Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis

Gao, Wei; Emaminejad, Sam; Nyein, Hnin Yin Yin; Challa, Samyuktha; Chen, Kevin; Peck, Austin; Fahad, Hossain M.; Ota, Hiroki; Shiraki, Hiroshi; Kiriya, Daisuke; Lien, Der-Hsien; Brooks, George A.; Davis, Ronald W.; Javey, Ali

doi:10.1038/nature16521

Title: Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis

Journal Article · Wed Jan 27 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16521· OSTI ID:1252977

Gao, Wei ^[1]; Emaminejad, Sam ^[1]; Nyein, Hnin Yin Yin ^[1]; Challa, Samyuktha ^[2]; Chen, Kevin ^[1]; Peck, Austin ^[3]; Fahad, Hossain M. ^[1]; Ota, Hiroki ^[1]; Shiraki, Hiroshi ^[1]; Kiriya, Daisuke ^[1]; Lien, Der-Hsien ^[4]; Brooks, George A. ^[3]; Davis, Ronald W. ^[2]; Javey, Ali ^[4]

Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division
Stanford Shool of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (United States). Stanford Genome Center
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Materials Sciences Division

© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Wearable sensor technologies are essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual's state of health. Sampling human sweat, which is rich in physiological information, could enable non-invasive monitoring. Previously reported sweat-based and other non-invasive biosensors either can only monitor a single analyte at a time or lack on-site signal processing circuitry and sensor calibration mechanisms for accurate analysis of the physiological state. Given the complexity of sweat secretion, simultaneous and multiplexed screening of target biomarkers is critical and requires full system integration to ensure the accuracy of measurements. Here we present a mechanically flexible and fully integrated (that is, no external analysis is needed) sensor array for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, which simultaneously and selectively measures sweat metabolites (such as glucose and lactate) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium ions), as well as the skin temperature (to calibrate the response of the sensors). Our work bridges the technological gap between signal transduction, conditioning (amplifi cation and filtering), processing and wireless transmission in wearable biosensors by merging plastic-based sensors that interface with the skin with silicon integrated circuits consolidated on a flexible circuit board for complex signal processing. This application could not have been realized using either of these technologies alone owing to their respective inherent limitations. The wearable system is used to measure the detailed sweat profile of human subjects engaged in prolonged indoor and outdoor physical activities, and to make a real-time assessment of the physiological state of the subjects. This platform enables a wide range of personalized diagnostic and physiological monitoring applications.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1252977

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1414743

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Vol. 529, Issue 7587; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 2910 works

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Three-dimensional helical inorganic thermoelectric generators and photodetectors for stretchable and wearable electronic devices Xu, Xiaojie; Zuo, Yong; Cai, Sa Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc01183d	journal	January 2018
An efficient PEDOT-coated textile for wearable thermoelectric generators and strain sensors Jia, Yanhua; Shen, Lanlan; Liu, Jing Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05906c	journal	January 2019
Flexible, low volume detection of chronobiology biomarkers from human sweat Upasham, Sayali; Thai, Kevin; Muthyala, Ritika The Analyst, Vol. 145, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9an01968e	journal	January 2020
A wearable electrofluidic actuation system Lin, Haisong; Hojaiji, Hannaneh; Lin, Shuyu Lab on a Chip, Vol. 19, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00454h	journal	January 2019
An airtight-cavity-structural triboelectric nanogenerator-based insole for high performance biomechanical energy harvesting Lin, Zhiming; Wu, Yufen; He, Qiang Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00083f	journal	January 2019
Construction of a flexible electrochemiluminescence platform for sweat detection Chen, Miao-Miao; Cheng, Shi-Bo; Ji, Kailun Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9sc01937e	journal	January 2019
Thermal analysis of epidermal electronic devices integrated with human skin considering the effects of interfacial thermal resistance Li, Yuhang; Zhang, Jianpeng; Xing, Yufeng AIP Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029505	journal	May 2018
Barrier materials for flexible bioelectronic implants with chronic stability—Current approaches and future directions Song, Enming; Li, Jinghua; Rogers, John A. APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5094415	journal	May 2019
Multiscale porous elastomer substrates for multifunctional on-skin electronics with passive-cooling capabilities Xu, Yadong; Sun, Bohan; Ling, Yun Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917762116	journal	December 2019
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High sensitivity knitted fabric bi-directional pressure sensor based on conductive blended yarn Xie, Juan; Jia, Yongtang; Miao, Menghe Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aafe89	journal	February 2019
Wearable nanosensor systems and their applications in healthcare Ramasamy, Mouli; Kumar, Prashanth S.; Varadan, Vijay K. SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2264812	conference	April 2017
Battery-free, skin-interfaced microfluidic/electronic systems for simultaneous electrochemical, colorimetric, and volumetric analysis of sweat Bandodkar, Amay J.; Gutruf, Philipp; Choi, Jungil Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3294	journal	January 2019
Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat Nyein, Hnin Yin Yin; Bariya, Mallika; Kivimäki, Liisa Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw9906	journal	August 2019
Integrated textile sensor patch for real-time and multiplex sweat analysis He, Wenya; Wang, Chunya; Wang, Huimin Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0649	journal	November 2019
Printed subthreshold organic transistors operating at high gain and ultralow power Jiang, Chen; Choi, Hyung Woo; Cheng, Xiang Science, Vol. 363, Issue 6428 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7057	journal	February 2019
A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat Koh, A.; Kang, D.; Xue, Y. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, Issue 366 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2593	journal	November 2016
Battery-free, wireless sensors for full-body pressure and temperature mapping Han, Seungyong; Kim, Jeonghyun; Won, Sang Min Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 10, Issue 435 https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aan4950	journal	April 2018
Paper-Based Disk-Type Self-Powered Glucose Biosensor Based on Screen-Printed Biofuel Cell Array Shitanda, Isao; Fujimura, Yuki; Nohara, Saki Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1501912jes	journal	January 2019
Simple Fabrication of Flexible Biosensor Arrays Using Direct Writing for Multianalyte Measurement from Human Astrocytes Nolan, James K.; Nguyen, Tran N. H.; Le, Khanh Vy H. SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/2472630319888442	journal	November 2019
Flexible substrate sensors for multiplex biomarker monitoring Brennan, Desmond; Galvin, Paul MRS Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2018.134	journal	July 2018
Sensors Based on Bio and Biomimetic Receptors in Medical Diagnostic, Environment, and Food Analysis Kozitsina, Alisa; Svalova, Tatiana; Malysheva, Natalia Biosensors, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/bios8020035	journal	April 2018
CMOS Interfaces for Internet-of-Wearables Electrochemical Sensors: Trends and Challenges Dei, Michele; Aymerich, Joan; Piotto, Massimo Electronics, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020150	journal	January 2019
An Artificial Sweating System for Sweat Sensor Testing Applications Brueck, Andrew; Bates, Kyle; Wood, Trent Electronics, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060606	journal	May 2019
Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces Herbert, Robert; Kim, Jong-Hoon; Kim, Yun Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020187	journal	January 2018
Flexible, Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring: Sensing Mechanisms, Materials, Fabrication Strategies and Features Liu, Yan; Wang, Hai; Zhao, Wei Sensors, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020645	journal	February 2018
Recent Developments in Printing Flexible and Wearable Sensing Electronics for Healthcare Applications Khan, Saleem; Ali, Shawkat; Bermak, Amine Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051230	journal	March 2019
Fast Procedures for the Electrodeposition of Platinum Nanostructures on Miniaturized Electrodes for Improved Ion Sensing Criscuolo, Francesca; Taurino, Irene; Dam, Van Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102260	journal	May 2019
Ultrasoft, Adhesive and Millimeter Scale Epidermis Electronic Sensor for Real-Time Enduringly Monitoring Skin Strain Zhang, Jianpeng; Li, Yuhang; Xing, Yufeng Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112442	journal	May 2019
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Serpentine Interconnects on Ultrathin Elastomers for Stretchable Electronics Pan, Taisong; Pharr, Matt; Ma, Yinji Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702589	journal	August 2017
Weaving Sensing Fibers into Electrochemical Fabric for Real-Time Health Monitoring Wang, Lie; Wang, Liyuan; Zhang, Ye Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201804456	journal	September 2018
A Mediator‐Free Electroenzymatic Sensing Methodology to Mitigate Ionic and Electroactive Interferents' Effects for Reliable Wearable Metabolite and Nutrient Monitoring Cheng, Xuanbing; Wang, Bo; Zhao, Yichao Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908507	journal	December 2019
Bioresorbable Silicon Nanomembranes and Iron Catalyst Nanoparticles for Flexible, Transient Electrochemical Dopamine Monitors Kim, Hyun-Seung; Yang, Seung Min; Jang, Tae-Min Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201801071	journal	November 2018
Energy Harvesters for Wearable and Stretchable Electronics: From Flexibility to Stretchability Wu, Hao; Huang, YongAn; Xu, Feng Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602251	journal	September 2016
Encoding, Reading, and Transforming Information Using Multifluorescent Supramolecular Polymeric Hydrogels Ji, Xiaofan; Wu, Ren-Tsung; Long, Lingliang Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705480	journal	January 2018
Stretchable Triboelectric-Photonic Smart Skin for Tactile and Gesture Sensing Bu, Tianzhao; Xiao, Tianxiao; Yang, Zhiwei Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800066	journal	March 2018
Advanced Carbon for Flexible and Wearable Electronics Wang, Chunya; Xia, Kailun; Wang, Huimin Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801072	journal	October 2018
Printable Fabrication of a Fully Integrated and Self-Powered Sensor System on Plastic Substrates Lin, Yuanjing; Chen, Jiaqi; Tavakoli, Mohammad Mahdi Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804285	journal	December 2018
Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology for Precision Cancer Medicine Adir, Omer; Poley, Maria; Chen, Gal Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901989	journal	July 2019
1D Supercapacitors for Emerging Electronics: Current Status and Future Directions Zhai, Shengli; Karahan, H. Enis; Wang, Chaojun Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902387	journal	July 2019
Wearable Sensing Systems with Mechanically Soft Assemblies of Nanoscale Materials Lee, Youngsik; Kim, Jaemin; Joo, Hyunwoo Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700053	journal	June 2017
Flexible Transparent Nanogenerators Utilizing Shape-Modulated ZnO Nanorod Arrays on Graphene Electrodes Son, Myungwoo; Jang, Hanbyeol; Lee, Mi-So Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700355	journal	February 2018
Microfiber-Knitted Crossweave Patterns for Multiresolution Physical Kineses Analysis Electronics Su, Meng; Huang, Zhandong; Li, Fengyu Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800107	journal	July 2018
Efficient Welding of Silver Nanowires embedded in a Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Film for Robust Wearable Electronics Zhang, Lingling; Wang, Yuan; Gui, Jinzheng Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800438	journal	October 2018
Time‐Resolved and Self‐Adjusting Hybrid Functional Fabric Sensor for Decoupling Multiple Stimuli from Bending Sun, Jiaxing Jeccy; Zhang, Min; Khatib, Muhammad Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 4, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900290	journal	June 2019
Engineering Precision Medicine Sun, Wujin; Lee, Junmin; Zhang, Shiming Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801039	journal	October 2018
Soft Modular Electronic Blocks (SMEBs): A Strategy for Tailored Wearable Health-Monitoring Systems Yoon, Jaeyoung; Joo, Yunsik; Oh, Eunho Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801682	journal	December 2018
Toward Flexible Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors for Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics Xu, Kaichen; Zhou, Rui; Takei, Kuniharu Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201900925	journal	June 2019
Advanced Materials for Printed Wearable Electrochemical Devices: A Review Kim, Jayoung; Kumar, Rajan; Bandodkar, Amay J. Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600260	journal	December 2016
Soft, Highly Elastic, and Discharge-Current-Controllable Eutectic Gallium-Indium Liquid Metal-Air Battery Operated at Room Temperature Liu, Guicheng; Kim, Ji Young; Wang, Manxiang Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201703652	journal	March 2018
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The review of Lab‐on‐PCB for biomedical application Zhao, Wenhao; Tian, Shulin; Huang, Lei ELECTROPHORESIS, Vol. 41, Issue 16-17 https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201900444	journal	February 2020
Display meets biology: A vision for ubiquitous healthcare platforms Kim, Chang-Hyun; Kymissis, Ioannis; Bonnassieux, Yvan Journal of the Society for Information Display, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsid.756	journal	February 2019
Wearable Chemosensors: A Review of Recent Progress Qian, Ruo-Can; Long, Yi-Tao ChemistryOpen, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201700159	journal	December 2017
Soft Elastomers with Ionic Liquid-Filled Cavities as Strain Isolating Substrates for Wearable Electronics Ma, Yinji; Pharr, Matt; Wang, Liang Small, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201602954	journal	December 2016
Highly Stable Battery Pack via Insulated, Reinforced, Buckling-Enabled Interconnect Array Yin, Lu; Seo, Joon Kyo; Kurniawan, Jonas Small, Vol. 14, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800938	journal	July 2018
Biosafe, Eco-Friendly Levan Polysaccharide toward Transient Electronics Kwon, Ki Yoon; Lee, Ju Seung; Ko, Gwan-Jin Small, Vol. 14, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201801332	journal	July 2018
Flexible Smart Noncontact Control Systems with Ultrasensitive Humidity Sensors Yang, Juehan; Shi, Ruilong; Lou, Zheng Small, Vol. 15, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902801	journal	August 2019
Nanograting Structured Ultrathin Substrate for Ultraflexible Organic Photovoltaics Takakuwa, Masahito; Heo, Soo Won; Fukuda, Kenjiro Small Methods, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201900762	journal	January 2020
Simple and convenient microfluidic flow rate measurement based on microbubble image velocimetry Tang, Man; Liu, Feng; Lei, Jia Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, Vol. 23, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-019-2285-z	journal	October 2019
Ordered mesoporous carbon sphere-based solid-contact ion-selective electrodes Jiang, Zidengya; Xi, Xin; Qiu, Shi Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03752-w	journal	August 2019
A low-cost, printable, and stretchable strain sensor based on highly conductive elastic composites with tunable sensitivity for human motion monitoring Hu, Yougen; Zhao, Tao; Zhu, Pengli Nano Research, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1811-0	journal	March 2018
A skin-like stretchable colorimetric temperature sensor Chen, Yingzhi; Xi, Yin; Ke, Yujie Science China Materials, Vol. 61, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-018-9266-8	journal	April 2018
Optical conductivity-based ultrasensitive mid-infrared biosensing on a hybrid metasurface Zhu, Yibo; Li, Zhaoyi; Hao, Zhuang Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0066-1	journal	September 2018
Wearable high-performance pressure sensors based on three-dimensional electrospun conductive nanofibers Kweon, O. Young; Lee, Sang Jin; Oh, Joon Hak NPG Asia Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-018-0041-6	journal	June 2018
Resettable skin interfaced microfluidic sweat collection devices with chemesthetic hydration feedback Reeder, Jonathan T.; Xue, Yeguang; Franklin, Daniel Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13431-8	journal	December 2019
Low-cost, μm-thick, tape-free electronic tattoo sensors with minimized motion and sweat artifacts Wang, Youhua; Qiu, Yitao; Ameri, Shideh Kabiri npj Flexible Electronics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41528-017-0019-4	journal	February 2018
A laser-engraved wearable sensor for sensitive detection of uric acid and tyrosine in sweat Yang, Yiran; Song, Yu; Bo, Xiangjie Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0321-x	journal	November 2019
Core-shell heterostructured multiwalled carbon nanotubes@reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons/chitosan, a robust nanobiocomposite for enzymatic biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite Mani, Veerappan; Govindasamy, Mani; Chen, Shen-Ming Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12050-x	journal	September 2017
Graphene-based optical waveguide tactile sensor for dynamic response Kim, Jin Tae; Choi, Hongkyw; Shin, EunJin Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34613-2	journal	October 2018
Organic-Inorganic Solid-State Hybridization with High-Strength and Anti-Hydrolysis Interface Yang, Tilo H.; Kao, C. Robert; Shigetou, Akitsu Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37052-1	journal	January 2019
A non-enzymatic glucose sensor enabled by bioelectronic pH control Strakosas, Xenofon; Selberg, John; Pansodtee, Pattawong Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46302-9	journal	July 2019
Fabrication of High-resolution Graphene-based Flexible Electronics via Polymer Casting Uz, Metin; Jackson, Kyle; Donta, Maxsam S. Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46978-z	journal	July 2019
Imperceptible electrooculography graphene sensor system for human–robot interface Ameri, Shideh Kabiri; Kim, Myungsoo; Kuang, Irene Agnes npj 2D Materials and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-018-0064-4	journal	July 2018
Optimizing ultrathin Ag films for high performance oxide-metal-oxide flexible transparent electrodes through surface energy modulation and template-stripping procedures Yang, Xi; Gao, Pingqi; Yang, Zhenhai Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44576	journal	March 2017
A nanofiber based artificial electronic skin with high pressure sensitivity and 3D conformability Zhong, Weibin; Liu, Qiongzhen; Wu, Yongzhi Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02678h	journal	January 2016
High-energy, flexible micro-supercapacitors by one-step laser fabrication of a self-generated nanoporous metal/oxide electrode Lee, Jaehak; Seok, Jae Young; Son, Seokwoo Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07960e	journal	January 2017
Challenges and perspectives in continuous glucose monitoring van Enter, Benjamin Jasha; von Hauff, Elizabeth Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc01678j	journal	January 2018
Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators based on hybridized triboelectric modes for harvesting mechanical energy Qiu, Yu; Yang, Dechao; Li, Bing RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03677b	journal	January 2018
Carbon dot aggregates as an alternative to gold nanoparticles for the laser-induced opening of microchamber arrays Sindeeva, Olga A.; Prikhozhdenko, Ekaterina S.; Bratashov, Daniil N. Soft Matter, Vol. 14, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8sm01714j	journal	January 2018
Carbon nanotube-based flexible electronics Xiang, Li; Zhang, Heng; Hu, Youfan Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02280a	journal	January 2018
Passive sweat collection and colorimetric analysis of biomarkers relevant to kidney disorders using a soft microfluidic system Zhang, Yi; Guo, Hexia; Kim, Sung Bong Lab on a Chip, Vol. 19, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00103d	journal	January 2019
Dielectric ceramics/TiO ₂ /single-crystalline silicon nanomembrane heterostructure for high performance flexible thin-film transistors on plastic substrates Qin, Guoxuan; Pei, Zhihui; Zhang, Yibo RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 60 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra06572e	journal	January 2019
A stretchable and breathable form of epidermal device based on elastomeric nanofibre textiles and silver nanowires Wang, Yifan; Wang, Jing; Cao, Shitai Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02584g	journal	January 2019
High sensitivity and wide sensing range of stretchable sensors with conductive microsphere array structures Zheng, Yan; Jin, Qi; Chen, Wanyi Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02698c	journal	January 2019
Highly sensitive and wearable gel-based sensors with a dynamic physically cross-linked structure for strain-stimulus detection over a wide temperature range Xia, Shan; Song, Shixin; Li, Yi Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03475g	journal	January 2019
Flexible, strain gated logic transducer arrays enabled by initializing surface instability on elastic bilayers Wang, Cong; Xu, Ben Bin; Terry, Jonathan G. APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5079403	journal	March 2019
Design, mechanics, and operation of spiral-interconnect based networked sensor for stretchable electronics Qaiser, N.; Damdam, A. N.; Khan, S. M. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123680	journal	October 2019
Flexible electronic/optoelectronic microsystems with scalable designs for chronic biointegration Song, Enming; Chiang, Chia-Han; Li, Rui Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907697116	journal	July 2019
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health Baker, Lindsay B. Temperature, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145	journal	July 2019
Silicone-based adhesives for long-term skin application: cleaning protocols and their effect on peel strength Liu, Li; Kuffel, Kristina; Scott, Dylan K. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/aa91fb	journal	November 2017
Thermomechanical Analysis of Epidermal Electronic Devices Integrated With Human Skin Li, Yuhang; Zhang, Jianpeng; Xing, Yufeng Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 84, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037704	journal	September 2017
Wearable/disposable sweat-based glucose monitoring device with multistage transdermal drug delivery module Lee, Hyunjae; Song, Changyeong; Hong, Yong Seok Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601314	journal	March 2017
All-printed magnetically self-healing electrochemical devices Bandodkar, Amay J.; López, Cristian S.; Vinu Mohan, Allibai Mohanan Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601465	journal	November 2016
Printed multifunctional flexible device with an integrated motion sensor for health care monitoring Yamamoto, Yuki; Harada, Shingo; Yamamoto, Daisuke Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601473	journal	November 2016
Skin-like biosensor system via electrochemical channels for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring Chen, Yihao; Lu, Siyuan; Zhang, Shasha Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701629	journal	December 2017
Editors' Choice—Development of Screen-Printed Flexible Multi-Level Microfluidic Devices with Integrated Conductive Nanocomposite Polymer Electrodes on Textiles Chung, D.; Gray, B. L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0191909jes	journal	January 2019
Novel textile moisture sensors based on multi-layered braiding constructions Wendler, Johannes; Maraite, Daniel; Nocke, Andreas Textile Research Journal, Vol. 90, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519868172	journal	August 2019
Design and applications of stretchable and self-healable conductors for soft electronics Zhao, Yue; Kim, Aeree; Wan, Guanxiang Nano Convergence, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0195-0	journal	August 2019
Accurate real time localization tracking in a clinical environment using Bluetooth Low Energy and deep learning Iqbal, Zohaib; Luo, Da; Henry, Peter PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205392	journal	October 2018
Influence of Flexibility of the Interconnects on the Dynamic Bending Reliability of Flexible Hybrid Electronics Palavesam, Nagarajan; Hell, Waltraud; Drost, Andreas Electronics, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020238	journal	February 2020
Washable and Reliable Textile Electrodes Embedded into Underwear Fabric for Electrocardiography (ECG) Monitoring Ankhili, Amale; Tao, Xuyuan; Cochrane, Cédric Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020256	journal	February 2018
P3HT Processing Study for In-Liquid EGOFET Biosensors: Effects of the Solvent and the Surface Parmeggiani, Matteo; Verna, Alessio; Ballesio, Alberto Proceedings, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015039	journal	January 2019
Wideband Fully-Programmable Dual-Mode CMOS Analogue Front-End for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Valente, Virgilio; Demosthenous, Andreas Sensors, Vol. 16, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081159	journal	July 2016
Real Time Analysis of Bioanalytes in Healthcare, Food, Zoology and Botany Wang, Tianqi; Ramnarayanan, Ashwin; Cheng, Huanyu Sensors, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010005	journal	December 2017
Highly selective detection of methanol over ethanol by a handheld gas sensor Jan, van den Broek,; Sebastian, Abegg,; E., Pratsinis, Sotiris ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000366524	text	January 2019
Principles for Designing Body-Centered Auditory Feedback Tajadura-Jiménez, Ana; Väljamäe, Aleksander; Bevilacqua, Frédéric The Wiley Handbook of Human Computer Interaction https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118976005.ch18	book	December 2017
Optically Sintered 2D RuO ₂ Nanosheets: Temperature-Controlled NO ₂ Reaction Choi, Seon-Jin; Jang, Ji-Soo; Park, Hee Jung Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201606026	journal	February 2017
Transferred, Ultrathin Oxide Bilayers as Biofluid Barriers for Flexible Electronic Implants Song, Enming; Lee, Yoon Kyeung; Li, Rui Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702284	journal	July 2017
Free-Standing and Eco-Friendly Polyaniline Thin Films for Multifunctional Sensing of Physical and Chemical Stimuli Wu, Weiwei; Wang, Bin; Segev-Bar, Meital Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201703147	journal	August 2017
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