Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries

Mier, Frank Austin; Hargather, Michael J.; Ferreira, Summer R.

doi:10.1115/1.4042962

Title: Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries

Journal Article · Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019 · Journal of Fluids Engineering

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042962· OSTI ID:1498760

Mier, Frank Austin ^[1]; Hargather, Michael J. ^[1]; Ferreira, Summer R. ^[2]

New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM (United States)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Lithium ion batteries have a well documented tendency to fail energetically under various abuse conditions. These conditions frequently result in decomposition of the electrochemical components within the battery resulting in gas generation and increased internal pressure which can lead to an explosive case rupture. The 18650 format cell incorporates a vent mechanism located within a crimped cap to relieve pressure and mitigate the risk of case rupture. Cell venting, however, introduces additional safety concerns associated with the flow of flammable gases and liquid electrolyte into the environment. Experiments to quantify key parameters are performed to elucidate the external dynamics of battery venting. A first experiment measures the vent burst pressure. Burst vent caps are then tested with a second experimental fixture to measure vent opening area and discharge coefficient during choked-flow venting, which occurs during battery failure. Vent opening area and discharge coefficient are calculated from stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure, and static pressure measurements along with compressible-isentropic flow equations and conservation of mass. Commercially-sourced vent caps are used with repeated tests run to quantify repeatability and variability. Validation experiments confirmed accuracy of opening area and discharge coefficient measurement. Moreover, trials conducted on vent caps from two sources demonstrate the potential for variation between manufacturers.

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Research Organization:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1498760

Report Number(s):: SAND-2018-9403J; 667391

Journal Information:: Journal of Fluids Engineering, Journal Name: Journal of Fluids Engineering; ISSN 0098-2202

Publisher:: ASMECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 18 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (15)

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review Abada, S.; Marlair, G.; Lecocq, A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 306 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.100	journal	February 2016
Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Zhao, Xuejuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038	journal	June 2012
Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery Zhang, Sheng S. Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00059	journal	December 2014
Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components Lamb, Joshua; Orendorff, Christopher J.; Roth, E. Peter Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0651510jes	journal	January 2015
Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge Chen, Wei-Chun; Li, Jian-De; Shu, Chi-Min Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4672-3	journal	April 2015
Energetics of lithium ion battery failure Lyon, Richard E.; Walters, Richard N. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.047	journal	November 2016
An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter Fu, Yangyang; Lu, Song; Li, Kaiyuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.039	journal	January 2015
In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway Finegan, Donal P.; Scheel, Mario; Robinson, James B. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7924	journal	April 2015
Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber Spinner, Neil S.; Field, Christopher R.; Hammond, Mark H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.068	journal	April 2015
Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics Mier, Frank Austin; Morales, Rudy; Coultas-McKenney, Caralyn A. Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.08.003	journal	October 2017
Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries Balakrishnan, P. G.; Ramesh, R.; Prem Kumar, T. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002	journal	April 2006
A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell Coman, Paul T.; Rayman, Sean; White, Ralph E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.088	journal	March 2016
Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets Czetany, Laszlo; Lang, Peter Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4039117	journal	March 2018
Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles Kayser, John C.; Shambaugh, Robert L. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 46, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)87017-7	journal	January 1991
Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes Golubkov, Andrey W.; Fuchs, David; Wagner, Julian RSC Adv., Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA45748F	journal	January 2014

Cited By (14)

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure Lyon, Richard E.; Walters, Richard N. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.047	journal	November 2016
In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway Finegan, Donal P.; Scheel, Mario; Robinson, James B. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7924	journal	April 2015
Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets Czetany, Laszlo; Lang, Peter Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4039117	journal	March 2018
A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell Coman, Paul T.; Rayman, Sean; White, Ralph E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.088	journal	March 2016
Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries Balakrishnan, P. G.; Ramesh, R.; Prem Kumar, T. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002	journal	April 2006
Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber Spinner, Neil S.; Field, Christopher R.; Hammond, Mark H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.068	journal	April 2015
An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter Fu, Yangyang; Lu, Song; Li, Kaiyuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.039	journal	January 2015
Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review Abada, S.; Marlair, G.; Lecocq, A. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 306 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.100	journal	February 2016
Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles Kayser, John C.; Shambaugh, Robert L. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 46, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)87017-7	journal	January 1991
Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components Lamb, Joshua; Orendorff, Christopher J.; Roth, E. Peter Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0651510jes	journal	January 2015
Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Zhao, Xuejuan Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038	journal	June 2012
Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge Chen, Wei-Chun; Li, Jian-De; Shu, Chi-Min Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4672-3	journal	April 2015
Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics Mier, Frank Austin; Morales, Rudy; Coultas-McKenney, Caralyn A. Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2017.08.003	journal	October 2017
Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery Zhang, Sheng S. Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00059	journal	December 2014

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