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Title: Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X

Abstract

Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator’s non-turbulent ‘neoclassical’ energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns,more » producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization.« less

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Princeton Plasma Physics Lab. (PPPL), Princeton, NJ (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); Euratom Research and Training Programme
Contributing Org.:
W7-X Team
OSTI Identifier:
1814200
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1836424
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-09CH11466; AC05-00OR22725; 633053
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature (London)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 596; Journal Issue: 7871; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats

Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcusón, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L. -G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H. -S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. -J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hergenhahn, U., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J. -P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J. -P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J. -F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T. S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M. -E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K. -H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vanó, L., van Eeten, P., van Milligen, B., van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J. -L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., von Stechow, A., Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolf, R. C., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, M. Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X. United States: N. p., 2021. Web. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w.
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Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcusón, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L. -G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H. -S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. -J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hergenhahn, U., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J. -P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J. -P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. A., Landreman, M., Lang, P., Lang, R., Langish, S., Laqua, H., Laube, R., Lazerson, S., Lechte, C., Lennartz, M., Leonhardt, W., Li, C., Li, C., Li, Y., Liang, Y., Linsmeier, C., Liu, S., Lobsien, J. -F., Loesser, D., Loizu Cisquella, J., Lore, J., Lorenz, A., Losert, M., Lücke, A., Lumsdaine, A., Lutsenko, V., Maaßberg, H., Marchuk, O., Matthew, J. H., Marsen, S., Marushchenko, M., Masuzaki, S., Maurer, D., Mayer, M., McCarthy, K., McNeely, P., Meier, A., Mellein, D., Mendelevitch, B., Mertens, P., Mikkelsen, D., Mishchenko, A., Missal, B., Mittelstaedt, J., Mizuuchi, T., Mollen, A., Moncada, V., Mönnich, T., Morisaki, T., Moseev, D., Murakami, S., Náfrádi, G., Nagel, M., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Ngo, T., Nicolai, D., Nielsen, S. K., Niemann, H., Nishizawa, T., Nocentini, R., Nührenberg, C., Nührenberg, J., Obermayer, S., Offermanns, G., Ogawa, K., Ölmanns, J., Ongena, J., Oosterbeek, J. W., Orozco, G., Otte, M., Pacios Rodriguez, L., Panadero, N., Panadero Alvarez, N., Papenfuß, D., Paqay, S., Pawelec, E., Pedersen, T. S., Pelka, G., Perseo, V., Peterson, B., Pilopp, D., Pingel, S., Pisano, F., Plaum, B., Plunk, G., Pölöskei, P., Porkolab, M., Proll, J., Puiatti, M. -E., Puig Sitjes, A., Purps, F., Rack, M., Récsei, S., Reiman, A., Reimold, F., Reiter, D., Remppel, F., Renard, S., Riedl, R., Riemann, J., Risse, K., Rohde, V., Röhlinger, H., Romé, M., Rondeshagen, D., Rong, P., Roth, B., Rudischhauser, L., Rummel, K., Rummel, T., Runov, A., Rust, N., Ryc, L., Ryosuke, S., Sakamoto, R., Salewski, M., Samartsev, A., Sanchez, M., Sano, F., Satake, S., Schacht, J., Satheeswaran, G., Schauer, F., Scherer, T., Schlaich, A., Schlisio, G., Schluck, F., Schlüter, K. -H., Schmitt, J., Schmitz, H., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schneider, W., Scholz, P., Schrittwieser, R., Schröder, M., Schröder, T., Schroeder, R., Schumacher, H., Schweer, B., Sereda, S., Shanahan, B., Sibilia, M., Sinha, P., Sipliä, S., Slaby, C., Sleczka, M., Spiess, W., Spong, D. A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vanó, L., van Eeten, P., van Milligen, B., van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J. -L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., von Stechow, A., Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolf, R. C., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., & Zuin, M. Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w
Copy to clipboard
Beidler, C. D., Smith, H. M., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Beurskens, M. A., Borchardt, M., Bozhenkov, S. A., Brunner, K. J., Damm, H., Drevlak, M., Ford, O. P., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Helander, P., Hergenhahn, U., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Kazakov, Ye. O., Kleiber, R., Krychowiak, M., Kwak, S., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H. P., Neuner, U., Pablant, N. A., Pasch, E., Pavone, A., Pedersen, T. S., Rahbarnia, K., Schilling, J., Scott, E. R., Stange, T., Svensson, J., Thomsen, H., Turkin, Y., Warmer, F., Wolf, R. C., Zhang, D., Abramovic, I., Äkäslompolo, S., Alcusón, J., Aleynikov, P., Aleynikova, K., Ali, A., Alonso, A., Anda, G., Ascasibar, E., Bähner, J. P., Baek, S. G., Balden, M., Banduch, M., Barbui, T., Behr, W., Benndorf, A., Biedermann, C., Biel, W., Blackwell, B., Blanco, E., Blatzheim, M., Ballinger, S., Bluhm, T., Böckenhoff, D., Böswirth, B., Böttger, L. -G., Borsuk, V., Boscary, J., Bosch, H. -S., Brakel, R., Brand, H., Brandt, C., Bräuer, T., Braune, H., Brezinsek, S., Brunner, K. -J., Burhenn, R., Bussiahn, R., Buttenschön, B., Bykov, V., Cai, J., Calvo, I., Cannas, B., Cappa, A., Carls, A., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B., Castejon, F., Charl, A., Chaudhary, N., Chauvin, D., Chernyshev, F., Cianciosa, M., Citarella, R., Claps, G., Coenen, J., Cole, M., Cole, M. J., Cordella, F., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Czerski, K., Czerwinski, M., Czymek, G., da Molin, A., da Silva, A., de la Pena, A., Degenkolbe, S., Dhard, C. P., Dibon, M., Dinklage, A., Dittmar, T., Drewelow, P., Drews, P., Durodie, F., Edlund, E., Effenberg, F., Ehrke, G., Elgeti, S., Endler, M., Ennis, D., Esteban, H., Estrada, T., Fellinger, J., Feng, Y., Flom, E., Fernandes, H., Fietz, W. H., Figacz, W., Fontdecaba, J., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Freund, A., Funaba, T., Galkowski, A., Gantenbein, G., Gao, Y., García Regaña, J., Gates, D., Geiger, B., Giannella, V., Gogoleva, A., Goncalves, B., Goriaev, A., Gradic, D., Grahl, M., Green, J., Greuner, H., Grosman, A., Grote, H., Gruca, M., Grulke, O., Guerard, C., Hacker, P., Han, X., Harris, J. H., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hein, B., Heinemann, B., Helander, P., Henneberg, S., Henkel, M., Hergenhahn, U., Hernandez Sanchez, J., Hidalgo, C., Hollfeld, K. P., Hölting, A., Höschen, D., Houry, M., Howard, J., Huang, X., Huang, Z., Hubeny, M., Huber, M., Hunger, H., Ida, K., Ilkei, T., Illy, S., Israeli, B., Jablonski, S., Jakubowski, M., Jelonnek, J., Jenzsch, H., Jesche, T., Jia, M., Junghanns, P., Kacmarczyk, J., Kallmeyer, J. -P., Kamionka, U., Kasahara, H., Kasparek, W., Kenmochi, N., Killer, C., Kirschner, A., Klinger, T., Knauer, J., Knaup, M., Knieps, A., Kobarg, T., Kocsis, G., Köchl, F., Kolesnichenko, Y., Könies, A., König, R., Kornejew, P., Koschinsky, J. -P., Köster, F., Krämer, M., Krampitz, R., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Krom, J., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Kühner, G., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kurz, P. 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A., Spring, A., Stadler, R., Stejner, M., Stephey, L., Stridde, U., Suzuki, C., Szabó, V., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z., Tamura, N., Tancetti, A., Terry, J., Thomas, J., Thumm, M., Travere, J. M., Traverso, P., Tretter, J., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Tsujimura, T., Tulipán, S., Unterberg, B., Vakulchyk, I., Valet, S., Vanó, L., van Eeten, P., van Milligen, B., van Vuuren, A. J., Vela, L., Velasco, J. -L., Vergote, M., Vervier, M., Vianello, N., Viebke, H., Vilbrandt, R., von Stechow, A., Vorköper, A., Wadle, S., Wagner, F., Wang, E., Wang, N., Wang, Z., Wauters, T., Wegener, L., Weggen, J., Wegner, T., Wei, Y., Weir, G., Wendorf, J., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., White, A., Wiegel, B., Wilde, F., Windisch, T., Winkler, M., Winter, A., Winters, V., Wolf, S., Wolf, R. C., Wright, A., Wurden, G., Xanthopoulos, P., Yamada, H., Yamada, I., Yasuhara, R., Yokoyama, M., Zanini, M., Zarnstorff, M., Zeitler, A., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Zilker, M., Zocco, A., Zoletnik, S., and Zuin, M. Wed . "Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1814200.
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@article{osti_1814200,
title = {Demonstration of reduced neoclassical energy transport in Wendelstein 7-X},
author = {Beidler, C. D. and Smith, H. M. and Alonso, A. and Andreeva, T. and Baldzuhn, J. and Beurskens, M. A. and Borchardt, M. and Bozhenkov, S. A. and Brunner, K. J. and Damm, H. and Drevlak, M. and Ford, O. P. and Fuchert, G. and Geiger, J. and Helander, P. and Hergenhahn, U. and Hirsch, M. and Höfel, U. and Kazakov, Ye. O. and Kleiber, R. and Krychowiak, M. and Kwak, S. and Langenberg, A. and Laqua, H. P. and Neuner, U. and Pablant, N. A. and Pasch, E. and Pavone, A. and Pedersen, T. S. and Rahbarnia, K. and Schilling, J. and Scott, E. R. and Stange, T. and Svensson, J. and Thomsen, H. and Turkin, Y. and Warmer, F. and Wolf, R. C. and Zhang, D. and Abramovic, I. and Äkäslompolo, S. and Alcusón, J. and Aleynikov, P. and Aleynikova, K. and Ali, A. and Alonso, A. and Anda, G. and Ascasibar, E. and Bähner, J. P. and Baek, S. G. and Balden, M. and Banduch, M. and Barbui, T. and Behr, W. and Benndorf, A. and Biedermann, C. and Biel, W. and Blackwell, B. and Blanco, E. and Blatzheim, M. and Ballinger, S. and Bluhm, T. and Böckenhoff, D. and Böswirth, B. and Böttger, L. -G. and Borsuk, V. and Boscary, J. and Bosch, H. -S. and Brakel, R. and Brand, H. and Brandt, C. and Bräuer, T. and Braune, H. and Brezinsek, S. and Brunner, K. -J. and Burhenn, R. and Bussiahn, R. and Buttenschön, B. and Bykov, V. and Cai, J. and Calvo, I. and Cannas, B. and Cappa, A. and Carls, A. and Carraro, L. and Carvalho, B. and Castejon, F. and Charl, A. and Chaudhary, N. and Chauvin, D. and Chernyshev, F. and Cianciosa, M. and Citarella, R. and Claps, G. and Coenen, J. and Cole, M. and Cole, M. J. and Cordella, F. and Cseh, G. and Czarnecka, A. and Czerski, K. and Czerwinski, M. and Czymek, G. and da Molin, A. and da Silva, A. and de la Pena, A. and Degenkolbe, S. and Dhard, C. P. and Dibon, M. and Dinklage, A. and Dittmar, T. and Drewelow, P. and Drews, P. and Durodie, F. and Edlund, E. and Effenberg, F. and Ehrke, G. and Elgeti, S. and Endler, M. and Ennis, D. and Esteban, H. and Estrada, T. and Fellinger, J. and Feng, Y. and Flom, E. and Fernandes, H. and Fietz, W. H. and Figacz, W. and Fontdecaba, J. and Fornal, T. and Frerichs, H. and Freund, A. and Funaba, T. and Galkowski, A. and Gantenbein, G. and Gao, Y. and García Regaña, J. and Gates, D. and Geiger, B. and Giannella, V. and Gogoleva, A. and Goncalves, B. and Goriaev, A. and Gradic, D. and Grahl, M. and Green, J. and Greuner, H. and Grosman, A. and Grote, H. and Gruca, M. and Grulke, O. and Guerard, C. and Hacker, P. and Han, X. and Harris, J. H. and Hartmann, D. and Hathiramani, D. and Hein, B. and Heinemann, B. and Helander, P. and Henneberg, S. and Henkel, M. and Hergenhahn, U. and Hernandez Sanchez, J. and Hidalgo, C. and Hollfeld, K. P. and Hölting, A. and Höschen, D. and Houry, M. and Howard, J. and Huang, X. and Huang, Z. and Hubeny, M. and Huber, M. and Hunger, H. and Ida, K. and Ilkei, T. and Illy, S. and Israeli, B. and Jablonski, S. and Jakubowski, M. and Jelonnek, J. and Jenzsch, H. and Jesche, T. and Jia, M. and Junghanns, P. and Kacmarczyk, J. and Kallmeyer, J. -P. and Kamionka, U. and Kasahara, H. and Kasparek, W. and Kenmochi, N. and Killer, C. and Kirschner, A. and Klinger, T. and Knauer, J. and Knaup, M. and Knieps, A. and Kobarg, T. and Kocsis, G. and Köchl, F. and Kolesnichenko, Y. and Könies, A. and König, R. and Kornejew, P. and Koschinsky, J. -P. and Köster, F. and Krämer, M. and Krampitz, R. and Krämer-Flecken, A. and Krawczyk, N. and Kremeyer, T. and Krom, J. and Ksiazek, I. and Kubkowska, M. and Kühner, G. and Kurki-Suonio, T. and Kurz, P. A. and Landreman, M. and Lang, P. and Lang, R. and Langish, S. and Laqua, H. and Laube, R. and Lazerson, S. and Lechte, C. and Lennartz, M. and Leonhardt, W. and Li, C. and Li, C. and Li, Y. and Liang, Y. and Linsmeier, C. and Liu, S. and Lobsien, J. -F. and Loesser, D. and Loizu Cisquella, J. and Lore, J. and Lorenz, A. and Losert, M. and Lücke, A. and Lumsdaine, A. and Lutsenko, V. and Maaßberg, H. and Marchuk, O. and Matthew, J. H. and Marsen, S. and Marushchenko, M. and Masuzaki, S. and Maurer, D. and Mayer, M. and McCarthy, K. and McNeely, P. and Meier, A. and Mellein, D. and Mendelevitch, B. and Mertens, P. and Mikkelsen, D. and Mishchenko, A. and Missal, B. and Mittelstaedt, J. and Mizuuchi, T. and Mollen, A. and Moncada, V. and Mönnich, T. and Morisaki, T. and Moseev, D. and Murakami, S. and Náfrádi, G. and Nagel, M. and Naujoks, D. and Neilson, H. and Neu, R. and Neubauer, O. and Ngo, T. and Nicolai, D. and Nielsen, S. K. and Niemann, H. and Nishizawa, T. and Nocentini, R. and Nührenberg, C. and Nührenberg, J. and Obermayer, S. and Offermanns, G. and Ogawa, K. and Ölmanns, J. and Ongena, J. and Oosterbeek, J. W. and Orozco, G. and Otte, M. and Pacios Rodriguez, L. and Panadero, N. and Panadero Alvarez, N. and Papenfuß, D. and Paqay, S. and Pawelec, E. and Pedersen, T. S. and Pelka, G. and Perseo, V. and Peterson, B. and Pilopp, D. and Pingel, S. and Pisano, F. and Plaum, B. and Plunk, G. and Pölöskei, P. and Porkolab, M. and Proll, J. and Puiatti, M. -E. and Puig Sitjes, A. and Purps, F. and Rack, M. and Récsei, S. and Reiman, A. and Reimold, F. and Reiter, D. and Remppel, F. and Renard, S. and Riedl, R. and Riemann, J. and Risse, K. and Rohde, V. and Röhlinger, H. and Romé, M. and Rondeshagen, D. and Rong, P. and Roth, B. and Rudischhauser, L. and Rummel, K. and Rummel, T. and Runov, A. and Rust, N. and Ryc, L. and Ryosuke, S. and Sakamoto, R. and Salewski, M. and Samartsev, A. and Sanchez, M. and Sano, F. and Satake, S. and Schacht, J. and Satheeswaran, G. and Schauer, F. and Scherer, T. and Schlaich, A. and Schlisio, G. and Schluck, F. and Schlüter, K. -H. and Schmitt, J. and Schmitz, H. and Schmitz, O. and Schmuck, S. and Schneider, M. and Schneider, W. and Scholz, P. and Schrittwieser, R. and Schröder, M. and Schröder, T. and Schroeder, R. and Schumacher, H. and Schweer, B. and Sereda, S. and Shanahan, B. and Sibilia, M. and Sinha, P. and Sipliä, S. and Slaby, C. and Sleczka, M. and Spiess, W. and Spong, D. A. and Spring, A. and Stadler, R. and Stejner, M. and Stephey, L. and Stridde, U. and Suzuki, C. and Szabó, V. and Szabolics, T. and Szepesi, T. and Szökefalvi-Nagy, Z. and Tamura, N. and Tancetti, A. and Terry, J. and Thomas, J. and Thumm, M. and Travere, J. M. and Traverso, P. and Tretter, J. and Trimino Mora, H. and Tsuchiya, H. and Tsujimura, T. and Tulipán, S. and Unterberg, B. and Vakulchyk, I. and Valet, S. and Vanó, L. and van Eeten, P. and van Milligen, B. and van Vuuren, A. J. and Vela, L. and Velasco, J. -L. and Vergote, M. and Vervier, M. and Vianello, N. and Viebke, H. and Vilbrandt, R. and von Stechow, A. and Vorköper, A. and Wadle, S. and Wagner, F. and Wang, E. and Wang, N. and Wang, Z. and Wauters, T. and Wegener, L. and Weggen, J. and Wegner, T. and Wei, Y. and Weir, G. and Wendorf, J. and Wenzel, U. and Werner, A. and White, A. and Wiegel, B. and Wilde, F. and Windisch, T. and Winkler, M. and Winter, A. and Winters, V. and Wolf, S. and Wolf, R. C. and Wright, A. and Wurden, G. and Xanthopoulos, P. and Yamada, H. and Yamada, I. and Yasuhara, R. and Yokoyama, M. and Zanini, M. and Zarnstorff, M. and Zeitler, A. and Zhang, H. and Zhu, J. and Zilker, M. and Zocco, A. and Zoletnik, S. and Zuin, M.},
abstractNote = {Research on magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasmas has the ultimate goal of harnessing nuclear fusion for the production of electricity. Although the tokamak is the leading toroidal magnetic-confinement concept, it is not without shortcomings and the fusion community has therefore also pursued alternative concepts such as the stellarator. Unlike axisymmetric tokamaks, stellarators possess a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field geometry. The availability of this additional dimension opens up an extensive configuration space for computational optimization of both the field geometry itself and the current-carrying coils that produce it. Such an optimization was undertaken in designing Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), a large helical-axis advanced stellarator (HELIAS), which began operation in 2015 at Greifswald, Germany. A major drawback of 3D magnetic field geometry, however, is that it introduces a strong temperature dependence into the stellarator’s non-turbulent ‘neoclassical’ energy transport. Indeed, such energy losses will become prohibitive in high-temperature reactor plasmas unless a strong reduction of the geometrical factor associated with this transport can be achieved; such a reduction was therefore a principal goal of the design of W7-X. In spite of the modest heating power currently available, W7-X has already been able to achieve high-temperature plasma conditions during its 2017 and 2018 experimental campaigns, producing record values of the fusion triple product for such stellarator plasmas. The triple product of plasma density, ion temperature and energy confinement time is used in fusion research as a figure of merit, as it must attain a certain threshold value before net-energy-producing operation of a reactor becomes possible. Here we demonstrate that such record values provide evidence for reduced neoclassical energy transport in W7-X, as the plasma profiles that produced these results could not have been obtained in stellarators lacking a comparably high level of neoclassical optimization.},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03687-w},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7871,
volume = 596,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 11 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Wed Aug 11 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}
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