Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Chabot, Nancy L.; Rivkin, Andrew S.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Barnouin, Olivier S.; Fahnestock, Eugene G.; Richardson, Derek C.; Stickle, Angela M.; Thomas, Cristina A.; Ernst, Carolyn M.; Terik Daly, R.; Dotto, Elisabetta; Zinzi, Angelo; Chesley, Steven R.; Moskovitz, Nicholas A.; Barbee, Brent W.; Abell, Paul; Agrusa, Harrison F.; Bannister, Michele T.; Beccarelli, Joel; Bekker, Dmitriy L.; Bruck Syal, Megan; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Busch, Michael W.; Campo Bagatin, Adriano; Chatelain, Joseph P.; Chocron, Sidney; Collins, Gareth S.; Conversi, Luca; Davison, Thomas M.; DeCoster, Mallory E.; Prasanna Deshapriya, J. D.; Eggl, Siegfried; Espiritu, Raymond C.; Farnham, Tony L.; Ferrais, Marin; Ferrari, Fabio; Föhring, Dora; Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar; Gai, Igor; Giordano, Carmine; Glenar, David A.; Gomez, Edward; Graninger, Dawn M.; Green, Simon F.; Greenstreet, Sarah; Hasselmann, Pedro H.; Herreros, Isabel; Hirabayashi, Masatoshi; Husárik, Marek; Ieva, Simone; Ivanovski, Stavro L.; Jackson, Samuel L.; Jehin, Emmanuel; Jutzi, Martin; Karatekin, Ozgur; Knight, Matthew M.; Kolokolova, Ludmilla; Kumamoto, Kathryn M.; Küppers, Michael; La Forgia, Fiorangela; Lazzarin, Monica; Li, Jian-Yang; Lister, Tim A.; Lolachi, Ramin; Lucas, Michael P.; Lucchetti, Alice; Luther, Robert; Makadia, Rahil; Mazzotta Epifani, Elena; McMahon, Jay; Merisio, Gianmario; Merrill, Colby C.; Meyer, Alex J.; Michel, Patrick; Micheli, Marco; Migliorini, Alessandra; Minker, Kate; Modenini, Dario; Moreno, Fernando; Murdoch, Naomi; Murphy, Brian; Naidu, Shantanu P.; Nair, Hari; Nakano, Ryota; Opitom, Cyrielle; Ormö, Jens; Michael Owen, J.; Pajola, Maurizio; Palmer, Eric E.; Palumbo, Pasquale; Panicucci, Paolo; Parro, Laura M.; Pearl, Jason M.; Penttilä, Antti; Perna, Davide; Petrescu, Elisabeta; Pravec, Petr; Raducan, Sabina D.; Ramesh, K. T.; Ridden-Harper, Ryan; Rizos, Juan L.; Rossi, Alessandro; Roth, Nathan X.; Rożek, Agata; Rozitis, Benjamin; Ryan, Eileen V.; Ryan, William H.; Sánchez, Paul; Santana-Ros, Toni; Scheeres, Daniel J.; Scheirich, Peter; Berk Senel, Cem; Snodgrass, Colin; Soldini, Stefania; Souami, Damya; Statler, Thomas S.; Street, Rachel; Stubbs, Timothy J.; Sunshine, Jessica M.; Tan, Nicole J.; Tancredi, Gonzalo; Tinsman, Calley L.; Tortora, Paolo; Tusberti, Filippo; Walker, James D.; Waller, C. Dany; Wünnemann, Kai; Zannoni, Marco; Zhang, Yun

doi:10.3847/psj/ad16e6

Title: Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Journal Article · Mon Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2024 · The Planetary Science Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad16e6· OSTI ID:2318789

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NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Contributing Organization:: DART Team; LICIACube Team

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 2318789

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-854115; 1082299

Journal Information:: The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 2; ISSN 2632-3338

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Ejecta distribution and momentum transfer from oblique impacts on asteroid surfaces Raducan, S. D.; Davison, T. M.; Collins, G. S. Icarus, Vol. 374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114793	journal	March 2022
Photometry of the Didymos System across the DART Impact Apparition Moskovitz, Nicholas; Thomas, Cristina; Pravec, Petr The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad0e74	journal	February 2024
Reshaping and ejection processes on rubble-pile asteroids from impacts Raducan, S. D.; Jutzi, M.; Zhang, Y. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 665 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244807	journal	September 2022
The Relative Effects of Surface and Subsurface Morphology on the Deflection Efficiency of Kinetic Impactors: Implications for the DART Mission DeCoster, Mallory E.; Luther, Robert; Collins, Gareth S. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad11ec	journal	January 2024
Anticipated Geological Assessment of the (65803) Didymos–Dimorphos System, Target of the DART–LICIACube Mission Pajola, M.; Barnouin, O. S.; Lucchetti, A. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac880d	journal	September 2022
Model of Double Asteroid Redirection Test Impact Ejecta Plume Observations Cheng, Andrew F.; Raducan, S. D.; Fahnestock, Eugene G. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac66e9	journal	June 2022
Signs of Emissions of Alkali Metals Na i, Li i, and K i During First Minutes After DART Probe Crash on Dimorphos L. I., Shestakova; A. V., Serebryanskiy; M. A., Krugov Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/ac9d33	journal	October 2022
Morphology and spectral properties of the DART impact ejecta with VLT/MUSE Opitom, C.; Murphy, B.; Snodgrass, C. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 671 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202345960	journal	March 2023
Design of the Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for OpNav (DRACO) on the double asteroid redirection test (DART) Ryan, Kyle J.; Fletcher, Zachary J.; Hammond, Randolph Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2310136	conference	July 2018
Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for OpNav (DRACO): design, fabrication, test, and operation Fletcher, Zachary J.; Ryan, Kyle; Ernst, Carolyn Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2627873	conference	August 2022
Radar Imaging and Characterization of the Binary Near-Earth Asteroid (185851) 2000 Dp107 Naidu, S. P.; Margot, J. L.; Taylor, P. A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 150, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/150/2/54	journal	July 2015
Dynamical origin of Dimorphos from fast spinning Didymos Madeira, Gustavo; Charnoz, Sébastien; Hyodo, Ryuki Icarus, Vol. 394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115428	journal	April 2023
Lucy Observations of the DART Impact Event Weaver, H. A.; Sunshine, J. M.; Ernst, C. M. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad1ee5	journal	February 2024
Dynamical Evolution of Ejecta from the DART Impact on Dimorphos Rossi, Alessandro; Marzari, Francesco; Brucato, John Robert The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac686c	journal	May 2022
Anticipating the DART Impact: Orbit Estimation of Dimorphos Using a Simplified Model Naidu, Shantanu P.; Chesley, Steven R.; Farnocchia, Davide The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac91c0	journal	October 2022
Optical Monitoring of the Didymos–Dimorphos Asteroid System with the Danish Telescope around the DART Mission Impact Rożek, Agata; Snodgrass, Colin; Jørgensen, Uffe G. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad0a64	journal	December 2023
Binary asteroid population. 3. Secondary rotations and elongations Pravec, P.; Scheirich, P.; Kušnirák, P. Icarus, Vol. 267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.019	journal	March 2016
Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth-Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies https://doi.org/10.17226/12842	book	June 2010
An Updated Shape Model of Dimorphos from DART Data Daly, R. Terik; Ernst, Carolyn M.; Barnouin, Olivier S. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad0b07	journal	January 2024
Hayabusa2 arrives at the carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu—A spinning top–shaped rubble pile Watanabe, S.; Hirabayashi, M.; Hirata, N. Science, Vol. 364, Issue 6437 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav8032	journal	April 2019
Spectral analysis and mineralogical characterization of 11 olivine–pyroxene rich NEAs de León, J.; Licandro, J.; Duffard, R. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.074	journal	January 2006
Hypervelocity impacts on asteroids and momentum transfer I. Numerical simulations using porous targets Jutzi, Martin; Michel, Patrick Icarus, Vol. 229 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.020	journal	February 2014
Radar Imaging of Binary Near-Earth Asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4 Ostro, Steven. J.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Benner, Lance A. M. Science, Vol. 314, Issue 5803 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133622	journal	November 2006
Pre-encounter Predictions of DART Impact Ejecta Behavior and Observability Fahnestock, Eugene G.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Ivanovski, Stavro The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac7fa1	journal	September 2022
A Single Ejection Model of the DART/Dimorphos Debris Trail Kim, Yoonyoung; Jewitt, David The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 956, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acfd1d	journal	October 2023
Physical properties of the Didymos system before and after the DART impact Lin, Zhong-Yi; Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; Ip, Wing-Huen Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 676 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245629	journal	August 2023
Heliocentric Effects of the DART Mission on the (65803) Didymos Binary Asteroid System Makadia, Rahil; Raducan, Sabina D.; Fahnestock, Eugene G. The Planetary Science Journal, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac7de7	journal	August 2022

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