Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships

Aldrich, Thomas J.; Zhu, Weigang; Mukherjee, Subhrangsu; Richter, Lee J.; Gann, Eliot; DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Facchetti, Antonio; Melkonyan, Ferdinand S.; Marks, Tobin J.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741

Title: Stable Postfullerene Solar Cells via Direct C–H Arylation Polymerization. Morphology–Performance Relationships

Journal Article · Thu May 16 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Chemistry of Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01741· OSTI ID:1610009

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Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States); Flexterra Corporation, Skokie, IL (United States)

The scope of the environmentally benign direct C–H arylation polymerization (DARP) process is validated and significantly extended in the synthesis of a high-performance benzodithiophene-based copolymer series, PBDT(Ar)-FTTE, with previously untested and systematically varied heteroaryl (Ar) substituents. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) containing the high-performance nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) ITIC-Th and DARP-derived donors are fabricated and evaluated, yielding PCEs as high as 8%. The relationships between Ar-sensitive copolymer structure, BHJ morphology, and PSC performance are elucidated through in-depth characterization of structural order, phase separation, and charge transport using SCLC, AFM, GIWAXS, R-SoXS, and NEXAFS measurements, which conclusively demonstrate the important effects of Ar-tunable, dimensionally smaller, and well-blended copolymer domains for maximum PSC performance. Smaller BHJ copolymer domains having greater ITIC-Th miscibility definitively correlate with enhanced JSC, FF, and PCE metrics. Surprisingly regarding cell performance durability, while unencapsulated PBDTT-FTTE:ITIC-Th PSCs deliver the highest initial PCE, the unencapsulated PBDTTF-FTTE:ITIC-Th devices exhibit the optimum combination of high initial photovoltaic metrics and stability, retaining nearly 90% of the initial PCE after 51 days in ambient conditions and 83% of initial PCE after 180 min under simulated solar illumination. Importantly, for this PBDT(Ar)-FTTE:ITIC-Th series, PSC photovoltaic stability correlates with the presence of large pure BHJ domains, and moreover rivals or exceeds the stability of the analogous fullerene-based PSCs. Together, the results argue that solar cells prepared with the environmentally benign DARP process and NFAs are promising for both greener and more stable solar energy generation.

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Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States); Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States); U.S. Department of Commerce

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of Commerce

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-08ER46536; SC0001059; AC02-05CH11231; FA9550-18-1-0320; DMR-1720139; 70NANB14H012; ECCS-1542205; DMR-1332208

OSTI ID:: 1610009

Journal Information:: Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 11; ISSN 0897-4756

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 28 works

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