Cooling-water chlorination: the kinetics of chlorine, bromine, and ammonia in sea water
The major inorganic reaction pathways for the chlorination of saline waters were measured by a variety of techniques including: (1) amperometric titration, (2) amperometric membrane covered electrode, (3) uv spectrophotometry, (4) conventional kinetics methods for slow reactions, and (5) stopped-flow kinetics measurements with a microcomputer data acquisition system. The major reactions studied were: (1) the competitive reactions of ammonia and bromide ion with hypochlorous acid, (2) bromide oxidation by hypochlorous acid, (3) monochloramine formation in sea water, (4) monobromamine formation and subsequent disproportionation to form dibromamine, and (5) monochloramine oxidation of bromide to form bromochloramine. Reaction rates were determined in sodium chloride and sea water as a function of reactant concentration, pH, salinity, and ammonia concentration. Rate constants and corresponding rate laws and mechanisms were developed for each reaction.
- Research Organization:
- North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill (USA). Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- OSTI ID:
- 6614588
- Report Number(s):
- NUREG/CR-1522; ON: DE83900722
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
ORGANIC
PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
AMMONIA
CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS
BROMAMINES
SYNTHESIS
BROMIDES
OXIDATION
CHLORAMINES
CHLORINATION
HYPOCHLOROUS ACID
SEAWATER
AMPEROMETRY
CONDENSER COOLING SYSTEMS
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
PH VALUE
SODIUM CHLORIDES
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRA
ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS
AMINES
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
AUXILIARY WATER SYSTEMS
BROMINE COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHLORIDES
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
COOLING SYSTEMS
DATA
ENERGY SYSTEMS
HALIDES
HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
HALOGENATION
HYDRIDES
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
INFORMATION
INORGANIC ACIDS
KINETICS
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN HYDRIDES
NUMERICAL DATA
ORGANIC BROMINE COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
REACTION KINETICS
SODIUM COMPOUNDS
SPECTRA
TITRATION
WATER
400201* - Chemical & Physicochemical Properties
220503 - Nuclear Reactor Technology- Environmental Aspects- Chemical & Thermal Effluents