Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Sujan, Vivek Anand

doi:10.4271/13-04-01-0003

Title: Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Full Record
Other Related Research

Abstract

The development of a long-term sustainable hydrogen energy economy for commercial vehicle transportation will need to overcome key critical technical and logistics considerations in the near term. As compared to zero-emission powertrains, fossil-fuel-based powertrains provide mission flexibility and high uptime at a comparatively low total cost of ownership (TCO). While the incumbent carbon-intensive powertrains suffer from poor efficiency and are not sustainable to support global climate change initiatives in transportation decarbonization, techno-economic challenges continue to create complex barriers to the large-scale displacement of these with highly electrified powertrains architectures. Here, this article specifically addresses opportunities that well-targeted subsidies would afford in achieving fuel cell electric powertrain financial parity with diesel powertrains in heavy-duty trucks (HDTs). It shows that a rigorous assessment of system TCO factors will be critical in designing a viable subsidy strategy. Based on powertrain component and fuel price points, subsidy variations (for both capital expenses and operating fuel expenses) are assessed and quantified to determine where and how much subsidies should be leveraged to accelerate achieving diesel system financial parity. It shows that subsidies on hydrogen fuel expenses (and associated constituents) will play an important role in achieving this goal while subsidies on capital expenses (the moremore »« less

Authors:

Sujan, Vivek Anand ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2022

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1905407

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy (Online); Journal Volume: 4; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2640-6438

Publisher:: SAE International

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; fuel cell vehicles; heavy trucks; hydrogen fuel; fuel cells; commercial vehicles; cost analysis

Citation Formats


                    Sujan, Vivek Anand. Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.4271/13-04-01-0003.

Copy to clipboard


                    Sujan, Vivek Anand. Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.4271/13-04-01-0003

Copy to clipboard


                    Sujan, Vivek Anand. Wed .  
"Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.4271/13-04-01-0003.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905407.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1905407,

  title        = {Understanding Subsidies to Achieve Diesel Powertrain Financial Parity for Heavy-Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles},

  author       = {Sujan, Vivek Anand},

  abstractNote = {The development of a long-term sustainable hydrogen energy economy for commercial vehicle transportation will need to overcome key critical technical and logistics considerations in the near term. As compared to zero-emission powertrains, fossil-fuel-based powertrains provide mission flexibility and high uptime at a comparatively low total cost of ownership (TCO). While the incumbent carbon-intensive powertrains suffer from poor efficiency and are not sustainable to support global climate change initiatives in transportation decarbonization, techno-economic challenges continue to create complex barriers to the large-scale displacement of these with highly electrified powertrains architectures. Here, this article specifically addresses opportunities that well-targeted subsidies would afford in achieving fuel cell electric powertrain financial parity with diesel powertrains in heavy-duty trucks (HDTs). It shows that a rigorous assessment of system TCO factors will be critical in designing a viable subsidy strategy. Based on powertrain component and fuel price points, subsidy variations (for both capital expenses and operating fuel expenses) are assessed and quantified to determine where and how much subsidies should be leveraged to accelerate achieving diesel system financial parity. It shows that subsidies on hydrogen fuel expenses (and associated constituents) will play an important role in achieving this goal while subsidies on capital expenses (the more typical subsidy formulation) may not always be the preferred subsidy strategy. The results provide subsidy agencies with clear guidance and a database approach to characterize and implement viable HDT hydrogen powertrain system subsidy strategies. The approach may be readily tailored for other applications and system architectures.},

  doi          = {10.4271/13-04-01-0003},

  journal      = {SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 4,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2022},

  month        = {Wed Dec 07 00:00:00 EST 2022}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.4271/13-04-01-0003

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Achieving Diesel Powertrain Ownership Parity in Battery Electric Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicles Using a Rapid Recurrent Recharging Architecture

Conference Sujan, Vivek ; Xie, Fei ; Smith, David

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) in heavy duty (HD) commercial freight transport face challenging technoeconomic barriers to adoption. Specifically, beyond safety and compliance, fleet and operational logistics require both high up-time and parity with diesel system productivity/Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) to enable strong adoption of electrified powertrains. At present, relatively high energy storage prices coupled with the increased weight of BEV systems limit the practicality of HD commercial freight transport to shorter range applications, where smaller batteries will suffice for the mission energy requirements (single operational shift). This paper presents an approach to extend the feasibility of BEV HD truckingmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0751

Full Text Available
Powertrain Performance and Total Cost of Ownership Analysis for Class 8 Yard Tractors and Refuse Trucks

Technical Report Gilleon, Spencer ; Penev, Michael ; Hunter, Chad

Advanced powertrain technologies, specifically fuel cell electric powertrains, have gained attention as viable alternatives for medium- and heavy-duty (M/HD) vehicles. However, it is unclear how these alternative powertrain vehicles stack up against their diesel counterparts in terms of performance and total cost of ownership (TCO). Furthermore, there are vehicle segments within the M/HD sector that have remained unstudied for fuel cell electric applications. This analysis aims to provide a comparative scoping-level TCO and performance analysis for two heavy-duty vocation vehicles (Class 8 U.S. port-side yard tractor and Class 8 U.S.-based refuse truck) for both conventional diesel and heavy-duty fuel cellmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1899989

Full Text Available
Comprehensive Total Cost of Ownership Quantification for Vehicles with Different Size Classes and Powertrains

Technical Report Burnham, Andrew ; Gohlke, David ; Rush, Luke ; ...

In order to accurately compare the costs of two vehicles, the total cost of ownership (TCO) should consist of all costs related to both purchasing and operating the vehicle. This TCO analysis builds on previous work to provide a comprehensive perspective of all relevant vehicle costs of ownership. In this report, we present what we believe to be the most comprehensive explicit financial analysis of the costs that will be incurred by a vehicle owner. This study considers vehicle cost and depreciation, financing, fuel costs, insurance costs, maintenance and repair costs, taxes and fees, and other operational costs to formulate a holistic total cost of ownership and operation of multiple different vehicles. For each of these cost parameters that together constitute a comprehensive TCO, extensive literature review and data analysis were performed to find representative values in order to build a holistic TCO for vehicles of all size classes. The light- and heavy-duty vehicles selected for analysis in this report are representative of those that are on the road today and expected to be available in the future. Important additive analyses in this study include systematic analysis of vehicle depreciation, in-depth examination of insurance premium costs, comprehensive maintenance and repair estimates, analysis of all relevant taxes and fees, and considerations of specific costs applicable to commercial vehicles. We find that cars depreciate faster than light trucks and that older plug-in electric vehicles have a greater depreciation rate than newer electric vehicles. Light-duty vehicle (LDV) insurance costs show comparable costs for different powertrains, and lower costs for larger size classes. Medium- and heavy-duty vehicle (MHDV) insurance costs vary significantly by vocation. Electric and electrified powertrains have lower maintenance and repair costs than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains for all vehicle sizes, relative to vehicle price. MHDV maintenance and repair costs depend heavily on vocation and duty cycle. LDV taxes and fees are comparable across powertrain types and size classes, though marginally higher registration fees exist for alternative fuel vehicles. MHDV fees depend on the vocation, weight rating, and state. Many electric tractor trailers would be affected by additional battery weight, reducing the available payload capacity, and this cost can be substantial. Electric vehicle charging for commercial vehicles can be time-consuming; labor rates can cause this cost to dominate TCO. With improved knowledge of each of the cost components, we calculate a lifetime TCO for comparison across vehicles of different types and attributes. For a simulated small sport utility vehicle in 2025, modeled using Autonomie, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has the lowest cost, followed by the conventional ICE vehicle. For MHDV, TCO can be drastically different depending on the vocation. Long-haul vehicles typically have the lowest per-mile costs. Excluding labor costs, the class 4 delivery has a comparable TCO to the day cab. Vocational trucks, refuse trucks, and transit buses have a high per-mile cost of ownership due to maintenance and insurance. For all of these vehicles, the cost of operating the vehicle is heavily weighted by the labor of the driver, followed by the fuel costs. While the HEV begins as the lowest cost powertrain for passenger vehicles, fuel cells are forecast to reach cost parity by 2030 when hydrogen prices reachmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1780970

Full Text Available
Developing Fuel Cell Electric Powertrain Architectures for Commercial Vehicles

Journal Article Sujan, Vivek Anand - SAE International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy (Online)

Here, this article addresses the architecture development for a commercial vehicle fuel cell electric powertrain by establishing a clear multi-step formalized workflow that employs a unique technoeconomic solution for architecture selection. The power capability of the fuel cell, the energy capacity and chemistry of the electrical energy storage (battery), the DC-DC converter (including the input current rating and isolation resistance requirements), the traction drive solution, the on-board hydrogen storage solution, and the real-time power-split management of the fuel cell and the battery are all considered and developed in this effort. The methods were used to select architecture for Class 8more »« less
https://doi.org/10.4271/13-04-01-0004

Full Text Available
Hardware-in-the-Loop Investigation of Emissions Challenges in Hybrid Medium- and Heavy-Duty Powertrains Using a Pre-Production Diesel-Electric Parallel Hybrid System With and Without Stop-Start Operation

Conference Lerin, Chloe ; Curran, Scott ; Cook, Adian ; ...

Hybrid electric powertrains are a growing market in medium- and heavy-duty applications. There is a lack of available information to understand the challenges in the integration of engine platforms into electrified powertrains, such as cold-start, restart, and load-reduction effects on emissions and emission control devices. Results from the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) cycle using a conventional medium-duty diesel engine were compared with those of a parallel hybrid architecture. Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with the US Department of Energy and Odyne Systems, LLC developed a powertrain in a hardware-in-the-loop environment, integrating the Odyne Systems, LLC medium-duty parallel hybridmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1115/ICEF2021-68317

Full Text Available

Similar Records