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Title: BeyondPlanck: I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data

Abstract

We describe the BEYONDPLANCK project in terms of our motivation, methodology, and main products, and provide a guide to a set of companion papers that describe each result in more detail. Building directly on experience from ESA’s Planck mission, we implemented a complete end-to-end Bayesian analysis framework for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) observations. The primary product is a full joint posterior distribution P(ω | d), where ω represents the set of all free instrumental (gain, correlated noise, bandpass, etc.), astrophysical (synchrotron, free-free, thermal dust emission, etc.), and cosmological (cosmic microwave background – CMB – map, power spectrum, etc.) parameters. Some notable advantages of this approach compared to a traditional pipeline procedure are seamless end-to-end propagation of uncertainties; accurate modeling of both astrophysical and instrumental effects in the most natural basis for each uncertain quantity; optimized computational costs with little or no need for intermediate human interaction between various analysis steps; and a complete overview of the entire analysis process within one single framework. As a practical demonstration of this framework, we focus in particular on low-ℓ CMB polarization reconstruction with Planck LFI. In this process, we identify several important new effects that have not been accounted for inmore » previous pipelines, including gain over-smoothing and time-variable and non-1/f correlated noise in the 30 and 44 GHz channels. Modeling and mitigating both previously known and newly discovered systematic effects, we find that all results are consistent with the ΛCDM model, and we constrained the reionization optical depth to τ = 0.066 ± 0.013, with a low-resolution CMB-based χ2 probability to exceed of 32%. This uncertainty is about 30% larger than the official pipelines, arising from taking a more complete instrumental model into account. The marginal CMB solar dipole amplitude is 3362.7 ± 1.4 μK, where the error bar was derived directly from the posterior distribution without the need of any ad hoc instrumental corrections. We are currently not aware of any significant unmodeled systematic effects remaining in the Planck LFI data, and, for the first time, the 44 GHz channel is fully exploited in the current analysis. We argue that this framework can play a central role in the analysis of many current and future high-sensitivity CMB experiments, including LiteBIRD, and it will serve as the computational foundation of the emerging community-wide COSMOGLOBE effort, which aims to combine state-of-the-art radio, microwave, and submillimeter data sets into one global astrophysical model.« less

Authors:
; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Org.:
Planck Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
2007633
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 675; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361
Publisher:
EDP Sciences
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; ISM: general; cosmic background radiation; cosmology: observations; inflation; early Universe; Galaxy: general

Citation Formats

Andersen, K. J., Aurlien, R., Banerji, R., Basyrov, A., Bersanelli, M., Bertocco, S., Brilenkov, M., Carbone, M., Colombo, L. L., Eriksen, H. K., Eskilt, J. R., Foss, M. K., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galeotta, S., Galloway, M., Gerakakis, S., Gjerløw, E., Hensley, B., Herman, D., Iacobellis, M., Ieronymaki, M., Ihle, H. T., Jewell, J. B., Karakci, A., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Lunde, J. S., Maggio, G., Maino, D., Maris, M., Mennella, A., Paradiso, S., Partridge, B., Reinecke, M., San, M., Stutzer, N. -O., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Svalheim, T. L., Tavagnacco, D., Thommesen, H., Watts, D. J., Wehus, I. K., and Zacchei, A. BeyondPlanck: I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data. United States: N. p., 2023. Web. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244953.
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Andersen, K. J., Aurlien, R., Banerji, R., Basyrov, A., Bersanelli, M., Bertocco, S., Brilenkov, M., Carbone, M., Colombo, L. L., Eriksen, H. K., Eskilt, J. R., Foss, M. K., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galeotta, S., Galloway, M., Gerakakis, S., Gjerløw, E., Hensley, B., Herman, D., Iacobellis, M., Ieronymaki, M., Ihle, H. T., Jewell, J. B., Karakci, A., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Lunde, J. S., Maggio, G., Maino, D., Maris, M., Mennella, A., Paradiso, S., Partridge, B., Reinecke, M., San, M., Stutzer, N. -O., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Svalheim, T. L., Tavagnacco, D., Thommesen, H., Watts, D. J., Wehus, I. K., & Zacchei, A. BeyondPlanck: I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data. United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244953
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Andersen, K. J., Aurlien, R., Banerji, R., Basyrov, A., Bersanelli, M., Bertocco, S., Brilenkov, M., Carbone, M., Colombo, L. L., Eriksen, H. K., Eskilt, J. R., Foss, M. K., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galeotta, S., Galloway, M., Gerakakis, S., Gjerløw, E., Hensley, B., Herman, D., Iacobellis, M., Ieronymaki, M., Ihle, H. T., Jewell, J. B., Karakci, A., Keihänen, E., Keskitalo, R., Lunde, J. S., Maggio, G., Maino, D., Maris, M., Mennella, A., Paradiso, S., Partridge, B., Reinecke, M., San, M., Stutzer, N. -O., Suur-Uski, A. -S., Svalheim, T. L., Tavagnacco, D., Thommesen, H., Watts, D. J., Wehus, I. K., and Zacchei, A. Wed . "BeyondPlanck: I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data". United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244953. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2007633.
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@article{osti_2007633,
title = {BeyondPlanck: I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data},
author = {Andersen, K. J. and Aurlien, R. and Banerji, R. and Basyrov, A. and Bersanelli, M. and Bertocco, S. and Brilenkov, M. and Carbone, M. and Colombo, L. L. and Eriksen, H. K. and Eskilt, J. R. and Foss, M. K. and Franceschet, C. and Fuskeland, U. and Galeotta, S. and Galloway, M. and Gerakakis, S. and Gjerløw, E. and Hensley, B. and Herman, D. and Iacobellis, M. and Ieronymaki, M. and Ihle, H. T. and Jewell, J. B. and Karakci, A. and Keihänen, E. and Keskitalo, R. and Lunde, J. S. and Maggio, G. and Maino, D. and Maris, M. and Mennella, A. and Paradiso, S. and Partridge, B. and Reinecke, M. and San, M. and Stutzer, N. -O. and Suur-Uski, A. -S. and Svalheim, T. L. and Tavagnacco, D. and Thommesen, H. and Watts, D. J. and Wehus, I. K. and Zacchei, A.},
abstractNote = {We describe the BEYONDPLANCK project in terms of our motivation, methodology, and main products, and provide a guide to a set of companion papers that describe each result in more detail. Building directly on experience from ESA’s Planck mission, we implemented a complete end-to-end Bayesian analysis framework for the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) observations. The primary product is a full joint posterior distribution P(ω | d), where ω represents the set of all free instrumental (gain, correlated noise, bandpass, etc.), astrophysical (synchrotron, free-free, thermal dust emission, etc.), and cosmological (cosmic microwave background – CMB – map, power spectrum, etc.) parameters. Some notable advantages of this approach compared to a traditional pipeline procedure are seamless end-to-end propagation of uncertainties; accurate modeling of both astrophysical and instrumental effects in the most natural basis for each uncertain quantity; optimized computational costs with little or no need for intermediate human interaction between various analysis steps; and a complete overview of the entire analysis process within one single framework. As a practical demonstration of this framework, we focus in particular on low-ℓ CMB polarization reconstruction with Planck LFI. In this process, we identify several important new effects that have not been accounted for in previous pipelines, including gain over-smoothing and time-variable and non-1/f correlated noise in the 30 and 44 GHz channels. Modeling and mitigating both previously known and newly discovered systematic effects, we find that all results are consistent with the ΛCDM model, and we constrained the reionization optical depth to τ = 0.066 ± 0.013, with a low-resolution CMB-based χ2 probability to exceed of 32%. This uncertainty is about 30% larger than the official pipelines, arising from taking a more complete instrumental model into account. The marginal CMB solar dipole amplitude is 3362.7 ± 1.4 μK, where the error bar was derived directly from the posterior distribution without the need of any ad hoc instrumental corrections. We are currently not aware of any significant unmodeled systematic effects remaining in the Planck LFI data, and, for the first time, the 44 GHz channel is fully exploited in the current analysis. We argue that this framework can play a central role in the analysis of many current and future high-sensitivity CMB experiments, including LiteBIRD, and it will serve as the computational foundation of the emerging community-wide COSMOGLOBE effort, which aims to combine state-of-the-art radio, microwave, and submillimeter data sets into one global astrophysical model.},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202244953},
journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
number = ,
volume = 675,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jun 28 00:00:00 EDT 2023},
month = {Wed Jun 28 00:00:00 EDT 2023}
}
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journal, July 1957

  • Erickson, William C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 126
  • DOI: 10.1086/146421

On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space.
journal, November 1965

  • Gunn, James E.; Peterson, Bruce A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 142
  • DOI: 10.1086/148444

SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: SKY MAPS, SYSTEMATIC ERRORS, AND BASIC RESULTS
journal, January 2011

  • Jarosik, N.; Bennett, C. L.; Dunkley, J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 192, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/14

Libsharp – spherical harmonic transforms revisited
journal, June 2013

Structure in the COBE differential microwave radiometer first-year maps
journal, September 1992

  • Smoot, G. F.; Bennett, C. L.; Kogut, A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 396
  • DOI: 10.1086/186504

SRoll2: an improved mapmaking approach to reduce large-scale systematic effects in the Planck High Frequency Instrument legacy maps
journal, September 2019

Planck 2013 results. IX. HFI spectral response
journal, October 2014

Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second
journal, September 2016

Cosmic Microwave Background Likelihood Approximation by a Gaussianized Blackwell-Rao Estimator
journal, February 2009

Planck-LFI radiometers' spectral response
journal, December 2009

Planck 2015 results : VIII. High Frequency Instrument data processing: Calibration and maps
journal, September 2016

SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: POWER SPECTRA AND WMAP -DERIVED PARAMETERS
journal, January 2011

  • Larson, D.; Dunkley, J.; Hinshaw, G.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 192, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/16

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz Survey: the source catalogue
journal, March 2010

Planck 2015 results : V. LFI calibration
journal, September 2016

Power Spectrum Estimation from High‐Resolution Maps by Gibbs Sampling
journal, December 2004

  • Eriksen, H. K.; O’Dwyer, I. J.; Jewell, J. B.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 155, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/425219

All-sky analysis of polarization in the microwave background
journal, February 1997

QUIJOTE scientific results – II. Polarisation measurements of the microwave emission in the Galactic molecular complexes W43 and W47 and supernova remnant W44
journal, October 2016

  • Génova-Santos, R.; Rubiño-Martín, J. A.; Peláez-Santos, A.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 464, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw2503

Planck 2018 results: III. High Frequency Instrument data processing and frequency maps
journal, September 2020

Planck 2018 results: IX. Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity
journal, September 2020

Cosmological Parameters from cmb maps Without Likelihood Approximation
journal, March 2016

Bayesian Noise Estimation for Non-Ideal Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments
journal, February 2012

  • Wehus, I. K.; Næss, S. K.; Eriksen, H. K.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 199, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/15

Polarized CO Emission from Molecular Clouds
journal, February 1999

  • Greaves, J. S.; Holland, W. S.; Friberg, P.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 512, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/311888

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE SPECTRAL INDEX OF POLARIZED SYNCHROTRON EMISSION IN THE 9 yr WMAP SKY MAPS
journal, July 2014

Planck intermediate results: LVII. Joint Planck LFI and HFI data processing
journal, November 2020

Planck 2013 results. IV. Low Frequency Instrument beams and window functions
journal, October 2014

Planck 2013 results. XVII. Gravitational lensing by large-scale structure
journal, October 2014

Planck 2015 results : II. Low Frequency Instrument data processings
journal, September 2016

Monopole and dipole estimation for multi-frequency sky maps by linear regression
journal, January 2017

Planck 2015 results : IX. Diffuse component separation: CMB maps
journal, September 2016

Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies
journal, September 2002

Improved limits on the tensor-to-scalar ratio using BICEP and P l a n c k data
journal, April 2022

Planck 2018 results: XI. Polarized dust foregrounds
journal, September 2020

A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.
journal, July 1965

  • Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 142
  • DOI: 10.1086/148307

Planck intermediate results : XLVIII. Disentangling Galactic dust emission and cosmic infrared background anisotropies
journal, December 2016

COSMOGLOBE: Simulating zodiacal emission with ZodiPy
journal, October 2022

Planck pre-launch status: Design and description of the Low Frequency Instrument
journal, September 2010

Riemann manifold Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods: Riemann Manifold Langevin and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Methods
journal, March 2011

  • Girolami, Mark; Calderhead, Ben
  • Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), Vol. 73, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00765.x

Reionization optical depth determination from Planck HFI data with ten percent accuracy
journal, March 2020

Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI
journal, December 2002

An Anomalous Component of Galactic Emission
journal, September 1997

  • Leitch, E. M.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Pearson, T. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 486, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/310823
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