Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations: Collision integral with pions and Δ resonances in a box

Ono, Akira; Xu, Jun; Colonna, Maria; Danielewicz, Pawel; Ko, Che Ming; Tsang, Manyee Betty; Wang, Yong-Jia; Wolter, Hermann; Zhang, Ying-Xun; Chen, Lie-Wen; Cozma, Dan; Elfner, Hannah; Feng, Zhao-Qing; Ikeno, Natsumi; Li, Bao-An; Mallik, Swagata; Nara, Yasushi; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Ohnishi, Akira; Oliinychenko, Dmytro; Su, Jun; Song, Taesoo; Zhang, Feng-Shou; Zhang, Zhen

doi:10.1103/physrevc.100.044617

Title: Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations: Collision integral with pions and $Δ$ resonances in a box

Journal Article · Wed Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Physical Review. C

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.100.044617· OSTI ID:1582341

^[1]; Xu, Jun ^[2]; Colonna, Maria ^[3]; Danielewicz, Pawel ^[4]; Ko, Che Ming ^[5]; Tsang, Manyee Betty ^[4]; Wang, Yong-Jia ^[6]; Wolter, Hermann ^[7]; Zhang, Ying-Xun ^[8]; Chen, Lie-Wen ^[9]; Cozma, Dan ^[10]; Elfner, Hannah ^[11]; Feng, Zhao-Qing ^[12]; Ikeno, Natsumi ^[13]; Li, Bao-An ^[14]; Mallik, Swagata ^[15]; Nara, Yasushi ^[16]; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko ^[17]; Ohnishi, Akira ^[18]; Oliinychenko, Dmytro ^[19] more »

Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) - Lab. Nazionali del Sud, Catania (Italy)
Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Huzhou Univ., Huzhou (China)
Univ. of Munich, Garching (Germany)
China Inst. of Atomic Energy, Beijing (China); Guangxi Key Lab. Breeding Base of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Guilin (China)
Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ. (China)
Horia Hulubei National Inst. of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (Romania)
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany); Goethe Univ., Frankfurt (Germany)
South China Univ. of Technology, Guangzhou (China)
Tottori Univ., Tottori (Japan); RIKEN Nishina Center (Japan)
Texas A & M Univ., Commerce, TX (United States)
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata (India)
Akita International Univ. (Japan)
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki (Japan). Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis
Kyoto Univ. (Japan)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sun Yat-Sen Univ., Guangzhou (China)
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (Germany)
Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing (China); Beijing Radiation Center (China)

Simulations by transport codes are indispensable for extracting valuable physical information from heavy-ion collisions. Pion observables such as the π^-/π⁺ yield ratio are expected to be sensitive to the symmetry energy at high densities. To evaluate, understand, and reduce the uncertainties in transport-code results originating from different approximations in handling the production of Δ resonances and pions. We compare ten transport codes under controlled conditions for a system confined in a box, with periodic boundary conditions, and initialized with nucleons at saturation density and at a temperature of 60 MeV. The reactions NN↔NΔ and Δ↔Nπ are implemented, but the Pauli blocking and the mean-field potential are deactivated in the present comparison. Thus, these are cascade calculations including pions and Δ resonances. Results are compared to those from the two reference cases of a chemically equilibrated ideal gas mixture and of the rate equation. For the numbers of Δ and π, deviations from the reference values are observed in many codes, and they depend significantly on the size of the time step. These deviations are tied to different ways in ordering the sequence of reactions, such as collisions and decays, that take place in the same time step. Better agreements with the reference values are seen in the reaction rates and the number ratios among the isospin species of Δ and π. Both the reaction rates and the number ratios are, however, affected by the correlations between particle positions, which are absent in the Boltzmann equation, but are induced by the way particle scatterings are treated in many of the transport calculations. The uncertainty in the transport-code predictions of the π^-/π⁺ ratio, after letting the existing Δ resonances decay, is found to be within a few percent for the system initialized at n/p=1.5. In conclusion, the uncertainty in the final π^-/π⁺ ratio in this simplified case of particles in a box is sufficiently small so that it does not strongly impact constraining the high-density symmetry energy from heavy-ion collisions. Most of the sources of uncertainties have been understood, and individual codes may be further improved in future applications. This investigation will be extended in the future to heavy-ion collisions to ensure the problems identified here remain under control.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0019209; SC0013702

OSTI ID:: 1582341

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1596129; OSTI ID: 1658240

Journal Information:: Physical Review. C, Vol. 100, Issue 4; ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 46 works

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Title: Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations: Collision integral with pions and Δ resonances in a box

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Title: Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations: Collision integral with pions and $Δ$ resonances in a box