electrode method: From Pt model surfaces to carbon-supported high surface area catalysts Mayrhofer, K. J. J.; Strmcnik, D.; Blizanac, B. B. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.11.057	journal	February 2008
Experimental Methods for Quantifying the Activity of Platinum Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Garsany, Yannick; Baturina, Olga A.; Swider-Lyons, Karen E. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac100306c	journal	August 2010
Characterization of High-Surface-Area Electrocatalysts Using a Rotating Disk Electrode Configuration Schmidt, T. J.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Stäb, G. D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 7, p. 2354-2358 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838642	journal	January 1998
Oxygen Reduction Activity of Vapor-Grown Platinum Nanotubes Papandrew, Alexander B.; Atkinson, Robert W.; Goenaga, Gabriel A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.090308jes	journal	January 2013
Platinum Monolayer on Nonnoble Metal−Noble Metal Core−Shell Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for O₂ Reduction Zhang, J.; Lima, F. H. B.; Shao, M. H. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 48, p. 22701-22704 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp055634c	journal	December 2005
Electroreduction mechanism of oxygen investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Itagaki, Masayuki; Hasegawa, Hajime; Watanabe, Kunihiro Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 557 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00349-8	journal	October 2003
Fuel cell catalyst degradation on the nanoscale Mayrhofer, Karl J. J.; Meier, Josef C.; Ashton, Sean J. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.032	journal	August 2008

Cited By (15)

Pt‐Based Nanocrystal for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Zhao, Zipeng; Chen, Changli; Liu, Zeyan Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808115	journal	December 2018
Ultrafine Pt cluster and RuO ₂ heterojunction anode catalysts designed for ultra-low Pt-loading anion exchange membrane fuel cells Wang, Rongyue; Li, Dongguo; Maurya, Sandip Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00533a	journal	January 2020
Alloy Nanocatalysts for the Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction (ORR) and the Direct Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO ₂ RR) Kim, Cheonghee; Dionigi, Fabio; Beermann, Vera Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805617	journal	December 2018
Nanoscale kinetics of asymmetrical corrosion in core-shell nanoparticles Shan, Hao; Gao, Wenpei; Xiong, Yalin Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03372-z	journal	March 2018
A Trimetallic Pt2NiCo/C Electrocatalyst with Enhanced Activity and Durability for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Alfaro-López, Hilda M.; Valdés-Madrigal, Manuel A.; Rojas-Chávez, Hugo Catalysts, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10020170	journal	February 2020
Effect of Experimental Operations on the Limiting Current Density of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Evaluated by Rotating‐Disk Electrode Zhong, Guoyu; Xu, Shurui; Liu, Lei ChemElectroChem, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201902085	journal	January 2020
Durability of Electrocatalysts for ORR: Pt on Nanocomposite of Reduced Graphene Oxide with FTO versus Pt/C Schonvogel, Dana; Hülstede, Julia; Wagner, Peter Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0361806jes	journal	January 2018
Evaluating Electrocatalysts at Relevant Currents in a Half-Cell: The Impact of Pt Loading on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Ehelebe, Konrad; Seeberger, Dominik; Paul, Mike T. Y. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0911915jes	journal	January 2019
3D Carbon Materials for Efficient Oxygen and Hydrogen Electrocatalysis Jorge, Ana Belen; Jervis, Rhodri; Periasamy, Arun Prakash Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902494	journal	November 2019
Benchmarking high surface area electrocatalysts in a gas diffusion electrode: measurement of oxygen reduction activities under realistic conditions Inaba, Masanori; Jensen, Anders Westergaard; Sievers, Gustav Wilhelm Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00019k	journal	January 2018
Microporous Solids En Route to Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis: The Oxygen Reduction Reaction Haikal, Rana R.; Hassan, Mohamed H.; Alkordi, Mohamed H. Energy Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201900964	journal	December 2019
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part I: High‐loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface George, Thomas Y.; Asset, Tristan; Avid, Arezoo ChemPhysChem, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.202000136	journal	February 2020
Benchmarking high surface area electrocatalysts in a gas diffusion electrode: measurement of oxygen reduction activities under realistic conditions Inaba, Masanori; Jensen, Anders Westergaard; Sievers, Gustav Wilhelm Royal Society of Chemistry https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.122191	text	January 2018
Improving the Wettability of Thin-Film Rotating Disk Electrodes for Reliable Activity Evaluation of Oxygen Electrocatalysts by Triggering Oxygen Reduction at the Catalyst-Electrolyte-Bubble Triple Phase Boundaries Wang, Ruozheng; Jiang, Wulv; Xia, Dongsheng Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0371807jes	journal	January 2018
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part I: High‐loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface George, Thomas Y.; Asset, Tristan; Avid, Arezoo ChemPhysChem, Vol. 21, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201901091	journal	February 2020

Similar Records

Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Journal Article · Mon May 01 20:00:00 EDT 2017 · Electrocatalysis · OSTI ID:1371530

Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt/C for Nafion-free, Thin, Uniform Films in Rotating Disk Electrode Studies

Journal Article · Mon Dec 31 23:00:00 EST 2012 · ECS Transactions · OSTI ID:1136225

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Measurements on Platinum Electrocatalysts Utilizing Rotating Disk Electrode Technique: I. Impact of Impurities, Measurement Protocols and Applied Corrections

Journal Article · Tue Jul 21 20:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:1233151

Best Practices and Testing Protocols for Benchmarking ORR Activities of Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using Rotating Disk Electrode

Citation Formats

References (73)

Cited By (15)

Similar Records

Related Subjects