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Title: Gold-gold luminosity increase in RHIC for a beam energy scan with colliding beam energies extending below the nominal injection energy

Journal Article · · Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
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  1. Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
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The Beam Energy Scan phase II (BES-II), performed in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) from 2019 to 2021, explored the phase transition between quark-gluon plasma and hadronic gas. BES-II exceeded the goal of a fourfold increase in the average luminosity over that achieved during Beam Energy Scan phase I (BES-I), at five gold beam energies: 9.8, 7.3, 5.75, 4.59, and 3.85 GeV / nucleon. This was accomplished by addressing several beam dynamics effects, including intrabeam scattering, beam-beam, space charge, beam instability, and field errors induced by superconducting magnet persistent currents. Some of these effects are especially detrimental at low energies. BES-II achievements are presented, and the measures taken to improve RHIC performance are described. These measures span the whole RHIC complex, including ion beam sources, injectors, beam lifetime improvements in RHIC, and operation with the world’s first bunched beam Low Energy RHIC electron Cooler (LEReC).

Research Organization:
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
Grant/Contract Number:
SC0012704
OSTI ID:
1863094
Report Number(s):
BNL-222928-2022-JAAM; TRN: US2305578
Journal Information:
Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 25, Issue 5; ISSN 2469-9888
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS
beam cooling
beam instabilities
lattices in beam optics
low-energy multiple-particle dynamics
nonlinear beam dynamics
space charge in beams