Iridium Incorporation into MnO2 for an Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Kakati, Uddipana; Elzinga, Evert J.; Mansley, Zachary R.; Roe, Benjamin; Alimohammadi, Farbod; Schwenk, Gregory; Ning, Jinliang; Zhu, Yimei; Ji, Hai‐Feng; Sun, Jianwei; Strongin, Daniel R.

doi:10.1002/cctc.202201549

Title: Iridium Incorporation into MnO₂ for an Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Journal Article · Tue Feb 28 00:00:00 EST 2023 · ChemCatChem

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202201549· OSTI ID:1975239

^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Roe, Benjamin ^[1];

^[1];

^[4];

^[5]; Zhu, Yimei ^[3]; Ji, Hai‐Feng ^[4];

^[5];

^[1]

Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Rutgers University, Newark, NJ (United States)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA (United States)

Abstract We have investigated the structure and activity of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that had low loadings of Ir incorporated into the 2D layered MnO ₂ , (birnessite, nominally δ‐MnO ₂ ) and the 3D MnO ₂ (pyrolusite, β‐MnO ₂ ). The Ir‐incorporated β‐MnO ₂ (Ir/β‐MnO ₂ ) electrocatalysts were prepared for the first time via a thermally induced phase transition of δ‐MnO ₂ containing 16–22 wt% Ir. This phase transition of δ‐MnO ₂ to β‐MnO ₂ was facilitated by the presence of Ir in the structure, as both Ir in IrO ₂ and Mn in β‐MnO ₂ could adopt a thermodynamically favored rutile structure. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of Ir/β‐MnO ₂ showed that the catalyst consisted of Ir substituted into the crystalline β‐MnO ₂ lattice. 22 wt% Ir/β‐MnO ₂ (60 ) exhibited an OER overpotential ( ) of 337 mV, lower than the for commercial IrO ₂ . This was constant for 6 h, at 10 mA in 0.5 M H ₂ SO ₄ . EXAFS, high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) and X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) showed that 22 wt% Ir/β‐MnO ₂ had a strained structure containing ∼41 % Mn ³⁺ , an OER active species, along with a modified Ir bond covalency consisting of both Ir−O−Ir and Ir−O−Mn.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1975239

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1971281

Report Number(s):: BNL-224444-2023-JAAM; TRN: US2314050

Journal Information:: ChemCatChem, Vol. 15, Issue 8; ISSN 1867-3880

Publisher:: ChemPubSoc EuropeCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (74)

Half-Metallicity in Single-Layered Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets by Defect Engineering Wang, Hui; Zhang, Jiajia; Hang, Xudong Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410031	journal	November 2014
The origin of the high electrochemical activity of pseudo-amorphous iridium oxides Elmaalouf, Marine; Odziomek, Mateusz; Duran, Silvia Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24181-x	journal	June 2021
The Stability Challenges of Oxygen Evolving Catalysts: Towards a Common Fundamental Understanding and Mitigation of Catalyst Degradation Spöri, Camillo; Kwan, Jason Tai Hong; Bonakdarpour, Arman Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 56, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201608601	journal	May 2017
Nonlocal van der Waals density functional made simple and efficient Sabatini, Riccardo; Gorni, Tommaso; de Gironcoli, Stefano Physical Review B, Vol. 87, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.041108	journal	January 2013
On the limitations in assessing stability of oxygen evolution catalysts using aqueous model electrochemical cells Knöppel, Julius; Möckl, Maximilian; Escalera-López, Daniel Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22296-9	journal	April 2021
Nonlocal van der Waals density functional: The simpler the better Vydrov, Oleg A.; Van Voorhis, Troy The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 133, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3521275	journal	December 2010
Projector augmented-wave method Blöchl, P. E. Physical Review B, Vol. 50, Issue 24, p. 17953-17979 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953	journal	December 1994
Synergy of van der Waals and self-interaction corrections in transition metal monoxides Peng, Haowei; Perdew, John P. Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.100101	journal	September 2017
Recent Development of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts in Acidic Environment An, Li; Wei, Chao; Lu, Min Advanced Materials, Vol. 33, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006328	journal	March 2021
A rhodium/silicon co-electrocatalyst design concept to surpass platinum hydrogen evolution activity at high overpotentials Zhu, Lili; Lin, Haiping; Li, Youyong Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12272	journal	July 2016
Promoting oxygen evolution of IrO2 in acid electrolyte by Mn Etzi Coller Pascuzzi, Marco; Hofmann, Jan P.; Hensen, Emiel J. M. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 366 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137448	journal	January 2021
Low‐Coordinate Iridium Oxide Confined on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Chen, Jiayi; Cui, Peixin; Zhao, Guoqiang Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201907017	journal	September 2019
A Functionally Stable Manganese Oxide Oxygen Evolution Catalyst in Acid Huynh, Michael; Bediako, D. Kwabena; Nocera, Daniel G. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja413147e	journal	April 2014
Accurate and Numerically Efficient r ² SCAN Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximation Furness, James W.; Kaplan, Aaron D.; Ning, Jinliang The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02405	journal	September 2020
Tunable catalytic activity of cobalt-intercalated layered MnO2 for water oxidation through confinement and local ordering Ning, Jinliang; Furness, James W.; Zhang, Yubo Journal of Catalysis, Vol. 374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.037	journal	June 2019
Intercalation of Cobalt into the Interlayer of Birnessite Improves Oxygen Evolution Catalysis Thenuwara, Akila C.; Shumlas, Samantha L.; Attanayake, Nuwan H. ACS Catalysis, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01980	journal	October 2016
From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method Kresse, G.; Joubert, D. Physical Review B, Vol. 59, Issue 3, p. 1758-1775 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.59.1758	journal	January 1999
Stabilization of an iridium oxygen evolution catalyst by titanium oxides Kasian, Olga; Li, Tong; Mingers, Andrea M. Journal of Physics: Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/abbd34	journal	March 2021
Influence of the MnO₂Phase on Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance for Low‐Loading Iridium Electrocatalysts Wang, Zheyuan; Gao, Wenluan; Xu, Qingli ChemElectroChem, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001513	journal	January 2021
Cs-exchange in birnessite: Reaction mechanisms inferred from time-resolved X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy Lopano, C. L.; Heaney, P. J.; Post, J. E. American Mineralogist, Vol. 94, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2009.3068	journal	May 2009
Workhorse minimally empirical dispersion-corrected density functional with tests for weakly bound systems: r2SCAN+rVV10 Ning, Jinliang; Kothakonda, Manish; Furness, James W. Physical Review B, Vol. 106, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.106.075422	journal	August 2022
Dissolution of Noble Metals during Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media Cherevko, Serhiy; Zeradjanin, Aleksandar R.; Topalov, Angel A. ChemCatChem, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402194	journal	July 2014
Electrochemical Dissolution of Iridium and Iridium Oxide Particles in Acidic Media: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Electrochemical Flow Cell Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study Jovanovič, Primož; Hodnik, Nejc; Ruiz-Zepeda, Francisco Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b08071	journal	August 2017
Iridium Oxide for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Correlation between Particle Size, Morphology, and the Surface Hydroxo Layer from Operando XAS Abbott, Daniel F.; Lebedev, Dmitry; Waltar, Kay Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02625	journal	September 2016
β-MnO2 nanorods with exposed tunnel structures as high-performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Su, Dawei; Ahn, Hyo-Jun; Wang, Guoxiu NPG Asia Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/am.2013.56	journal	November 2013
Nature of Activated Manganese Oxide for Oxygen Evolution Huynh, Michael; Shi, Chenyang; Billinge, Simon J. L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b06382	journal	November 2015
The effect of manganese vacancy in birnessite-type MnO2 on room-temperature oxidation of formaldehyde in air Wang, Jinlong; Li, Jinge; Jiang, Chuanjia Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.11.036	journal	May 2017
One-step synthesis of cobalt-doped MoS ₂ nanosheets as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting under both acidic and alkaline conditions Xiong, Qizhong; Zhang, Xian; Wang, Haojie Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC00766G	journal	January 2018
A Graphene Oxide and Copper-Centered Metal Organic Framework Composite as a Tri-Functional Catalyst for HER, OER, and ORR Jahan, Maryam; Liu, Zhaolin; Loh, Kian Ping Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300510	journal	May 2013
Energetics of ${MnO}_{2}$ polymorphs in density functional theory Kitchaev, Daniil A.; Peng, Haowei; Liu, Yun Physical Review B, Vol. 93, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.93.045132	journal	January 2016
Reliable Lattice Dynamics from an Efficient Density Functional Approximation Ning, Jinliang; Furness, James W.; Sun, Jianwei Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03222	journal	February 2022
Stabilitätsanforderungen von Elektrokatalysatoren für die Sauerstoffentwicklung: der Weg zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis und zur Minimierung der Katalysatordegradation Spöri, Camillo; Kwan, Jason Tai Hong; Bonakdarpour, Arman Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 129, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201608601	journal	May 2017
Water-Splitting Electrocatalysis in Acid Conditions Using Ruthenate-Iridate Pyrochlores Sardar, Kripasindhu; Petrucco, Enrico; Hiley, Craig I. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 126, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201406668	journal	September 2014
An accurate first-principles treatment of doping-dependent electronic structure of high-temperature cuprate superconductors Furness, James W.; Zhang, Yubo; Lane, Christopher Communications Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-018-0009-4	journal	March 2018
Water-Splitting Electrocatalysis in Acid Conditions Using Ruthenate-Iridate Pyrochlores Sardar, Kripasindhu; Petrucco, Enrico; Hiley, Craig I. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201406668	journal	September 2014
Accurate first-principles structures and energies of diversely bonded systems from an efficient density functional Sun, Jianwei; Remsing, Richard C.; Zhang, Yubo Nature Chemistry, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2535	journal	June 2016
Structure of nanocrystalline phyllomanganates produced by freshwater fungi Grangeon, S.; Lanson, B.; Miyata, N. American Mineralogist, Vol. 95, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3516	journal	November 2010
Over 56.55% Faradaic efficiency of ambient ammonia synthesis enabled by positively shifting the reaction potential Wang, Mengfan; Liu, Sisi; Qian, Tao Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08120-x	journal	January 2019
Determination of Mn valence states in mixed-valent manganates by XANES spectroscopy Manceau, A.; Marcus, M. A.; Grangeon, S. American Mineralogist, Vol. 97, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2012.3903	journal	May 2012
A general synthesis approach for amorphous noble metal nanosheets Wu, Geng; Zheng, Xusheng; Cui, Peixin Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12859-2	journal	October 2019
The stability number as a metric for electrocatalyst stability benchmarking Geiger, Simon; Kasian, Olga; Ledendecker, Marc Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0085-6	journal	June 2018
Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed Semilocal Density Functional Sun, Jianwei; Ruzsinszky, Adrienn; Perdew, John P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.036402	journal	July 2015
Predicting aqueous stability of solid with computed Pourbaix diagram using SCAN functional Wang, Zhenbin; Guo, Xingyu; Montoya, Joseph npj Computational Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-020-00430-3	journal	October 2020
Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects Kohn, W.; Sham, L. J. Physical Review, Vol. 140, Issue 4A, p. A1133-A1138 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1133	journal	November 1965
Larch: An Analysis Package for XAFS and Related Spectroscopies Newville, Matthew Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 430 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/430/1/012007	journal	April 2013
Copper-Intercalated Birnessite as a Water Oxidation Catalyst Thenuwara, Akila C.; Shumlas, Samantha L.; Attanayake, Nuwan H. Langmuir, Vol. 31, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02936	journal	November 2015
Structure of Synthetic K-rich Birnessite Obtained by High-Temperature Decomposition of KMnO ₄ . I. Two-Layer Polytype from 800 °C Experiment Gaillot, Anne-Claire; Flot, David; Drits, Victor A. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm021733g	journal	December 2003
Synthesis and Activities of Rutile IrO ₂ and RuO ₂ Nanoparticles for Oxygen Evolution in Acid and Alkaline Solutions Lee, Youngmin; Suntivich, Jin; May, Kevin J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz2016507	journal	January 2012
Nickel Confined in the Interlayer Region of Birnessite: an Active Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation Thenuwara, Akila C.; Cerkez, Elizabeth B.; Shumlas, Samantha L. Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 128, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201601935	journal	May 2016
Structure of synthetic Na-birnessite: Evidence for a triclinic one-layer unit cell Lanson, Bruno; Drits, Victor A.; Feng, Qi American Mineralogist, Vol. 87, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-11-1215	journal	November 2002
Mesoporous Metallic Iridium Nanosheets Jiang, Bo; Guo, Yanna; Kim, Jeonghun Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b05206	journal	August 2018
Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Physical Review B, Vol. 54, Issue 16, p. 11169-11186 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.11169	journal	October 1996
Density Functionals that Recognize Covalent, Metallic, and Weak Bonds Sun, Jianwei; Xiao, Bing; Fang, Yuan Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.106401	journal	September 2013
Molecular Insight in Structure and Activity of Highly Efficient, Low-Ir Ir–Ni Oxide Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting (OER) Reier, Tobias; Pawolek, Zarina; Cherevko, Serhiy Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b07788	journal	September 2015
Birnessite polytype systematics and identification by powder X-ray diffraction Drits, V. A.; Lanson, B.; Gaillot, A. -C. American Mineralogist, Vol. 92, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2207	journal	May 2007
Benchmarking Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction McCrory, Charles C. L.; Jung, Suho; Peters, Jonas C. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja407115p	journal	October 2013
Homogeneously dispersed multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts Zhang, B.; Zheng, X.; Voznyy, O. Science, Vol. 352, Issue 6283 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1525	journal	March 2016
Conversion of inert cryptomelane-type manganese oxide into a highly efficient oxygen evolution catalyst via limited Ir doping Sun, Wei; Cao, Li-mei; Yang, Ji Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA03011D	journal	January 2016
Half-Metallicity in Single-Layered Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets by Defect Engineering Wang, Hui; Zhang, Jiajia; Hang, Xudong Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 127, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201410031	journal	November 2014
Cultivating crystal lattice distortion in IrO ₂ via coupling with MnO ₂ to boost the oxygen evolution reaction with high intrinsic activity Zhou, Zhenhua; Zaman, Waqas Qamar; Sun, Wei Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC02008F	journal	January 2018
Effective Strain Engineering of IrO ₂ Toward Improved Oxygen Evolution Catalysis through a Catalyst‐Support System Zhou, Zhenhua; Zaman, Waqas Qamar; Sun, Wei ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201901037	journal	August 2019
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Environments - Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts Reier, Tobias; Nong, Hong Nhan; Teschner, Detre Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601275	journal	October 2016
A novel bifunctional catalyst for overall water electrolysis: nano Ir_xMn_(1−x)O_y hybrids with L1₂-IrMn₃ phase Ren, Zhandong; Wang, Yanyan; Jiang, Hucheng Chemical Communications, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC06062G	journal	January 2022
Partially hydroxylated ultrathin iridium nanosheets as efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting Cheng, Zifang; Huang, Bolong; Pi, Yecan National Science Review, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa058	journal	April 2020
Low‐Coordinate Iridium Oxide Confined on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Chen, Jiayi; Cui, Peixin; Zhao, Guoqiang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201907017	journal	July 2019
Nitrogen-doped tungsten carbide nanoarray as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting in acid Han, Nana; Yang, Ke R.; Lu, Zhiyi Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03429-z	journal	March 2018
Structural and morphological evolution of β-MnO₂nanorods during hydrothermal synthesis Gao, Tao; Fjellvåg, Helmer; Norby, Poul Nanotechnology, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/5/055610	journal	January 2009
Crystal Structure Modeling of a Highly Disordered Potassium Birnessite Holland, Kerry L. Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 44, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440604	journal	January 1996
Confined Ir single sites with triggered lattice oxygen redox: Toward boosted and sustained water oxidation catalysis Shi, Zhaoping; Wang, Ying; Li, Ji Joule, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.05.018	journal	August 2021
Structural Studies of Rutile-Type Metal Dioxides Bolzan, A. A.; Fong, C.; Kennedy, B. J. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Vol. 53, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108768197001468	journal	June 1997
A silicon-doped iridium electrode prepared by magnetron-sputtering as an advanced electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in acidic media Ren, Zhandong; Jin, Lingzhi; Deng, Li Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9SE00250B	journal	January 2019
Boosted Performance of Ir Species by Employing TiN as the Support toward Oxygen Evolution Reaction Li, Guoqiang; Li, Kai; Yang, Long ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b14172	journal	October 2018
Nickel Confined in the Interlayer Region of Birnessite: an Active Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation Thenuwara, Akila C.; Cerkez, Elizabeth B.; Shumlas, Samantha L. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601935	journal	May 2016
Standardless Atom Counting in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy LeBeau, James M.; Findlay, Scott D.; Allen, Leslie J. Nano Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102025s	journal	November 2010

Similar Records

PlanHab ^* : hypoxia does not worsen the impairment of skeletal muscle oxidative function induced by bed rest alone

Journal Article · Tue Apr 17 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Journal of Physiology · OSTI ID:1975239

Salvadego, Desy; Keramidas, Michail E.; Kölegård, Roger; +7 more

Theoretical analysis of non‐ G aussian heterogeneity effects on subsurface flow and transport

Journal Article · Tue Apr 11 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Water Resources Research · OSTI ID:1975239

Riva, Monica; Guadagnini, Alberto; Neuman, Shlomo P.

F‐theory and Dark Energy

Journal Article · Tue Jul 30 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Fortschritte der Physik · OSTI ID:1975239

Heckman, Jonathan J.; Lawrie, Craig; Lin, Ling; +1 more

Related Subjects

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY
EXAFS
HAADF-STEM
iridium oxide
manganese oxide
oxygen evolution reaction

Title: Iridium Incorporation into MnO2 for an Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Citation Formats

References (74)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

Title: Iridium Incorporation into MnO₂ for an Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction