Predicting Near-Term Changes in the Earth System: A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model

Yeager, S. G.; Danabasoglu, G.; Rosenbloom, N. A.; Strand, W.; Bates, S. C.; Meehl, G. A.; Karspeck, A. R.; Lindsay, K.; Long, M. C.; Teng, H.; Lovenduski, N. S.

doi:10.1175/bams-d-17-0098.1

Title: Predicting Near-Term Changes in the Earth System: A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model

Journal Article · Tue Oct 09 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0098.1· OSTI ID:1541807

Yeager, S. G. ^[1]; Danabasoglu, G. ^[1]; Rosenbloom, N. A. ^[1]; Strand, W. ^[1]; Bates, S. C. ^[1]; Meehl, G. A. ^[1]; Karspeck, A. R. ^[1]; Lindsay, K. ^[1]; Long, M. C. ^[1]; Teng, H. ^[1]; Lovenduski, N. S. ^[2]

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO (United States)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Inst. of Arctic and Alpine Research

The objective of near-term climate prediction is to improve our fore-knowledge, from years to a decade or more in advance, of impactful climate changes that can in general be attributed to a combination of internal and externally forced variability. Predictions initialized using observations of past climate states are tested by comparing their ability to reproduce past climate evolution with that of uninitialized simulations in which the same radiative forcings are applied. A new set of decadal prediction (DP) simulations has recently been completed using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and is now available to the community. This new large-ensemble (LE) set (CESM-DPLE) is composed of historical simulations that are integrated forward for 10 years following initialization on 1 November of each year between 1954 and 2015. CESM-DPLE represents the “initialized” counterpart to the widely studied CESM Large Ensemble (CESM-LE); both simulation sets have 40-member ensembles, and they use identical model code and radiative forcings. Comparing CESM-DPLE to CESM-LE highlights the impacts of initialization on prediction skill and indicates that robust assessment and interpretation of DP skill may require much larger ensembles than current protocols recommend. CESM-DPLE exhibits significant and potentially useful prediction skill for a wide range of fields, regions, and time scales, and it shows widespread improvement over simpler benchmark forecasts as well as over a previous initialized system that was submitted to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Finally, the new DP system offers new capabilities that will be of interest to a broad community pursuing Earth system prediction research.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States); Univ. of California, Oakland, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-97ER62402; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1541807

Journal Information:: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 99, Issue 9; ISSN 0003-0007

Publisher:: American Meteorological SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 118 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (62)

On Anomalous Ocean Heat Transport toward the Arctic and Associated Climate Predictability Årthun, Marius; Eldevik, Tor Journal of Climate, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0448.1	journal	January 2016
Skillful prediction of northern climate provided by the ocean Årthun, Marius; Eldevik, Tor; Viste, Ellen Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15875	journal	June 2017
Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration Behrenfeld, Michael J.; Falkowski, Paul G. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001	journal	January 1997
Decadal predictability and forecast skill Boer, G. J.; Kharin, V. V.; Merryfield, W. J. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 41, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1705-0	journal	March 2013
The Decadal Climate Prediction Project (DCPP) contribution to CMIP6 Boer, George J.; Smith, Douglas M.; Cassou, Christophe Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3751-2016	journal	January 2016
A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems Chavez, Francisco P.; Messié, Monique Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 83, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032	journal	December 2009
The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project Compo, G. P.; Whitaker, J. S.; Sardeshmukh, P. D. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 654 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776	journal	January 2011
The CCSM4 Ocean Component Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Bates, Susan C.; Briegleb, Bruce P. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00091.1	journal	March 2012
North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Yeager, Steve G.; Kim, Who M. Ocean Modelling, Vol. 97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.11.007	journal	January 2016
The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system Dee, D. P.; Uppala, S. M.; Simmons, A. J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 656 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828	journal	April 2011
Initialized near-term regional climate change prediction Doblas-Reyes, F. J.; Andreu-Burillo, I.; Chikamoto, Y. Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2704	journal	April 2013
Multi-year predictability of the tropical Atlantic atmosphere driven by the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean: TROPICAL ATLANTIC DECADAL PREDICTABILITY Dunstone, N. J.; Smith, D. M.; Eade, R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047949	journal	July 2011
Skilful predictions of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation one year ahead Dunstone, Nick; Smith, Doug; Scaife, Adam Nature Geoscience, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2824	journal	October 2016
Forecasting the number of extreme daily events out to a decade ahead: DECADAL FORECASTS OF EXTREMES Eade, Rosie; Hamilton, Emily; Smith, Doug M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018015	journal	November 2012
Do seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions underestimate the predictability of the real world?: Seasonal to decadal predictability Eade, Rosie; Smith, Doug; Scaife, Adam Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061146	journal	August 2014
A unifying view of climate change in the Sahel linking intra-seasonal, interannual and longer time scales Giannini, A.; Salack, S.; Lodoun, T. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024010	journal	April 2013
A verification framework for interannual-to-decadal predictions experiments Goddard, L.; Kumar, A.; Solomon, A. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 40, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1481-2	journal	August 2012
EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates: THE EN4 DATA SET Good, Simon A.; Martin, Matthew J.; Rayner, Nick A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 118, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067	journal	December 2013
Twentieth century correlations between extratropical SST variability and ITCZ shifts: AMO, PDO, and ITCZ Variability Green, Brian; Marshall, John; Donohoe, Aaron Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 44, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075044	journal	September 2017
Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset: UPDATED HIGH-RESOLUTION GRIDS OF MONTHLY CLIMATIC OBSERVATIONS Harris, I.; Jones, P. D.; Osborn, T. J. International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3711	journal	May 2013
Forecast cooling of the Atlantic subpolar gyre and associated impacts Hermanson, Leon; Eade, Rosie; Robinson, Niall H. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060420	journal	July 2014
Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature, Version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, Validations, and Intercomparisons Huang, Boyin; Thorne, Peter W.; Banzon, Viva F. Journal of Climate, Vol. 30, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1	journal	October 2017
A New Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Boundary Dataset for the Community Atmosphere Model Hurrell, James W.; Hack, James J.; Shea, Dennis Journal of Climate, Vol. 21, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2292.1	journal	October 2008
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research Hurrell, James W.; Holland, M. M.; Gent, P. R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1	journal	September 2013
The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project Kalnay, E.; Kanamitsu, M.; Kistler, R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1996
An evaluation of experimental decadal predictions using CCSM4 Karspeck, A.; Yeager, S.; Danabasoglu, G. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 44, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2212-7	journal	July 2014
The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A Community Resource for Studying Climate Change in the Presence of Internal Climate Variability Kay, J. E.; Deser, C.; Phillips, A. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 96, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1	journal	August 2015
Advancing decadal-scale climate prediction in the North Atlantic sector Keenlyside, N. S.; Latif, M.; Jungclaus, J. Nature, Vol. 453, Issue 7191 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06921	journal	May 2008
Evaluation of short-term climate change prediction in multi-model CMIP5 decadal hindcasts: MULTI-MODEL CMIP5 DECADAL PREDICTIONS Kim, Hye-Mi; Webster, Peter J.; Curry, Judith A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051644	journal	May 2012
The global climatology of an interannually varying air–sea flux data set Large, W. G.; Yeager, S. G. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 33, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3	journal	August 2008
Preindustrial-Control and Twentieth-Century Carbon Cycle Experiments with the Earth System Model CESM1(BGC) Lindsay, Keith; Bonan, Gordon B.; Doney, Scott C. Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00565.1	journal	December 2014
Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen: TRENDS IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN Long, Matthew C.; Deutsch, Curtis; Ito, Taka Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005310	journal	February 2016
Sahel rainfall in multimodel CMIP5 decadal hindcasts Martin, E. R.; Thorncroft, C. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059338	journal	March 2014
Case studies for initialized decadal hindcasts and predictions for the Pacific region: PREDICTIONS FOR THE PACIFIC REGION Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053423	journal	November 2012
CMIP5 multi-model hindcasts for the mid-1970s shift and early 2000s hiatus and predictions for 2016-2035: Meehl and Teng: Initialized hindcasts and predictions Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059256	journal	March 2014
Regional precipitation simulations for the mid-1970s shift and early-2000s hiatus: regional precipitation Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061778	journal	November 2014
Decadal Prediction: Can It Be Skillful? Meehl, Gerald A.; Goddard, Lisa; Murphy, James Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 90, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2778.1	journal	October 2009
Climate System Response to External Forcings and Climate Change Projections in CCSM4 Meehl, Gerald A.; Washington, Warren M.; Arblaster, Julie M. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00240.1	journal	June 2012
Decadal Climate Prediction: An Update from the Trenches Meehl, Gerald A.; Goddard, Lisa; Boer, George Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 95, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00241.1	journal	February 2014
Decadal prediction of Sahel rainfall: where does the skill (or lack thereof) come from? Mohino, Elsa; Keenlyside, Noel; Pohlmann, Holger Climate Dynamics, Vol. 47, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3416-9	journal	October 2016
Initializing Decadal Climate Predictions with the GECCO Oceanic Synthesis: Effects on the North Atlantic Pohlmann, Holger; Jungclaus, Johann H.; Köhl, Armin Journal of Climate, Vol. 22, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2535.1	journal	July 2009
Initialization shock in decadal hindcasts due to errors in wind stress over the tropical Pacific Pohlmann, Holger; Kröger, Jürgen; Greatbatch, Richard J. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 49, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3486-8	journal	December 2016
Atlantic overturning in decline? Robson, Jon; Hodson, Dan; Hawkins, Ed Nature Geoscience, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2050	journal	December 2013
A reversal of climatic trends in the North Atlantic since 2005 Robson, Jon; Ortega, Pablo; Sutton, Rowan Nature Geoscience, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2727	journal	June 2016
Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters: Scaife et al.: Predictability of the NAO Scaife, A. A.; Arribas, A.; Blockley, E. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059637	journal	April 2014
Multiyear predictability of tropical marine productivity Seferian, R.; Bopp, L.; Gehlen, M. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315855111	journal	July 2014
Skilful prediction of Sahel summer rainfall on inter-annual and multi-year timescales Sheen, K. L.; Smith, D. M.; Dunstone, N. J. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14966	journal	May 2017
Ensemble size impact on the decadal predictive skill assessment [Ensemble size impact on the decadal predictive skill assessment] Sienz, Frank; Müller, Wolfgang A.; Pohlmann, Holger Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2016/0670	journal	December 2016
Improved Surface Temperature Prediction for the Coming Decade from a Global Climate Model Smith, D. M.; Cusack, S.; Colman, A. W. Science, Vol. 317, Issue 5839 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139540	journal	August 2007
Atlantic Ocean Forcing of North American and European Summer Climate Sutton, R. T. Science, Vol. 309, Issue 5731 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109496	journal	July 2005
Atlantic Ocean influence on a shift in European climate in the 1990s Sutton, Rowan T.; Dong, Buwen Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1595	journal	October 2012
JRA-55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea-ice models (JRA55-do) Tsujino, Hiroyuki; Urakawa, Shogo; Nakano, Hideyuki Ocean Modelling, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.002	journal	October 2018
Decadal prediction skill in a multi-model ensemble van Oldenborgh, Geert Jan; Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J.; Wouters, Bert Climate Dynamics, Vol. 38, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1313-4	journal	February 2012
Controlling the Proportion of Falsely Rejected Hypotheses when Conducting Multiple Tests with Climatological Data Ventura, Valérie; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Risbey, James S. Journal of Climate, Vol. 17, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1175/3199.1	journal	November 2004
Multidecadal Covariability of North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature, African Dust, Sahel Rainfall, and Atlantic Hurricanes Wang, Chunzai; Dong, Shenfu; Evan, Amato T. Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00413.1	journal	August 2012
On “Field Significance” and the False Discovery Rate Wilks, D. S. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 45, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2404.1	journal	September 2006
“The Stippling Shows Statistically Significant Grid Points”: How Research Results are Routinely Overstated and Overinterpreted, and What to Do about It Wilks, D. S. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 97, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00267.1	journal	December 2016
The Origins of Late-Twentieth-Century Variations in the Large-Scale North Atlantic Circulation Yeager, Stephen; Danabasoglu, Gokhan Journal of Climate, Vol. 27, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00125.1	journal	May 2014
Recent Progress in Understanding and Predicting Atlantic Decadal Climate Variability Yeager, S. G.; Robson, J. I. Current Climate Change Reports, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-017-0064-z	journal	April 2017
A Decadal Prediction Case Study: Late Twentieth-Century North Atlantic Ocean Heat Content Yeager, Stephen; Karspeck, Alicia; Danabasoglu, Gokhan Journal of Climate, Vol. 25, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00595.1	journal	August 2012
Predicted slowdown in the rate of Atlantic sea ice loss: PREDICTED RATE OF SEA ICE LOSS Yeager, Stephen G.; Karspeck, Alicia R.; Danabasoglu, Gokhan Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065364	journal	December 2015
Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes Zhang, Rong; Delworth, Thomas L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026267	journal	January 2006

Cited By (12)

Mechanisms of Low-Frequency Oxygen Variability in the North Pacific Ito, Takamitsu; Long, Matthew C.; Deutsch, Curtis Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gb005987	journal	February 2019
Predicted Chance That Global Warming Will Temporarily Exceed 1.5 °C Smith, D. M.; Scaife, A. A.; Hawkins, E. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 45, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079362	journal	November 2018
Multi-year prediction of European summer drought conditions for the agricultural sector Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan; Caron, Louis-Philippe; Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5043	journal	November 2019
High predictability of terrestrial carbon fluxes from an initialized decadal prediction system Lovenduski, Nicole S.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Yeager, Stephen G. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5c55	journal	December 2019
Assessing the degree of hydrologic stress due to climate change Nathan, R. J.; McMahon, T. A.; Peel, M. C. Climatic Change, Vol. 156, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02497-4	journal	July 2019
Decadal predictability of late winter precipitation in western Europe through an ocean–jet stream connection Simpson, Isla R.; Yeager, Stephen G.; McKinnon, Karen A. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0391-x	journal	July 2019
Predicting the variable ocean carbon sink Li, H.; Ilyina, T.; Müller, W. A. Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6471	journal	April 2019
Predicting the seasonal evolution of southern African summer precipitation in the DePreSys3 prediction system Monerie, Paul-Arthur; Robson, Jon; Dong, Buwen Climate Dynamics, Vol. 52, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4526-3	journal	November 2018
A Framework to Determine the Limits of Achievable Skill for Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictions Liu, Yiling; Donat, Markus G.; Taschetto, Andréa S. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 124, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029541	journal	March 2019
Robust skill of decadal climate predictions Smith, D. M.; Eade, R.; Scaife, A. A. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-019-0071-y	journal	May 2019
Decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink DeVries, Tim; Le Quéré, Corinne; Andrews, Oliver Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900371116	journal	May 2019
Predicting near-term variability in ocean carbon uptake Lovenduski, Nicole S.; Yeager, Stephen G.; Lindsay, Keith Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-45-2019	journal	January 2019

Similar Records

An evaluation of experimental decadal predictions using CCSM4

Journal Article · Fri Jul 04 00:00:00 EDT 2014 · Climate Dynamics · OSTI ID:1541807

Karspeck, A.; Yeager, S.; Danabasoglu, G.; +1 more

The effects of bias, drift, and trends in calculating anomalies for evaluating skill of seasonal-to-decadal initialized climate predictions

Journal Article · Sat Apr 30 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Climate Dynamics · OSTI ID:1541807

Meehl, Gerald A.; Teng, Haiyan; Smith, Doug; +4 more

Collaborative Research: Advancing Arctic Climate Projection Capability at Seasonal to Decadal Scales (Final Technical Report)

Technical Report · Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · OSTI ID:1541807

Maslowski, Wieslaw; Cassano, John J.; Nijssen, Bart

Related Subjects

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
meteorology & atmospheric sciences

Title: Predicting Near-Term Changes in the Earth System: A Large Ensemble of Initialized Decadal Prediction Simulations Using the Community Earth System Model

Citation Formats

References (62)

Cited By (12)

Similar Records

Related Subjects