Type-I ELM mitigation by continuous lithium granule gravitational injection into the upper tungsten divertor in EAST

Sun, Z.; Qian, Y. Z.; Maingi, R.; Wang, Y. F.; Wang, Y. M.; Nagy, A.; Tritz, K.; Lunsford, R.; Gilson, E.; Zuo, G. Z.; Xu, W.; Huang, M.; Meng, X. C.; Mansfield, D. K.; Zang, Q.; Zhu, X.; Lin, X.; Liu, H. Q.; Duan, Y. M.; Zhang, L.; Lyu, B.; Liu, Y.; Wang, L.; Bortolon, A.; Xu, G. S.; Gong, X. Z.

doi:10.1088/1741-4326/abf855

Title: Type-I ELM mitigation by continuous lithium granule gravitational injection into the upper tungsten divertor in EAST

Journal Article · Thu May 13 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Nuclear Fusion

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abf855· OSTI ID:1815389

^[1]; Qian, Y. Z. ^[2]; Maingi, R. ^[1];

^[3]; Wang, Y. M. ^[3]; Nagy, A. ^[1]; Tritz, K. ^[4];

^[1]; Gilson, E. ^[1]; Zuo, G. Z. ^[3];

^[5]; Huang, M. ^[3]; Meng, X. C. ^[5]; Mansfield, D. K. ^[1]; Zang, Q. ^[3];

^[3];

^[3]; Duan, Y. M. ^[3]; Zhang, L. ^[3] more »

Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei (China); Univ. of Science and Technology of China, Hefei (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei (China)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Shenzhen Univ. (China)

Large edge-localized modes (ELMs) were mitigated by gravitational injection of lithium granules into the upper X-point region of the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) device with tungsten plasma-facing components. The maximum ELM size was reduced by ~70% in high β_N H-mode plasmas. Large ELM stabilization was sustained for up to about 40 energy confinement times, with constant core radiated power and no evidence of high-Z or low-Z impurity accumulation. The lithium granules injection reduced the edge plasma pedestal density and temperature and their gradients, due to increased edge radiation and reduced recycling from the plasma-facing components. Ideal stability calculations using the ELITE code indicate that the stabilization of large ELMs correlates with improved stability of intermediate-n peeling-ballooning modes, due to reduced edge current resulting from the profile changes. The pedestal pressure reduction was partially offset by a core density increase, which resulted in a modest ~7% drop in core stored energy and normalized energy confinement time. We surmise that the remnant small ELMs are triggered by the penetration of multiple Li granules just past the separatrix, similar to small ELMs triggered by deuterium pellet Futatani et al (2014 Nucl. Fusion 54 073008). This study extends previous ELM elimination with Li powder injection Maingi et al (2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 024003) in EAST because (1) use of small, dust-like powder and the related potential health hazards were eliminated, and (2) use of macroscopic granules should be more applicable to future devices, due to deeper penetration than dust particles, e.g. inside the separatrix with velocities ~10 m s^-1 in EAST.

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Research Organization:: Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC02-09CH11466; 2017YFE0301100; 2017YFA0402500; 11625524; 11775261; 11905148

OSTI ID:: 1815389

Journal Information:: Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 6; ISSN 0029-5515

Publisher:: IOP ScienceCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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