skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Cosmogenic activation of silicon

Journal Article · · Physical Review. D.
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [4];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [3];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2];  [2]
  1. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
  2. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Enrico Fermi Inst.
  3. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
  4. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

In the production of 3H, 7Be, and 22Na by interactions of cosmic-ray particles with silicon can produce radioactive backgrounds in detectors used to search for rare events. Through controlled irradiation of silicon CCDs and wafers with a neutron beam that mimics the cosmic-ray neutron spectrum, followed by direct counting, we determined that the production rate from cosmic-ray neutrons at sea level is (112 ± 24) atoms/( kg day ) for 3H, (8.1 ± 1.9) atoms/( kg day ) for 7Be, and (43.0 ± 7.2) atoms/( kg day ) for 22Na . Complementing these results with the current best estimates of activation cross sections for cosmic-ray particles other than neutrons, we obtain a total sea-level cosmic-ray production rate of (124 ± 25) atoms/(kg day) for 3H, (9.4 ± 2.0) atoms/( kg day ) for 7Be, and (49.6 ± 7.4) atoms/( kg day ) for 22Na. These measurements will help constrain background estimates and determine the maximum time that silicon-based detectors can remain unshielded during detector fabrication before cosmogenic backgrounds impact the sensitivity of next-generation rare-event searches.

Research Organization:
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Los Alamos, NM (United States); Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC); Kavli Foundation
Grant/Contract Number:
89233218CNA000001; AC05-76RL01830; PHY-1806974; AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1846139
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-20-25387; TRN: US2302516
Journal Information:
Physical Review. D., Vol. 102, Issue 10; ISSN 2470-0010
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (88)

Naturally occurring 32Si and low-background silicon dark matter detectors journal May 2018
The experimental nuclear reaction data (EXFOR): Extended computer database and Web retrieval system
  • Zerkin, V. V.; Pritychenko, B.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 888 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.01.045
journal April 2018
Fully depleted, back-illuminated charge-coupled devices fabricated on high-resistivity silicon journal January 2003
Extension of the Liège intranuclear-cascade model to reactions induced by light nuclei journal November 2014
Charged-particle spectra from μ capture on Al journal March 2020
Cosmic-Ray Neutron Energy Spectrum journal October 1959
Cosmogenic-nuclide production rates: Reaction cross section update journal January 2013
News item results from medium-energy intranuclear-cascade calculation journal July 1971
Cross sections for /p, xn/ reactions, and astrophysical applications journal October 1977
Partial Cross-Sections in High-Energy Nuclear Reactions, and Astrophysical Applications. I. Targets WITh Z <= 28. II. Targets Heavier than Nickel journal April 1973
International Evaluation of Neutron Cross Section Standards journal December 2009
Photonuclear tritium yields at 90 MeV journal November 1970
The Binary Cascade: Nucleon nuclear reactions journal September 2004
A fission ionization detector for neutron flux measurements at a spallation source
  • Wender, S. A.; Balestrini, S.; Brown, A.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 336, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)91102-S
journal November 1993
Cosmogenic activation of materials journal October 2017
On the accuracy of the photon-difference method used in high-energy photonuclear experiments journal August 1971
Extension of TALYS to 1 GeV journal April 2014
Excitation functions for the production of radionuclides by neutron-induced reactions on C, O, Mg, Al, Si, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Te, Pb, and U up to 180MeV journal January 2015
The effect of sea level cosmic rays on electronic devices journal June 1981
Erratum: First Dark Matter Constraints from a SuperCDMS Single-Charge Sensitive Detector [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 , 051301 (2018)] journal February 2019
The production and availability of high resistivity silicon for detector application
  • von Ammon, Wilfried; Herzer, Heinz
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 226, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(84)90174-8
journal September 1984
Calculation of the capture of negative pions in light elements and comparison with experiments pertaining to cancer radiotherapy journal December 1968
Total nuclear capture rates for negative muons journal June 1987
Search for low-mass WIMPs in a 0.6 kg day exposure of the DAMIC experiment at SNOLAB journal October 2016
Development of a cosmic veto gamma-spectrometer journal December 2011
Review of Particle Physics journal August 2018
Nuclide production by proton-induced reactions on elements (6 ≤ Z ≤ 29) in the energy range from 800 to 2600 MeV journal October 1995
Updated Partial Cross Sections of Proton‐Nucleus Reactions journal July 1998
Triton emission in the interactions of fast neutrons with nuclei journal January 1978
Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter with semiconductor targets journal May 2016
Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report) journal March 2016
Fast Neutron–Induced Emission of Light Charged Particles on Aluminum ( E n = 25 to 55 MeV) journal January 2002
On scaling cosmogenic nuclide production rates for altitude and latitude using cosmic-ray measurements journal November 2001
Light-ion production in the interaction of 96 MeV neutrons with silicon journal June 2004
Radiation Tolerance of Fully-Depleted P-Channel CCDs Designed for the SNAP Satellite journal June 2008
Fast Neutron–Induced Fission Cross Sections of 233, 234, 236, 238 U up to 200 MeV journal September 2014
Validation of in situ object counting system (ISOCS) mathematical efficiency calibration software
  • Venkataraman, R.; Bronson, F.; Abashkevich, V.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 422, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(98)01115-2
journal February 1999
Evaluation of the Neutron Data Standards journal February 2018
Low-Energy Intranuclear Cascade Calculation journal August 1963
Recent developments in Geant4
  • Allison, J.; Amako, K.; Apostolakis, J.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 835 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125
journal November 2016
Nuclide production by proton-induced reactions on elements (6 ≤ Z ≤ 29) in the energy range from 200 MeV to 400 MeV journal June 1996
High-Energy Proton Production of H 3 , He 3 , and He 4 in Light Targets journal June 1973
Towards a More Complete and Accurate Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data Library (EXFOR): International Collaboration Between Nuclear Reaction Data Centres (NRDC) journal June 2014
Spallation processes and nuclear interaction products of cosmic rays journal August 1990
Constraints on Light Dark Matter Particles Interacting with Electrons from DAMIC at SNOLAB journal October 2019
Cosmic veto gamma-spectrometry for Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty samples
  • Burnett, J. L.; Davies, A. V.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 747 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2014.02.027
journal May 2014
Cosmogenic activation of materials used in rare event search experiments journal November 2016
Improved cross section calculations for astrophysical applications journal August 1985
Production rate measurement of Tritium and other cosmogenic isotopes in Germanium with CDMSlite journal January 2019
Limits on Sensitivity of Large Silicon Bolometers for Solar Neutrino Detection journal July 1987
Results from the IAEA Benchmark of Spallation Models journal August 2011
Target-dependence of light fragment production in photonuclear reactions at intermediate energies journal January 2000
Erratum: Light-ion production in the interaction of 96 MeV neutrons with silicon [Phys. Rev. C 69 , 064609 (2004)] journal March 2006
SENSEI: Direct-Detection Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Matter from a Shallow Underground Run Using a Prototype Skipper CCD journal April 2019
Intranuclear-Cascade Calculation of the Secondary Nucleon Spectra from Nucleon-Nucleus Interactions in the Energy Range 340 to 2900 MeV and Comparisons with Experiment journal December 1969
Cross sections of 7Be, 22Na and 24Na for geochemical and cosmochemical important elements by monoenergetic 287 and 370 MeV neutrons journal September 2011
ENDF/B-VII.1 Nuclear Data for Science and Technology: Cross Sections, Covariances, Fission Product Yields and Decay Data journal December 2011
Limits for qualitative detection and quantitative determination. Application to radiochemistry journal March 1968
Tritium production in materials from C to Bi irradiated with nucleons of intermediate and high energies journal July 1993
Nuclear transmutation by negative stopped muons and the activity induced by the cosmic-ray muons journal May 1971
Terrestrial cosmic rays journal January 1996
The momentum spectra of nuclear active particles in the cosmic radiation at sea level. I. Experimental data journal April 1974
A shallow underground laboratory for low-background radiation measurements and materials development journal November 2012
Effect of Cosmic Rays on Computer Memories journal November 1979
On the search for a (n,f) cross-section reference at intermediate energies journal January 2017
Improved modelling of helium and tritium production for spallation targets journal March 2010
New potentialities of the Liège intranuclear cascade model for reactions induced by nucleons and light charged particles journal January 2013
Analytical Model for Estimating the Zenith Angle Dependence of Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Fluxes journal August 2016
First Direct-Detection Constraints on eV-Scale Hidden-Photon Dark Matter with DAMIC at SNOLAB journal April 2017
Development of a multidimensional gamma-spectrometer journal February 2017
ACTIVIA: Calculation of isotope production cross-sections and yields
  • Back, J. J.; Ramachers, Y. A.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 586, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.008
journal February 2008
Excitation functions of product nuclei from 40 to 2600MeV proton-irradiated 206,207,208,natPb and 209Bi
  • Titarenko, Yury E.; Batyaev, Viacheslav F.; Mulambetov, Ruslan D.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 562, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.02.059
journal June 2006
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
  • Lisowski, Paul W.; Schoenberg, Kurt F.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 562, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.02.178
journal June 2006
Measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons on the ground journal December 2004
Further development of a cosmic veto gamma-spectrometer journal March 2013
Geant4—a simulation toolkit
  • Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8
journal July 2003
Measurement of low energy ionization signals from Compton scattering in a charge-coupled device dark matter detector journal August 2017
Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 2. Capture of negative muons journal June 2002
Secondary Light Charged Particle Emission from the Interaction of 25- to 65-MeV Neutrons on Silicon journal May 2002
Formation cross sections of various radionuclides from Ni, Fe, Si, Mg, O and C for protons of energies between 0·5 and 2·9 GeV journal September 1968
The nuclear physics of muon capture journal November 2001
Fitting using finite Monte Carlo samples journal October 1993
Cross section measurements at neutron energies 71 and 112MeV and energy integrated cross section measurements (0.1 journal January 2013
Measurement of radioactive contamination in the high-resistivity silicon CCDs of the DAMIC experiment journal August 2015
Cross section measurements for neutron-induced reactions off C, Al, SiO2, Si and Au producing relatively short-lived radionuclides at neutron energies between 70 and 160MeV journal August 2007
Nuclear excitation function and particle emission from complex nuclei following muon capture journal November 1980
Projected sensitivity of the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment journal April 2017
First Dark Matter Constraints from a SuperCDMS Single-Charge Sensitive Detector journal August 2018

Similar Records

Cosmogenic activation of silicon
Journal Article · Sun Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2020 · Physical Review. D, Particles, Fields, Gravitation, and Cosmology · OSTI ID:1846139

Cosmogenic activation of sodium iodide
Journal Article · Tue Jan 17 00:00:00 EST 2023 · Physical Review D · OSTI ID:1846139

Evaluation of cosmogenic production of  39Ar and  42Ar for rare-event physics using underground argon
Journal Article · Fri May 20 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Astroparticle Physics · OSTI ID:1846139