Atomic-Scale Investigation of Oxidation at the Black Phosphorus Surface
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) exhibits extraordinary electronic properties that are desirable for a wide variety of electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, applications of BP are hindered by its rapid degradation in ambient conditions. Despite significant advances that have been made in understanding the degradation mechanism, no consensus has yet been reached on how BP oxidation occurs at the atomic scale as experimental studies have been mostly restricted to averaged effects of degradation over a micron- to millimeter-sized region. Here, BP oxidation is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S). Introducing O2 gas to the BP surface in ultrahigh vacuum at a pressure of 10–5 mbar for 1 min creates two new types of defects on the surface. We identify these defects as dangling atomic oxygen and phosphorus multivacancies using density functional theory simulations. In addition to the structural changes to the surface, the electronic structure is also drastically altered by the introduction of oxygen. The 300 meV band gap of BP is lifted due to dosing. This change in the electronic structure is reversible through STM tip manipulation. As a result, these are the first experimental results showing the atomic-scale oxidation of BP, an important step toward understanding the degradation process
- Authors:
-
[2];
[2];
[1]
- Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
- Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1819816
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0021127
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- ACS Applied Electronic Materials
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 3; Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 2637-6113
- Publisher:
- ACS Publications
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; black phosphorus; STM; 2D materials; oxidation; degradation; phosphorus; oxygen; defects in solids; defects; scanning tunneling microscopy
Citation Formats
St Laurent, Ben, Dey, Dibyendu, Yu, Liping, and Hollen, Shawna. Atomic-Scale Investigation of Oxidation at the Black Phosphorus Surface. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1021/acsaelm.1c00558.
St Laurent, Ben, Dey, Dibyendu, Yu, Liping, & Hollen, Shawna. Atomic-Scale Investigation of Oxidation at the Black Phosphorus Surface. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c00558
St Laurent, Ben, Dey, Dibyendu, Yu, Liping, and Hollen, Shawna. Tue .
"Atomic-Scale Investigation of Oxidation at the Black Phosphorus Surface". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.1c00558. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1819816.
@article{osti_1819816,
title = {Atomic-Scale Investigation of Oxidation at the Black Phosphorus Surface},
author = {St Laurent, Ben and Dey, Dibyendu and Yu, Liping and Hollen, Shawna},
abstractNote = {Black phosphorus (BP) exhibits extraordinary electronic properties that are desirable for a wide variety of electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, applications of BP are hindered by its rapid degradation in ambient conditions. Despite significant advances that have been made in understanding the degradation mechanism, no consensus has yet been reached on how BP oxidation occurs at the atomic scale as experimental studies have been mostly restricted to averaged effects of degradation over a micron- to millimeter-sized region. Here, BP oxidation is investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S). Introducing O2 gas to the BP surface in ultrahigh vacuum at a pressure of 10–5 mbar for 1 min creates two new types of defects on the surface. We identify these defects as dangling atomic oxygen and phosphorus multivacancies using density functional theory simulations. In addition to the structural changes to the surface, the electronic structure is also drastically altered by the introduction of oxygen. The 300 meV band gap of BP is lifted due to dosing. This change in the electronic structure is reversible through STM tip manipulation. As a result, these are the first experimental results showing the atomic-scale oxidation of BP, an important step toward understanding the degradation process},
doi = {10.1021/acsaelm.1c00558},
journal = {ACS Applied Electronic Materials},
number = 9,
volume = 3,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Sep 07 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Tue Sep 07 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}
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