The transformation of diamond to graphite: Experiments reveal the presence of an intermediate linear carbon phase

O'Bannon, E. F.; Xia, G.; Shi, F.; Wirth, R.; King, R. A.; Dobrzhinetskaya, L.

doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2020.107876

Title: The transformation of diamond to graphite: Experiments reveal the presence of an intermediate linear carbon phase

Journal Article · Wed May 06 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · Diamond and Related Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.107876· OSTI ID:1631913

O'Bannon, E. F. ^[1]; Xia, G. ^[2]; Shi, F. ^[3]; Wirth, R. ^[4]; King, R. A. ^[5]; Dobrzhinetskaya, L. ^[6]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD (Australia)
China Univ. of Geosciences, Wuhan (China)
Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (HZP), (Germany). German Research Centre for GeoSciences
Renishaw Plc. (United Kingdom)
Univ. of California, Riverside, CA (United States)

Natural diamonds that have been partially replaced by graphite have been observed to occur in natural rocks. While the graphite-to-diamond phase transition has been extensively studied the opposite of this (diamond to graphite) remains poorly understood. Here, we performed high-pressure and temperature hydrous and anhydrous experiments up to 1.0 GPa and 1300 °C using Amplex premium virgin synthetic diamonds (20–40 μm size) as the starting material mixed with Mg(OH)₂ as a source of H₂O for the hydrous experiments. The experiments revealed that the diamond-to-graphite transformation at P = 1.0 GPa and T = 1300 °C was triggered by the presence of H₂O and was accomplished through a three-stage process. Stage 1: diamond reacts with a supercritical H₂O producing an intermediate 200–500 nm size “globular carbon” phase. This phase is a linear carbon chain; i.e. a polyyne or carbyne. Stage 2: the linear carbon chains are unstable and highly reactive, and they decompose by zigzagging and cross-linking to form sp²-hybridized structures. Stage 3: normal, disordered, and onion-like graphite is produced by the decomposition of the sp-hybridized carbon chains which are re-organized into sp² bonds. Our experiments show that there is no direct transformation from sp³ C-bonds into sp² C-bonds. Our hydrous high-pressure and high-temperature experiments show that the diamond-to-graphite transformation requires an intermediate metastable phase of a linear hydrocarbon. This process also provides a simple mechanism for the substitution of other elements into the graphite structure (e.g. H, S, O).

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1631913

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1762897

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-801581; LLNL-JRNL-817008; 1000107

Journal Information:: Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 108, Issue C; ISSN 0925-9635

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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