Open string QED meson description of the X17 particle and dark matter

Wong, Cheuk-Yin

doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2020)165

Title: Open string QED meson description of the X17 particle and dark matter

Journal Article · Mon Aug 31 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP08(2020)165· OSTI ID:1657982

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

As a quark and an antiquark cannot be isolated, the intrinsic motion of a composite $$q\overline{q}$$ system in its lowest-energy states lies predominantly in 1+1 dimensions, as in an open string with the quark and the antiquark at its two ends. Accordingly, we study the lowest-energy states of an open string $$q\overline{q}$$ system in QCD and QED in 1+1 dimensions. We show that π⁰, η, and η' can be adequately described as open string $$q\overline{q}$$ QCD mesons. By extrapolating into the $$q\overline{q}$$ QED sector in which a quark and an antiquark interact with the QED interaction, we find an open string isoscalar I(J^π) = 0(0^-) QED meson state at 17.9±1.5 MeV and an isovector (I(J^π) = 1(0^-), I₃ = 0) QED meson state at 36.4±3.8 MeV. The predicted masses of the isoscalar and isovector QED mesons are close to the masses of the hypothetical X17 and E38 particles observed recently, making them good candidates for these particles. The decay products of QED mesons may show up as excess e⁺e^- and γγ pairs in the anomalous soft photon phenomenon associated with hadron productions in high-energy hadron-proton collisions and e⁺-e^- annihilations. Measurements of the invariant masses of excess e⁺e^- and γγ pairs will provide tests for the existence of the open string $$q\overline{q}$$ QED mesons. An assembly of gravitating QED mesons are expected to emit electron-positron pairs and/or gamma rays and their decay energies and lifetimes will be modified by their gravitational binding energies. Consequently, a self-gravitating isoscalar QED meson assembly whose mass M and radius R satisfy (M/M_⊙)/(R/R_⊙) ≳ 2 4.71 × 10⁵ will not produce electron-positron pairs nor gamma rays and may be a good candidate for the primordial dark matter.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1657982

Journal Information:: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online), Vol. 2020, Issue 8; ISSN 1029-8479

Publisher:: Springer BerlinCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (83)

The QCD running coupling Deur, Alexandre; Brodsky, Stanley J.; de Téramond, Guy F. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2016.04.003	journal	September 2016
An Overview of the Anomalous Soft Photons in Hadron Production Wong, Cheuk-Yin Proceedings of International Conference on the Structure and the Interactions of the Photon including the 20th International Workshop on Photon-Photon Collisions and the International Workshop on High Energy Photon Linear Colliders — PoS(Photon 2013) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.192.0002	conference	April 2014
Flux tubes at finite temperature Cea, Paolo; Cosmai, Leonardo; Cuteri, Francesca Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2016)033	journal	June 2016
Review of Particle Physics Tanabashi, M.; Hagiwara, K.; Hikasa, K. Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001	journal	August 2018
Particle Composition in Hadronic Jets in e+e- Annihilation Hofmann, W. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.38.120188.001431	journal	December 1988
Gauge Invariance and Mass. II Schwinger, Julian Physical Review, Vol. 128, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.128.2425	journal	December 1962
The Quantum Theory of Fields Weinberg, Steven https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139644167	book	May 2013
Construction of a crossing-simmetric, Regge-behaved amplitude for linearly rising trajectories Veneziano, G. Il Nuovo Cimento A, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02824451	journal	September 1968
Massless fermions in multiflavor ${QED}_{2}$ Nagy, S. Physical Review D, Vol. 79, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.79.045004	journal	February 2009
Phenomenological Lagrangians Weinberg, Steven Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 96, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(79)90223-1	journal	April 1979
Introduction to High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions Wong, Cheuk-Yin https://doi.org/10.1142/1128	book	September 1994
String model and multiproduction Artru, X.; Mennessier, G. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(74)90360-5	journal	February 1974
A two-dimensional model for mesons 't Hooft, G. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 75, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(74)90088-1	journal	June 1974
The Schwinger point Georgi, Howard Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2019)057	journal	November 2019
Observation of Anomalous Internal Pair Creation in ${}^{8}{Be}$ : A Possible Indication of a Light, Neutral Boson Krasznahorkay, A. J.; Csatlós, M.; Csige, L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.042501	journal	January 2016
Can nuclear physics explain the anomaly observed in the internal pair production in the Beryllium-8 nucleus? Zhang, Xilin; Miller, Gerald A. Physics Letters B, Vol. 773 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.08.013	journal	October 2017
Protophobic Fifth-Force Interpretation of the Observed Anomaly in ${}^{8}{Be}$ Nuclear Transitions Feng, Jonathan L.; Fornal, Bartosz; Galon, Iftah Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.071803	journal	August 2016
Particle physics models for the 17 MeV anomaly in beryllium nuclear decays Feng, Jonathan L.; Fornal, Bartosz; Galon, Iftah Physical Review D, Vol. 95, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.035017	journal	February 2017
Explanation of the 17 MeV Atomki anomaly in a $U (1)^{'}$ -extended two Higgs doublet model Delle Rose, Luigi; Khalil, Shaaban; Moretti, Stefano Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.115024	journal	December 2017
Atomki Anomaly in Family-Dependent $U (1)^{'}$ Extension of the Standard Model Delle Rose, Luigi; Khalil, Shaaban; King, Simon J. D. Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.055022	journal	March 2019
Possible explanation of the electron positron anomaly at 17 MeV in 8 Be transitions through a light pseudoscalar Ellwanger, Ulrich; Moretti, Stefano Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2016)039	journal	November 2016
A viable QCD axion in the MeV mass range Alves, Daniele S. M.; Weiner, Neal Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2018)092	journal	July 2018
Measurement of the full excitation spectrum of the 7Li(p,γ)αα reaction at 441 keV Munch, Michael; Sølund Kirsebom, Oliver; Swartz, Jacobus Andreas Physics Letters B, Vol. 782 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.06.013	journal	July 2018
Search for a Hypothetical 16.7 MeV Gauge Boson and Dark Photons in the NA64 Experiment at CERN Banerjee, D.; Burtsev, V. E.; Chumakov, A. G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.231802	journal	June 2018
Improved limits on a hypothetical $X (16.7)$ boson and a dark photon decaying into $e^{+} e^{-}$ pairs Banerjee, D.; Bernhard, J.; Burtsev, V. E. Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.071101	journal	April 2020
Production of a New Light Neutral Boson in High-Energy Collisions El-Nadi, M.; Badawy, O. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 61, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1271	journal	September 1988
External electron pair production in high-energy collisions El-Nadi, M.; Kamel, S.; Hussein, A. Il Nuovo Cimento A, Vol. 109, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02778236	journal	November 1996
A deviation in internal pair conversion de Boer, F. W. N.; Fröhlich, O.; Stiebing, K. E. Physics Letters B, Vol. 388, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01311-1	journal	November 1996
Search for new particles decaying into electron pairs of mass below 100 MeV/ c ² Jain, P. L.; Singh, G. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/34/1/009	journal	November 2006
A Reevaluation of Evidence for Light Neutral Bosons in Nuclear Emulsions De Boer, F. W. N.; Fields, C. A. International Journal of Modern Physics E, Vol. 20, Issue 08 https://doi.org/10.1142/S021830131101960X	journal	August 2011
Observation of direct soft photon production in K+p interactions at 70 GeV/c Chliapnikov, P. V.; De Wolf, E. A.; Fenyuk, A. B. Physics Letters B, Vol. 141, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(84)90216-8	journal	June 1984
Direct soft photon production inK + p andπ + p interactions at 250 GeV/c Botterweck, F.; Chapkin, M. M.; Charlet, M. Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields, Vol. 51, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01565578	journal	December 1991
Observation of direct soft photon production in π−p interactions at 280 GeV/c Banerjee, S.; Barberis, D.; Belogianni, A. Physics Letters B, Vol. 305, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(93)91126-8	journal	May 1993
Confirmation of a soft photon signal in excess of Q.E.D. expectations in π−p interactions at 280 GeV/c Belogianni, A.; Beusch, W.; Brodbeck, T. J. Physics Letters B, Vol. 408, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00762-4	journal	September 1997
Observation of a soft photon signal in excess of QED expectations in pp interactions Belogianni, A.; Beusch, W.; Brodbeck, T. J. Physics Letters B, Vol. 548, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02837-X	journal	November 2002
Check of the structure in photon pairs spectra at the invariant mass of about 38 MeV/ c ² Abraamyan, Khachik; Austin, Chris; Baznat, Mircea EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 204 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920408004	journal	January 2019
Anomalous soft photons in hadron production Wong, Cheuk-Yin Physical Review C, Vol. 81, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.064903	journal	June 2010
Anomalous Soft Photons associated with Hadron Production in String Fragmentation Wong, Cheuk-Yin THE IX INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON QUARK CONFINEMENT AND THE HADRON SPECTRUM—QCHS IX, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3575057	conference	January 2011
Cold quark-gluon plasma and multiparticle production Van Hove, L. Annals of Physics, Vol. 192, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(89)90116-4	journal	May 1989
The cold quark-gluon plasma as a source of very soft photons in high energy collisions Lichard, P.; Van Hove, L. Physics Letters B, Vol. 245, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(90)90698-6	journal	August 1990
Soft photon production in the boost-invariant color-flux tube model Czyż, Wieslaw; Florkowski, Wojciech Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields, Vol. 61, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01641899	journal	March 1994
Consistency of data on soft photon production in hadronic interactions Lichard, Peter Physical Review D, Vol. 50, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.50.6824	journal	December 1994
Soft photons in hadron-hadron collisions: synchrotron radiation from the QCD vacuum? Botz, G. W.; Haberl, P.; Nachtmann, O. Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields, Vol. 67, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01564830	journal	March 1995
Gluon dominance model and cluster production Kokoulina, Elena; Kutov, Andrey; Nikitin, Vladimir Brazilian Journal of Physics, Vol. 37, Issue 2c https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332007000500028	journal	January 2007
Dipion decays of heavy quarkonium in the field correlator method Simonov, Yu. A. Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 71, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778808060094	journal	June 2008
Di-pion emission in heavy quarkonia decays Simonov, Yu. A. JETP Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364008030016	journal	April 2008
Bottomonium γ(5S) decays into BB and BBπ Simonov, Yu. A.; Veselov, A. I. JETP Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1134/S002136400813002X	journal	September 2008
Soft photon anomaly and gauge/string duality Hatta, Yoshitaka; Ueda, Takahiro Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 837, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2010.04.017	journal	September 2010
Anomalous soft photon production from the induced currents in Dirac sea Kharzeev, Dmitri E.; Loshaj, Frashër Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.074053	journal	April 2014
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics of One-Dimensional Mechanical Continuum and Subsidiary Condition of Dual Resonance Model Got\=o, Tetsuo Progress of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.46.1560	journal	November 1971
A planar diagram theory for strong interactions Hooft, G. 't Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 72, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(74)90154-0	journal	April 1974
A general model for jet fragmentation Andersson, B.; Gustafson, G.; S�derberg, B. Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01407824	journal	December 1983
Parton fragmentation and string dynamics Andersson, B.; Gustafson, G.; Ingelman, G. Physics Reports, Vol. 97, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(83)90080-7	journal	July 1983
The Lund Monte Carlo for jet fragmentation and e+ e- physics - jetset version 6.3 - an update Sjöstrand, Torbjörn; Bengtsson, Mats Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(87)90054-3	journal	February 1987
Vacuum polarization and the absence of free quarks Casher, A.; Kogut, J.; Susskind, Leonard Physical Review D, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.732	journal	July 1974
Meson structure in QCD2 Huang, S.; Negele, J. W.; Polonyi, J. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 307, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90104-6	journal	October 1988
Observation of string breaking in QCD Bali, Gunnar S.; Neff, Hartmut; Düssel, Thomas Physical Review D, Vol. 71, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.71.114513	journal	June 2005
Study of particle production using two-dimensional bosonized QED Wong, Cheuk-Yin; Wang, Ren Chuan; Shih, Chia C. Physical Review D, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.257	journal	July 1991
Origin of the soft $p_{T}$ spectra Gatoff, G.; Wong, Cheuk-Yin Physical Review D, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.46.997	journal	August 1992
The transverse profile of a color flux tube Wong, Cheuk-Yin; Gatoff, G. Physics Reports, Vol. 242, Issue 4-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(94)90182-1	journal	July 1994
Wigner function of produced particles in string fragmentation Wong, Cheuk-Yin Physical Review C, Vol. 80, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.80.054917	journal	November 2009
Rapidity densities of π ^± , K ^± and p (\bar{\rm p}) in p+p and d+Au collisions at \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 200 GeV Yang, Hongyan Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/10/104129	journal	September 2008
Generalizations of the Sommerfield and Schwinger models Georgi, Howard; Warner, Brian Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2020)047	journal	January 2020
Compactification of ${QCD}_{4}$ to ${QCD}_{2}$ in a flux tube Koshelkin, Andrew V.; Wong, Cheuk-Yin Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.125026	journal	December 2012
Cross sections for $π$ - and $ρ$ -induced dissociation of $J / ψ$ and $ψ^{'}$ Wong, Cheuk-Yin; Swanson, E. S.; Barnes, T. Physical Review C, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.045201	journal	September 2000
Erratum: Heavy quarkonium dissociation cross sections in relativistic heavy-ion collisions [Phys. Rev. C 65 , 014903 (2002)] Wong, Cheuk-Yin; Swanson, E. S.; Barnes, T. Physical Review C, Vol. 66, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.029901	journal	August 2002
QCD coupling below 1 GeV from the quarkonium spectrum Baldicchi, M.; Nesterenko, A. V.; Prosperi, G. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.77.034013	journal	February 2008
Charge shielding and quark confinement in the massive schwinger model Coleman, Sidney; Jackiw, R.; Susskind, Leonard Annals of Physics, Vol. 93, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(75)90212-2	journal	September 1975
More about the massive Schwinger model Coleman, Sidney Annals of Physics, Vol. 101, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(76)90280-3	journal	September 1976
Quantum "solitons" which are $SU (N)$ fermions Halpern, M. B. Physical Review D, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.12.1684	journal	September 1975
Non-abelian bosonization in two dimensions Witten, Edward Communications in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 92, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01215276	journal	December 1984
Non-abelian bosonization and multiflavor QED and QCD in two dimensions Gepner, Doron Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 252 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(85)90458-4	journal	January 1985
Quark solitons as constituents of hadrons Ellis, John; Frishman, Yitzhak; Hanany, Amihay Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 382, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(92)90183-C	journal	September 1992
Bosonization and QCD in two dimensions Frishman, Y.; Sonnenschein, J. Physics Reports, Vol. 223, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(93)90145-4	journal	February 1993
Schwinger particle-production mechanism for a finite-length flux tube with transverse confinement Wong, Cheuk-Yin; Wang, Ren-Chuan; Wu, Jian-Shi Physical Review D, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.3940	journal	April 1995
Chiral perturbation theory in the Schwinger model Vary, J. P.; Fields, T. J.; Pirner, H. -J. Physical Review D, Vol. 53, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.53.7231	journal	June 1996
Bosonized massive N -flavour Schwinger model Hosotani, Yutaka; Rodriguez, Ramon Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, Vol. 31, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/31/49/013	journal	December 1998
Quantum gravity: mixed states from diffeomorphism anomalies Balachandran, A. P.; de Queiroz, Amilcar R. Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2011, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2011)126	journal	November 2011
Quark confinement and the puzzle of the ninth axial-vector current Kogut, John; Susskind, Leonard Physical Review D, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.3468	journal	November 1974
How quark confinement solves the $η \to 3 π$ problem Kogut, J.; Susskind, Leonard Physical Review D, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.11.3594	journal	June 1975
Quark confinement and the evasion of Goldstone's theorem in 1+1 dimensions Kogut, J.; Sinclair, D. K. Physical Review D, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.12.1742	journal	September 1975
Current algebra theorems for the U(1) “Goldstone boson” Witten, E. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 156, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(79)90031-2	journal	September 1979
Behavior of Current Divergences under ${SU}_{3} \times {SU}_{3}$ Gell-Mann, Murray; Oakes, R. J.; Renner, B. Physical Review, Vol. 175, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.175.2195	journal	November 1968