Coral Gardens Reef, Belize: A refugium in the face of Caribbean-wide Acropora spp. coral decline

Greer, Lisa; Clark, Tara; Waggoner, Tanner; Busch, James; Guilderson, Thomas P.; Wirth, Karl; Zhao, Jian-xin; Curran, H. Allen

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239267

Title: Coral Gardens Reef, Belize: A refugium in the face of Caribbean-wide Acropora spp. coral decline

Journal Article · Wed Sep 30 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · PLoS ONE

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239267· OSTI ID:1815640

^[1];

^[2]; Waggoner, Tanner ^[1]; Busch, James ^[3]; Guilderson, Thomas P. ^[4]; Wirth, Karl ^[5]; Zhao, Jian-xin ^[6]; Curran, H. Allen ^[7]

Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA (United States). Geology Dept.
Univ. of Wollongong, NSW (Australia). School of Earth Atmospheric and Life Sciences; Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD (Australia). School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Radiogenic Isotope Facility
Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, VA (United States). Geology Dept.; Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (United States). Dept. of Earth Sciences
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry; Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States). Ocean Sciences Dept.
Macalester College, St. Paul, MN (United States). Geology Dept.
Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD (Australia). School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Radiogenic Isotope Facility
Smith College, Northampton, MA (United States). Geosciences Dept.

Caribbean Acropora spp. corals have undergone a decline in cover since the second half of the twentieth century. Loss of these architecturally complex and fast-growing corals has resulted in significant, cascading changes to the character, diversity, and available ecospaces of Caribbean reefs. Few thriving Acropora spp. populations exist today in the Caribbean and western North Atlantic seas, and our limited ability to access data from reefs assessed via long-term monitoring efforts means that reef scientists are challenged to determine resilience and longevity of existing Acropora spp. reefs. Here we used multiple dating methods to measure reef longevity and determine whether Coral Gardens Reef, Belize, is a refuge for Acropora cervicornis against the backdrop of wider Caribbean decline. We used a new genetic-aging technique to identify sample sites, and radiocarbon and high-precision uranium-thorium (U-Th) dating techniques to test whether one of the largest populations of extant A. cervicornis in the western Caribbean is newly established after the 1980s, or represents a longer-lived, stable population. We did so with respect for ethical sampling of a threatened species. Our data show corals ranging in age from 1910 (¹⁴C) or 1915 (²³⁰Th) to at least November 2019. While we cannot exclude the possibility of short gaps in the residence of A. cervicornis earlier in the record, the data show consistent and sustained living coral throughout the 1980s and up to at least 2019. We suggest that Coral Gardens has served as a refuge for A. cervicornis and that identifying other, similar sites may be critical to efforts to grow, preserve, conserve, and seed besieged Caribbean reefs.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; 1358987

OSTI ID:: 1815640

Journal Information:: PLoS ONE, Vol. 15, Issue 9; ISSN 1932-6203

Publisher:: Public Library of ScienceCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Holocene Reef Development Along the Northeastern St. Croix Shelf, Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands Hubbard, D. K.; Zankl, H.; Van Heerden, I. Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. 75, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2005.009	journal	January 2005
Extinction selectivity and ecology of Neogene Caribbean reef corals Johnson, Kenneth G.; Budd, Ann F.; Stemann, Thomas A. Paleobiology, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300013075	journal	January 1995
Palaeoecological evidence of a historical collapse of corals at Pelorus Island, inshore Great Barrier Reef, following European settlement Roff, George; Clark, Tara R.; Reymond, Claire E. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 280, Issue 1750 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2100	journal	January 2013
U-Th dating reveals regional-scale decline of branching Acropora corals on the Great Barrier Reef over the past century Clark, Tara R.; Roff, George; Zhao, Jian-xin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705351114	journal	September 2017
Millennial‐scale change in the structure of a Caribbean reef ecosystem and the role of human and natural disturbance Cramer, Katie L.; O'Dea, Aaron; Leonard‐Pingel, Jill S. Ecography, Vol. 43, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04722	journal	October 2019

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58 GEOSCIENCES
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
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Title: Coral Gardens Reef, Belize: A refugium in the face of Caribbean-wide Acropora spp. coral decline

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