Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions

Li, R.; Sparveris, Nikos; Atac, Hamza; Jones, M. K.; Paolone, Michael; Akbar, Z.; Gayoso, Carlos Ayerbe; Berdnikov, V.; Biswas, D.; Boer, M.; Camsonne, A.; Chen, J. -P.; Diefenthaler, Markus; Duran, B.; Dutta, D.; Gaskell, D.; Hansen, Jens-Ole; Hauenstein, F.; Heinrich, N.; Henry, W.; Horn, T.; Huber, G. M.; Jia, S.; Joosten, Sylvester; Karki, A.; Kay, S. J. D.; Kumar, V.; Li, X.; Li, W. B.; Liyanage, A. H.; Malace, S.; Markowitz, P.; McCaughan, M.; Meziani, Zein-Eddine; Mkrtchyan, H.; Morean, C.; Muhoza, M.; Narayan, A.; Pasquini, B.; Rehfuss, M.; Sawatzky, Brad; Smith, Gregory R.; Smith, A.; Trotta, R.; Yero, C.; Zheng, Xiaochao; Zhou, J.

doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05248-1

Title: Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions

Journal Article · Wed Oct 19 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05248-1· OSTI ID:1895351

Li, R. ^[1];

^[1];

^[1]; Jones, M. K. ^[2];

^[3]; Akbar, Z. ^[4];

^[5]; Berdnikov, V. ^[6]; Biswas, D. ^[7]; Boer, M. ^[8]; Camsonne, A. ^[2]; Chen, J. -P. ^[2];

^[2]; Duran, B. ^[1]; Dutta, D. ^[9]; Gaskell, D. ^[2];

^[2]; Hauenstein, F. ^[10]; Heinrich, N. ^[11]; Henry, W. ^[2] more »

Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (United States)
Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC (United States)
Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA (United States); Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States); Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States)
Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States)
Univ. of Regina, SK (Canada)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)
Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA (United States)
Florida International Univ. (FIU), Miami, FL (United States)
Artem Alikhanian National Lab., Yerevan (Armenia)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Veer Kunwar Singh Univ., Arrah (India)
Univ. of Pavia (Italy); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Pavia (Italy)

The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton's bound state.A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades. Here we report measurements of the proton's electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton's electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0016577; AC05-06OR23177

OSTI ID:: 1895351

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1896663

Report Number(s):: JLAB-PHY-22-3744; DOE/OR/23177-5638; arXiv:2210.11461; TRN: US2310375

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Vol. 611, Issue 7935; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (49)

QED radiative corrections to virtual Compton scattering Vanderhaeghen, M.; Friedrich, J. M.; Lhuillier, D. Physical Review C, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.025501	journal	July 2000
Virtual Compton scattering and nucleon generalized polarizabilities Fonvieille, H.; Pasquini, B.; Sparveris, N. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2020.103754	journal	July 2020
A new measurement of the structure functions PLL - PTT/ε and PLT in virtual Compton scattering at Q2 = 0.33 (GeV/c)2 Janssens, P.; Doria, L.; Achenbach, P. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2008-10609-3	journal	July 2008
Light-Front Interpretation of Proton Generalized Polarizabilities Gorchtein, M.; Lorcé, C.; Pasquini, B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.112001	journal	March 2010
Erratum: New predictions for generalized spin polarizabilities from heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory [Phys. Rev. D70, 114004 (2004)] Kao, Chung-Wen; Pasquini, Barbara; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Physical Review D, Vol. 92, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.119906	journal	December 2015
Measurement of Compton Scattering at MAMI for the Extraction of the Electric and Magnetic Polarizabilities of the Proton Mornacchi, E.; Martel, P. P.; Abt, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 128, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.132503	journal	April 2022
Dispersion relations in real and virtual Compton scattering Drechsel, D.; Pasquini, B.; Vanderhaeghen, M. Physics Reports, Vol. 378, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00636-1	journal	May 2003
Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon in chiral effective theories Hemmert, Thomas R.; Holstein, Barry R.; Knöchlein, Germar Physical Review D, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.62.014013	journal	May 2000
Nucleon spins surprise Ahmed, Mohammad W. Nature Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01263-7	journal	May 2021
Virtual Compton scattering measurements in the nucleon resonance region Blomberg, A.; Atac, H.; Sparveris, N. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 55, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12877-0	journal	October 2019
Dispersion relation formalism for virtual Compton scattering and the generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon Pasquini, B.; Drechsel, D.; Gorchtein, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 62, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.052201	journal	September 2000
Measurement of the proton spin structure at long distances Zheng, X.; Deur, A.; Kang, H. Nature Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01198-z	journal	April 2021
Virtual Compton scattering and the generalized polarizabilities of the proton at $Q^{2} = 0.92$ and 1.76 GeV $^{2}$ Fonvieille, H.; Laveissière, G.; Degrande, N. Physical Review C, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.015210	journal	July 2012
First Determination of Generalized Polarizabilities of the Proton by a Virtual Compton Scattering Experiment Roche, J.; Friedrich, J. M.; Lhuillier, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.708	journal	July 2000
Measurements of the generalized electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the proton at low $Q^{2}$ using the virtual Compton scattering reaction Bourgeois, P.; Sato, Y.; Shaw, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 84, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.035206	journal	September 2011
Effective chiral lagrangians for nucleon-pion interactions and nuclear forces Weinberg, Steven Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 363, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(91)90231-L	journal	September 1991
The lead-glass electromagnetic calorimeters for the magnetic spectrometers in Hall C at Jefferson Lab Mkrtchyan, H.; Carlini, R.; Tadevosyan, V. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 719 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.070	journal	August 2013
New Measurement of the $1 S - 3 S$ Transition Frequency of Hydrogen: Contribution to the Proton Charge Radius Puzzle Fleurbaey, Hélène; Galtier, Sandrine; Thomas, Simon Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.183001	journal	May 2018
Nucleon generalized polarizabilities within a relativistic constituent quark model Pasquini, B.; Salmè, G. Physical Review C, Vol. 57, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.57.2589	journal	May 1998
A measurement of the atomic hydrogen Lamb shift and the proton charge radius Bezginov, N.; Valdez, T.; Horbatsch, M. Science, Vol. 365, Issue 6457 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7807	journal	September 2019
Measurement of the Generalized Polarizabilities of the Proton in Virtual Compton Scattering at $Q^{2} = 0.92$ and $1.76 {G e V}^{2}$ Laveissière, G.; Todor, L.; Degrande, N. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.122001	journal	September 2004
Three-body interactions among nucleons and pions Weinberg, Steven Physics Letters B, Vol. 295, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92)90099-P	journal	November 1992
Measurement of the generalized polarizabilities of the proton at intermediate Q2 Fonvieille, H.; Beričič, J.; Correa, L. Physical Review C, Vol. 103, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.025205	journal	February 2021
Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon in baryon chiral perturbation theory Lensky, Vadim; Pascalutsa, Vladimir; Vanderhaeghen, Marc The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 77, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-4652-9	journal	February 2017
Generalized polarizabilities of the proton in a constituent quark model revisited Pasquini, B.; Scherer, S.; Drechsel, D. Physical Review C, Vol. 63, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.63.025205	journal	January 2001
Nuclear forces from chiral lagrangians Weinberg, Steven Physics Letters B, Vol. 251, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90938-3	journal	November 1990
Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions Pasquini, Barbara; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 68, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020843	journal	October 2018
Measurements of the Generalized Electric and Magnetic Polarizabilities of the Proton at Low $Q^{2}$ Using the Virtual-Compton-Scattering Reaction Bourgeois, P.; Sato, Y.; Shaw, J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.212001	journal	November 2006
Two-photon frequency comb spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen Grinin, Alexey; Matveev, Arthur; Yost, Dylan C. Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6520 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc7776	journal	November 2020
Review of Particle Physics Zyla, P. A.; Barnett, R. M.; Beringer, J. Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptaa104	journal	August 2020
New Insight in the $Q^{2}$ Dependence of Proton Generalized Polarizabilities Beričič, J.; Correa, L.; Benali, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.192302	journal	November 2019
Measurement of the neutron charge radius and the role of its constituents Atac, H.; Constantinou, M.; Meziani, Z. -E. Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22028-z	journal	March 2021
High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton Bernauer, J. C.; Achenbach, P.; Ayerbe Gayoso, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.242001	journal	December 2010
Measurement of the generalized spin polarizabilities of the neutron in the low-Q2 region Sulkosky, Vincent; Peng, Chao; Chen, Jian-ping Nature Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01245-9	journal	May 2021
Generalized Spin Polarizabilities of the Nucleon in Heavy-Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory at Order $O (p^{4})$ Kao, Chung Wen; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Physical Review Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.272002	journal	December 2002
Confinement of quarks Wilson, Kenneth G. Physical Review D, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2445	journal	October 1974
Proton Structure from the Measurement of 2S-2P Transition Frequencies of Muonic Hydrogen Antognini, A.; Nez, F.; Schuhmann, K. Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6118 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230016	journal	January 2013
The size of the proton Pohl, Randolf; Antognini, Aldo; Nez, François Nature, Vol. 466, Issue 7303 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09250	journal	July 2010
Charge radii of the nucleon from its flavor dependent Dirac form factors Atac, H.; Constantinou, M.; Meziani, Z. -E. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 57, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00389-9	journal	February 2021
Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon studied in the linear sigma model Metz, A.; Drechsel, D. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and nuclei, Vol. 356, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002180050188	journal	March 1996
Virtual Compton Scattering from the Proton and the Properties of Nucleon Excited States Liu, Gq; Thomas, Aw; Guichon, Pam Australian Journal of Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1071/PH960905	journal	January 1996
Virtual compton scattering and generalized polarizabilities of the proton Guichon, P. A. M.; Liu, G. Q.; Thomas, A. W. Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 591, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9474(95)00217-O	journal	September 1995
Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning Rasmussen, Carl Edward; Williams, Christopher K. I. The MIT Press https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3206.001.0001	book	January 2005
A small proton charge radius from an electron–proton scattering experiment Xiong, W.; Gasparian, A.; Gao, H. Nature, Vol. 575, Issue 7781 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1721-2	journal	November 2019
Generalized Polarizabilities and the Chiral Structure of the Nucleon Hemmert, Thomas R.; Holstein, Barry R.; Knöchlein, Germar Physical Review Letters, Vol. 79, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.22	journal	July 1997
Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon studied in the linear sigma model (II) Metz, A.; Drechsel, D. Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Vol. 359, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002180050384	journal	June 1997
Dispersion relation formalism for virtual Compton scattering off the proton Pasquini, B.; Gorchtein, M.; Drechsel, D. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s100500170084	journal	July 2001
Virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory Hemmert, Thomas R.; Holstein, Barry R.; Knöchlein, Germar Physical Review D, Vol. 55, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.55.2630	journal	March 1997
Nucleon polarizabilities in virtual Compton scattering Korchin, A. Yu.; Scholten, O. Physical Review C, Vol. 58, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.58.1098	journal	August 1998

Similar Records

MEASUREMENT OF THE GENERALIZED POLARIZABILITIES OF THE PROTON IN VIRTUAL COMPTON SCATTERING

Thesis/Dissertation · Thu Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2022 · OSTI ID:1895351

Li, Ruonan

Topics in Theoretical Physics

Technical Report · Fri Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · OSTI ID:1895351

Cohen, Andrew; Schmaltz, Martin; Katz, Emmanuel; +4 more

Theoretical studies in hadronic and nuclear physics. Progress report, December 1, 1992--June 30 , 1993

Technical Report · Thu Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 1993 · OSTI ID:1895351

Griffin, J J; Cohen, T D

Related Subjects

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS
Experimental nuclear physics
Theoretical nuclear physics

Title: Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions

Citation Formats

References (49)

Similar Records

Related Subjects